摘要:

SUMMARYStaphylococcus albushas a genus specific component, probably a polysaccharide, which has the property of sensitising sheep and mouse erythrocytes for haemagglutination and of producing an interference type of protection in mice. Antibodies to this component can be detected in sera of rabbits immunised with eitherStaphlyococcus aureusorStaphylococcus albus.Although bothalbusandaureusstrains could produce the “interference” effect, only the latter organism was found to be able to produce protective antibodies. Such antibodies could be removed from the immune serum by absorption withStaphylococcus albusorganisms, suggesting that this strain possesses a hapten‐like substance which is a part of the complete protective antigen present in theaureusstrain. The possibility that the hapten‐like substance is the component which produces interference protection is being considered.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1963.10

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYAn injection of bacterial supernatant from pathogenic or non‐pathogenic staphylococci produces in mice a high degree of early and transient protection against staphylococcal infection and a low degree of protection against infection by other organisms. Similar results were obtained with purified fractions of the staphylococcal supernatant. A Pseudomonas preparation, however, gave an equally high degree of protection against staphylococcal andBacillus friedlanderinfections.Mice protected with staphylococcal supernatant, when given an injection of zymosan 24 hours before being subsequently infected, showed a marked decrease of resistance to staphylococcal infection and an increase of resistance to infection byB. friedlander. Similar treatment with zymosan had little effect on the degree of protection in mice immunised with Pseudomonas culture supernatant. Zymosan alone, given under the conditions of the above test, had no effect on the susceptibility of the mice to staphylococcal orB. friedlanderinfection.Results of these investigations suggest that the staphylococcus has a specific component, which enables it to stimulate a protective mechanism which is different from that involved in the non‐specific resistance induced by Gram‐negative organisms.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1963.11

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe alkaloids d‐epilupinine, d‐epilupinine‐N‐oxide and LV‐1 fromLupinus digitatusForsk., the West Australian blue lupin, were administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection three times weekly at dose rates of 0·1 and 0·33 LD50(based on acute toxicity) for periods of 6 to 25 weeks. Particular examination was made for evidence of hepatotoxic effects. None of the alkaloids produced liver damage in rats on a normal diet or on a diet restricted in its content of lipotropic factors. These findings are discussed in relation to lupinosis of sheep.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1963.12

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe concentrations and total amounts of glucose in the different parts of the avian egg were measured during incubation. Eggs of Pekin‐Campbell ducks and of Australorp and White Leghorn chickens were used. Although there were differences between the species examined the general trend was the same. The results suggest that glucose is not the only source of energy during the beginning embryonic development. The glucose concentrations in blood, amniotic and allantoic fluids start at a high level, fall to a lower level, which is maintained for a week, and then rise again during the last period of incubation. The maximum amounts of glucose and of water in the amniotic and allantoic fluids occur at different stages of incubation. The formation and resorption of the amniotic fluid are discussed in relation to these data.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1963.13

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYInjury, traumatic or by injection of chemical substances, to the adventitia of the rat's femoral vein was followed after 11/2hours by aggregation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes to the apparently normal endothelial surface of the vessel. Sub‐thrombotic injury to the endothelium, however, was followed by adhesion of leucocytes almost immediately to the injured area and within 30 minutes, leucocytes adhered also to apparently normal endothelium in the line of flow immediately beyond the injured area. These observations lead to the supposition that the aggregation of leucocytes upon apparently normal endothelium may be due to a substance released from the site of injury which either confers upon the endothelial surface an attraction for leucocytes or else neutralizes the power to repel them.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1963.14

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYTacrine and amiphenazole increase the excitability of the electrically‐stimulated ileum and restore excitability after depression by morphine. These effects are accompanied by inhibition of cholinesterase. Neither drug prevents the inhibitory action of morphine on acetylcholine release; hence it is concluded that the interaction of morphine and amiphenazole or tacrine on the electrically‐stimulated ileum is non‐specific, and in the case of tacrine, results from its effects on cholinesterase.The evidence that the excitatory action of amiphenazole on the ileum is a consequence of its action on cholinesterase is less clear. The drug does not increase sensitivity to acetylcholine, and instead depresses its output. Although tacrine also depresses the output of acetylcholine the effect is seen only in concentrations approximately one thousandfold greater than those producing equivalent inhibition of cholinesterase.Attention is drawn to the kinetics of inhibition of cholinesterase by tacrine as a factor which may influence its physiological actions.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1963.15

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYColicin F fromE. coliC.A.42 has been purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and column chromatography to 4 × 105units/mg. This purified material contained approximately 75 p.c. protein and 10 p.c. carbohydrate and was almost homogeneous by starch gel electrophoresis.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1963.16

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYA combined histological and electron microscopic study of the process of leucocytic emigration in rat skin induced by intradermal injection of homologous serum has been made. By the intravenous injection of colloidal suspensions of carbon black and mercuric sulphide it has been shown that leucocytes may pass through the vessel wall with no concurrent escape of injected particles, and presumptively of plasma proteins. That is, total dissociation between leucocytic emigration and vascular permeability has been demonstrated.Similar studies following histamine injection have confirmed previous reports that “gaps” form between adjacent endothelial cells in vessels in a state of increased permeability. These “gaps” do not allow leucocytes to emigrate in the absence of the appropriate specific stimulus.The significance of the findings on the function of the several layers of the wall of small blood vessels is discussed.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1963.17

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYSera from 1,050 apparently healthy individuals were examined for toxoplasma antibodies by means of haemagglutination and complement fixation tests. Haemagglutinating antibodies were detected in 24 p.c. and complement‐fixing antibodies in 11 p.c. of the individuals. An increasing prevalance of infection with increasing age was not demonstrated in this series. The results indicate that toxoplasmosis is a common infection in New South Wales.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1963.18

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY