摘要:

AbstractThere are unresolved problems with contractor injuries that operators must confront.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680120302

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAudit systems for quantifying the quality of safety management are discussed, as well as lessons learned from European R&D in developing correction factor for good management practices in quantified risk analysis. It also describes how internal process safety audits help quantify strengths and weaknesses.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680120303

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper discusses the procedure developed for simulating water sprays at a reduced scale (i.e., physical modeling) and, more impotantly, compares the model spray characterstics to corresponding full scale spray characteristics. An ideal physically modeled spray would simulate actual spray momentum, water volume flow rate, air entrainment rate, discharge water pressure, spray angle, spray pattern and drop size distribution. Full scale measurements or estimates of air discharge velocity, momentum, entrainment rate and drop size distributions were obtained for two types of sprays at two discharge pressures, various spray angles and at a 500 gpm flow rate. Physical modeling was conducted to simulate the full scale nozzles at a 1:50 scale reduction using commercially available spray nozzles. Measurements of spray momentum, volume flow rate and air entrainment rate were obtined for a subset of spray angles used in the full scale testing. Particle size distribution was not measured since it was considered of secondary importance in the simulation. The results of the study showed that model and full scale momentum, volume flow rate and air entrainment rates compared well with corresponding full scale observations (i.e., within 10 percent for momentum, 20 percent for volume flow rate and 25 percent for air entrainment rate). The results indicate that the method used for simulating water sprays is valid and that the model sprays adequately simulate the mechanical action of full scale sprays on vapor clouds. The results provide evidence that physical modeling can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of water sprays as a mitigation technique.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680120304

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChanges made to improve the environment have sometimes produced unforeseen and hazardous side‐effects. Thus enclosing compressor houses to reduce noise has made explosion more likely, the replacement of CFCs in aerosols has led to a number of fires in plants and warehouses and the confinement of flammable vapors in vent collection systems has caused a number of explosions. These and some other similar changes are described. Before changing designs or methods of operation we should try to foresee their effects and we should balance the risks to people against the risks to environmen

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680120305

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the handling of chemicals in our plants, there is always concern about the possibility of spillage. The consequences of a spill have to be carefully evaluated. Two of the main hazards are fire and emissions to the environment. Foams have proven to be very effective in blanketing a spill and in giving fire extinguishment by providing a barrier covering. This same barrier covering can also be effectively used to suppress vaporization and emissions. This paper gives the results of measurements of the vapor suppression for various chemicals using foamsm, and gives the test procedures developed. The base conditions simulated a 5.0 mph (8.05 km/hr) wind at 25°C with a 76% relative humidity, using Universal® GOLD foam from Chubb National Foam. Variables studied were chemical, foam type, foam height, relative humidity, and time. Data was obtained for chemical concentration in the vapor and relative percent vapor suppression versus time using acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, allyl chloride, propylene oxide and vinylidene chloride. Excellent vapor suppression was demonstrated for most systems with 100% vapor suppression for 2 hr for vinylidene chloride, about 95% for 2 hr for the acrylates and allyl chloride, and 90% for 2 hr for acylonitrile. Propylene oxide was suppressed to 95% for 1 hr before marked decreas

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680120306

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680120307

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn analysis was performed to predict the frequency of release associated with transportation scenarios for four refineries and a chemical plant in the South Coast Basin using hydrofluoric acid (HF) in the alkylation process/ chemical process. The analysis considers two settings. The first is the set of ongoing HF transportation scenarios, and the second is a projected set of HF and sulfuric acid transportation scenarios if the HF alkylation units of the refineries are replaced by sulfuric acid alkylation units.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680120308

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Sections of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 that refer to accident prevention are to be found in Title III. Two significant requirements of the CAAA in this respect relate to the responsibilities of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which has promulgated a new Process Safety Management (PSM) standard and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which at the time of writing, is developing Risk Management Program (RMP) regulations. The focus of this paper is on how the requirements of the CAAA may affect the reasons for performing a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) or may affect the results of QRA.In order to limit the discussion, this paper focuses on HF. First, the CAAA requires that the EPA assess the hazards associated with HF: the EPA's current draft report is discussed. Second, a generic assessment of the risks associated with the use of HF is given, with emphasis on alkylation units in refineries. The principal contributors to risk will be listed. Finally, an assessment of OSHA's PSM standard 29 CFR 1910.119, the related requirements of state laws such as California's Risk Management and Prevention Program and the potential requirements of EPA's Risk Management Program will be given, including an assessment of how these requirements may influence quantitative estimates of risk.

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680120309

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProcess Safety Management is the application of management systems to the identification, understanding, and control of process hazards to prevent process related injuries and incidents. PSM activity has been thrust into the limelight with the promulgation of the OSHA rule, 29 CFR 1910.119, which went into effect on May 26, 1992. The practice of PSM is covered under several distinct elements, which are common to OSHA and other similar programs such as the API‐RP 750 (Management of Process Hazards). One of these important elements is the management of change. In its conventional sense, change can cover modifications to equipment and procedures. However, for purposes of this presentation I have defined change as modifications to an organization and work culture that may affect process safety.In what follows I plan to illustrate how one company affected a change in safety culture and manages change to achieve its objectives in Process Safety Management excellenc

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680120310

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680120301

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY