摘要:

SummaryProfilerative responses of cells in tunicate pharyngeal explants to human interleukins and mitogenic lectins were tested. Increased tritiated‐thymidine ([3H]‐TdR) uptake was detected among pharyngeal cells incubated with recombinant human interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), and phytohaemagglutinin‐P (PHA‐P). Responses to IL‐2 were dose‐dependent and affected lymphocyte‐like cells. Enhanced proliferation was stimulated by IL‐2 in the absence of co‐stimulants and was not synergized by co‐incubation with human interleukin‐l (IL‐1) or PHA‐P. Anti‐IL‐2 polyclonal antibody inhibited the stimulatory activity of recombinant human interleukin‐2 (rhIL‐2). Of three lectins tested (concanavalin‐A [Con‐A]. pokeweed mitogen [PWM] and PHA‐P), only PHA‐P proved to be mitogenic. Con‐A and PWM did not significantly increase proliferative activity even though both lectins were capable of binding pharyngeal cells as revealed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Similarly, human IL‐I had no effect on [3H]‐TdR uptake either alone or in combination with IL‐2 and PHA‐P. These data suggest that the functions of some interleukin‐like cytokines have been conserved during evolution.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1991.33

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2017

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryTreatment of fresh non‐adherent bone marrow cells (NABMC) with cisplatin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not render them tumoricidal. NABMC incubated in medium alone or medium containing recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (rGM‐CSF) for 4 days matured to macrophages that were positive for non‐specific esterase staining. Bone marrow‐derived macrophages cultured with medium alone did not respond to cisplatin or LPS by the induction of tumoricidal activity, whereas rGM‐CSF derived bone macrophages showed significantly enhanced cytotoxicity after treatment with cisplatin or LPS. Culturing of NABMC with rGM‐CSF enhanced cell survival compared to the cells incubated in medium alone. These results suggest that bone marrow cells not only mature in rGM‐CSF, but are also primed by rGM‐CSF for induction of tumoricidal activity.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1991.34

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2017

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThis study compares the fine specificities of the primary and secondary fluorescein (FITC)‐specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) repertoires in BALB/c mouse serum and monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) and has found reproducible, immunization‐dependent differences. FITC and four of its homologues: iodoacetamido fluorescein (IAF), dichlorotriazinyl aminofluorescein (DTAF), substituted rhodamine isothiocyanate (XRITC) and tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC), each conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA), were used to determine reactivity patterns of serum IgM from mice immunized once or twice with FITC‐haemocyanin (FITC‐Hy), Reactivity patterns were also obtained for 20 IgM MoAb, eight of which were produced by fusions of SP2/0 myeloma cells with splenocytes from mice immunized once (primary) and 12 from mice immunized twice (secondary) with FITC‐Hy. Each MoAb exhibited a unique line specificity pattern, evidence of extensive heterogeneity in the FITC‐specific repertoire. Reactivities of IgM MoAb with certain homologues were found to be more characteristic of either the primary or secondary response. Polyclonal serum IgM also showed reproducible immunization‐dependent variations in fine specificity. Such a pattern could result from idiotypic suppression of primary antibodies, from the expansion of subsets of IgM memory cells utilizing novel genes and/or from somatic mutation absent in primary IgM antibodies.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1991.35

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2017

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThis report details experimental results which show the presence of enzymic aminopeptidase‐N‐like activity on endothelial cells, concomitant with cell surface expression previously detected by both ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence. This activity, detected using selected chromogenic substrates in functional assays, is shown to be due (at least in part) to a molecule previously termed'gp 150’and recognized by MoAb belonging to CD‐13, since such antibodies can he shown to inhibit this activity. Activity, as detected on endothelial cells, is similar to that observed on various haemopoietic cells. These assays not only provide a functional basis to cell Surface gp 150 (CD‐13) co‐expression on haemopoietic and endothelial cells but have also been used to help define structural epitopes present on aminopeptidase‐N/gpl 50, previously analysed using radiolabelled antibodies in competitive binding assays. Appraisal of these new data suggests that the number of distinct antibody binding sites on this molecule is greater than that previously demonstrated. This study is therefore an important first step in investigating the potential involvement of this selective peptidase molecule in the control of haemopoietic cell growth and differentiation and in haemostatic mechanisms.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1991.36

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2017

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryPolyreactive immunoglobulin (Ig) secreted by CD5‐bearing B cells has the capacity to bind a broad range of self and foreign antigens. Flow cytometric analysis was used to detect low‐affinity binding of mouse Ig molecules to the surface of CD5‐bearing B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Mouse Ig isotypes G. A. and M. and IgG subclasses G1, G2a, and G3bound to the B cell surface via a mechanism not involving the antigen‐binding site of the mouse Ig molecule. Fab and F(ab′)2fragments of mouse Ig associated with the CLL cells in a similar manner to intact Ig. indicating that Fc receptor interactions were not involved. Dissociation of the mouse Ig from the B cell surface by three washing steps distinguished this lower‐affinity binding from high‐affinity binding which occurs through the antigen‐binding site of a mouse monoclonal antibody (MoAb) when it recognizes a specific ceil surface epitope. Blocking studies suggest that the low‐affinity binding occurred via surface IgM and surface IgD (sIgM/sIgD) on the CD5‐bearing B cells. The results are consistent with the expression of polyreactive Ig on the surface of CD5‐bearing B cells. The results are constituent with the expression of polyreactive Ig on the surface of CD5‐bearing B cells in CLL.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1991.37

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2017

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryTumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a cytokine with a wide range of effects on both lymphoid and non‐lymphoid cell types. By hybridization with a human TNFα cDNA probe the corresponding ovine cDNA was isolated from a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated alveolar macrophage cDNA library. The sequence of the cDNA clone showed that ovine TNFα encodes a polypeptide of 234 amino acids that, based on analysis of human TNFα is processed to a protein of 157 amino acids. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed a high degree of homology to the equivalent human and mouse molecules. In a mammalian COS cell expression system the ovine cDNA was found to encode a protein which was able to lyse actinomycin‐D treated WEHI‐164 cells and induce COS cells to produce and secrete interleukin 6 (IL‐6). Further experiments demonstrated the importance of sequences within the 3’untranslated region of the cDNA in determining the level of expression of ovine TNFα Northern blot analysis was used to analyse the kinetics of induction of ovine TNFα mRNA in alveolar macrophages stimulated with a variety of mitogens. Addition of LPS increased mRNA encoding TNFα at 1 hand 5 h but not 24 h post stimulation. In contrast, addition of phorbol myristic acid (PMA) led to increased TNFα mRNA at 5 h while the combination of PMA and ionomycin increased the level of specific mRNA detected at 1 h, 5 h and 24 h. From genomic analysis ovine TNFα appears to exist as a single copy.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1991.38

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2017

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryNeuro‐immunology is becoming an increasingly important discipline of immunology. This review has examined the immunomodulatory function of one group of neuropeptides, the TK, particularly SP and NKA. These peptides are localized in primary afferent nerves which have been shown to innervate several immune organs. In addition, binding sites for the TK have been demonstrated in thymus, spleen and lymph node. Several immune cell types also express neurokinin receptors including human circulating lymphocytes with binding to the Th/i class predominating, murine T and B cells, a human T lymphoblastoid cell line, human monocytes, rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes and guinea‐pig macrophages. The apposition of nerves with immune cells and receptors for neuropeptides thus produces an environment for interaction between the nervous and immune systems.Studiesin vitroand, more recently,in vivohave examined how the TK regulate immune cell responses. The TK stimulate proliferation of T cells, enhance mitogen‐induced release of cytokines including IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐1 and IL‐6 from mononuclear cells and macrophages, enhance immunoglobulin secretion and affect cellular chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Studiesin vivohave shown a role for TK in lymphocyte recirculation of sheep lymph nodes, reversal of stress‐induced thymic involution and Ig production in both rat and mouse. Many of these effects appear to be mediated via NK‐2 type receptors.To date, most of the work has involved studiesin vitro, but the results from these are now being validated by studiesin vivowhere both the immune system and neuropeptides are able to interact at many anatomical sites. The complexities of the immune and the nervous systems mean that only a small number of potential interactions has been examined. Future studies can be expected to amplify these observations, especially with respect to the understanding of inflammatory and immune diseases in humans.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1991.39

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2017

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book review in this articleATP LUMINESCENCE: RAPID METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGYEdited by P. E. Stanley, B. J. McCarthy and R. SmitherLIPID BIOCHEMISTRY: AN INTRODUCTION, 4th edn By M. I. Gurrand J. L. HarwoodRESHAPING LIFE: KEY ISSUES IN GENETIC ENGINEERING, 2nd edn By G. J. V. Nossal and Ross I. Coppel.GENE REGULATION: A EUKARYOTIC PERSPECTIVEBy D. Latchman.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1991.40

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2017

数据来源: WILEY