摘要:

SummaryInfusion of zymosan‐activated plasma (ZAP), a source of activated complement, induced inflammation in non‐lactating mammary glands but not in lactating glands of ewes and cows. Interstitial injection of ZAP in lactating ovine glands also failed to induce inflammation as assessed by the neutrophil content of milk. The inflammatory activity of ZAP in non‐lactating glands was inhibited by infusion of whole milk but not by skimmed milk. These results suggest that components of whole milk mask the inflammatory activity of activated complement. In addition, lactating mammary tissue of ewes and cows may lack sensitivity to the inflammatory effect of activated complement. Thus, activated complement cannot be an important mediator of inflammation in the lactating gland.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1987.51

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn non‐lactating ewes, intramammary infusion of endotoxin provokes an intense but transient inflammatory response as assessed by mammary lavage. The variability of the method for sampling the leucocytes in mammary secretions was examined. Initial lavage with 20 ml pyrogen‐free saline recovered 83·0± 2·8 and 84·4 ± 3·0% of the total leucocyte numbers harvested by three serial washes of quiescent and inflamed glands, respectively. Lavage of glands prior to infusion of endotoxin did not affect the magnitude of the subsequent inflammatory response. Three treatments at 3·5 day intervals with the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, which inhibits the inflammatory response to intramammary infusion of antigen in systemically immunized ewes, did not affect the inflammatory response to endotoxin. However, the variability of the inflammatory response to activated complement was greatly increased in dexamethasone‐treated ewes; this effect was attributed to the induction of lactation which results in loss of sensitivity of the gland to the inflammatory activity of activated complement. The results indicated that the macrophages and lymphocytes which are present in mammary secretions in large numbers, and dexamethasone‐sensitive lymphocytes in the gland, played a trivial role in the induction of inflammatory responses to endotoxin.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1987.52

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryBinding of antigenic cells by activated T lymphocytes can trigger the release of a number of soluble factors, including the lymphokine interleukin 3 (IL3). The cellular interactions between T cells and allogeneic cells which are involved in the triggering of lymphokine release from T cells are still poorly understood. We have examined the relationship between antigenic cell number, T cell number and IL3 release and have derived a steady state binding model which adequately accounts for the experimental data if it is assumed that triggering is an all or none phenomenon. We find that binding of at least two antigenic cells by an allo‐reactive T cell is necessary to trigger lymphokine release.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1987.53

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe human C3R receptor, which binds C3bi, present on the surface of monocytes, granulocytes and natural killer cells, can be detected by several monoclonal antibodies, OKMI, Mol and Mac‐1 and also by RM2.184 which detects a polymorphism of the receptor. Platelets have been considered to lack complement receptors on their cell surface; however, we now describe the detection of CR3 receptors on human platelets by radioimmunoassay using both OKM1 and RM2.184 antibodies. Using OKM1, immunoprecipitation studies with125l‐labelled platelets revealed the typical CR3 complex with an α chain of 165,000 daltons and β chain of 95,000 daltons. By immunofluorescence, megakaryocytes were also found to be OKM1+. However, platelet CR3 does not merely bind C3bi, but the binding of the OKM1 antibody to platelet CR3 selectively blocks platelet functions of aggregation and serotonin release induced by arachadonic acid but not by other ligands (ristocetin, ADP, L‐epinephrine, collagen and thrombin). The studies demonstrate an important role of platelet CR3 in both complement binding and in prostaglandin metabolic pathways.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1987.54

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe human transferrin receptor (TFR) which is present on dividing cells, many tumours and erthyroid precursors is readily identified using specific monoclonal antibodies. A new anti‐human TFR monoclonal antibody, HuLy‐m9, is described and its distribution on cell lines, normal and tumour tissue was examined and compared with two other anti‐TFR monoclonal antibodies, namely, OKT9 and 5E9. The three antibodies were shown to recognise different epitopes on the surface of the TFR and have different reactivities within vitrocell lines. Peptide map analyses of the TFR recognised by each monoclonal antibody from the same cell line were identical; however, differences were observed between cell lines.131I‐radiolabelled HuLy‐m9 was used to successfully localise a nasopharyngeal carcinomain vivo.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1987.55

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe genetic variation in antibody responses of mice to glutathione S‐transferase (GST) enzymes ofSchistosoma japonicumworms, and in particular to a Mr 26,000 species termed Sj26, was analysed. Sera from infected mice, or mice immunized with adjuvant and an Sj26 β‐galactosidase fusion protein produced inEscherichia coli(Sj26FP), or purified near‐native recombinant Sj26 produced inE. coli(rSj26), were assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibody titres to GST purified from adult worms. Anti‐GST antibody levels are high in a mouse strain, WEHI 129/J, that is genetically resistant to infection withS. japonicum. Antibody responses to GST are low in BALB/c mice and intermediate in most other mouse strains analysed such as CBA/H and C57B1/6. Responsiveness to Sj26 in adjuvant is dominant in (BALB/c × WEHI 129/J)F1hybrids. BALB/c.H‐2band BALB/c.H‐2kmice are higher responders than BALB/c. One feature of antibody responses to Sj26 is the variability within a group of mice. When rSj26 conjugated to the hapten azobenzenearsonate was used as immunogen, BALB/c mice produced substantial amounts of anti‐Sj26 antibodies. In an attempt to correlate antibody levels with resistance in infected mice, a new functional assay was devised to measure the ability of sera to inhibit the binding of rSj26 to glutathione. However, there was no correlation between inhibitory titre in this assay and the numbers of worms recovered. In regard to the candidacy of GST as a vaccinating antigen in schistosomiasis japonica, the data raise the problem of variable responsiveness to the antigen that will need to be overcome by antigen modification and/or powerful adjuvants.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1987.56

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryTwo related folate antagonists aminopterin (AMN) and methotrexate (MTX) were used to produce drug‐antibody conjugates and their tumouricidal effects comparedin vitroandin vivo. Active ester derivatives were produced with the use of N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and covalently coupled to monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) reactive with murine cell surface antigens; approximately 11 molecules of AMN or 13 molecules of MTX were specifically bound per molecule of anti‐Ly‐2.1, with good retention of antibody activity and protein recovery. AMN was a more effective inhibitor of tumour cell growthin vitrothan MTX, and AMN‐anti‐Ly‐2.1 conjugates were also more potentin vitrothan MTX‐anti‐Ly‐2.1 conjugates. Although there was some loss of drug activity on binding to antibody, AMN‐MoAb conjugates were as toxic as free MTX. However, in contrast to free drugs (which can act on any target), the toxicity of drug‐MoAb conjugates was entirely specific for the target cells. In addition, AMN‐MoAb conjugates were effective anti‐tumour agentsin vivo, and in mice bearing established thymoma grafts AMN‐MoAb conjugates inhibited tumour proliferation better than MTX‐MoAb, free AMN or MTX or antibody atone. AMN coupled to specific MoAb is a potentially useful agent for immunotherapy and is of particular relevance in man as free AMN has been discarded because of its systemic toxicity. Now, coupled with antibody, there will be specific tumouricidal effects in the absence of toxicity.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1987.57

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA possible role for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the localization of lymphocytes in different lymphoid organs was investigated using inbred mouse strains. Lymphocytes labelled with the intracellular fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 (H33342) were transfused intravenously (IV) into unimmunized mice and the distribution of these labelled lymphocytes examined. In some combinations (e.g. C57BL/6‐ CBA) 2 h after injection allogeneic lymphocytes accumulated in the region between the marginal zones and outer aspects of the white pulp of the spleen. In contrast, in syngeneic controls (e.g. CBA ‐ CBA) the lymphocytes migrated normally into the while pulp. Similar results were obtained in Peyer's patches. Mapping studies in the spleen indicated that the failure to migrate normally is predominantly controlled by the MHC complex, although some non MHC genes may play a role. In the case of the MHC the most definitive combination was BALB/c‐H‐2dm2(H‐2Ldeletion mutant) lymphocytes transfused into BALB/c recipients, the mutant lymphocytes failing to migrate normally and, therefore, implicating theH‐2Lregion in the phenomenon. No differences in the viability of labelled lymphocytes at 6 and 24 h after injection into either syngeneic or allogeneic recipients suggests that the inability of cells to passage through lymphoid organs may represent inappropriate receptors rather than elimination of the allogeneic lymphocytes by natural killer cells (NK) as previously proposed.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1987.58

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryMacrophages were pulsed withListeria monocytogenesantigens by intraperitoneal injection prior to harvesting and thoroughly washing the cells. The pulsed macrophages were injected into the feet ofListeria‐immune or naive mice to elicit a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Where solubleListeriaantigen was used, presentation by donor macrophages to host T cells required identity within the I region of theH‐2complex. However, presentation of alcohol‐killedListeriaorganisms or of a living, temperature‐sensitive mutant ofListeriawas apparently notH‐2restricted. When T cells enrichedin vitroforListeriareactivity were injected into the feet of naive mice, they reacted in anH‐2restricted manner to antigen presented to them either by the pulsed macrophages or host cells apparently acquiring antigen from the original pulsed macrophages.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1987.59

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySera were collected over a period of several years from the onset of initial symptoms from 77 patients with Ross River virus infection. When tested for virus‐specific IgA antibodies, using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on antibody class capture, 245 out of 704 sera were antibody‐positive. Although Ross River virus IgA antibodies were present in the serum of all patients soon after onset of symptoms, the IgA response was relatively short‐lived in comparison with specific IgM antibodies. The results suggested that the detection of high levels of Ross River virus IgA antibodies was of potential value in differentiating between recent and past infection, especially in those patients with persisting IgM antibodies.

ISSN:0004-945X    

DOI:10.1038/icb.1987.60

出版商:Nature Publishing Group    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY