摘要:

AbstractReactive monomers are a special class of materials used widely in the chemical industry in the production of polymers. Many of these materials are thermally unstable and may polymerize during handling and storage with a release of significant amounts of energy. If this energy is not controlled properly, it can lead to a runaway reaction. Compounding the concern for the stability of monomers is the fact that these materials are typically transported and stored in large volume. The undesired initiation of the polymerization reaction may be caused by a number of factors, including contamination, exposure to extreme environmental conditions, or inhibitor loss. For example, an “unintended” polymerization can result from a seemingly benign procedure such as spill control with common absorbents. These and other factors mean that the reactive chemicals evaluation of monomers presents special problems and concerns which require more detailed experimental design for reliable hazard testing. This paper discusses the practical aspects of reactive chemicals testing strategies for monomers and rules‐of‐thumb for monomer inhibition, compatibility, spill control, and so‐called quenching (also called short‐stopping) agents. The techniques discussed range from simple “age and observe” type tests to more sophisticated heat flux calorimetry evaluations. We also discuss the more routine application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Accelerating Rate Calorimetry to monomers. Vent sizing applications with the VSP device are also presented with emphasis on total containment d

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140202

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne hundred nine companies have formed the DIERS Users Group, a Design Institute of the AIChE, to cooperatively assimilate, implement, maintain and upgrade the DIERS methodology. The purpose of the group is toreduce the frequency, severity and consequences of pressure producing accidentsanddevelop new techniques which will improve the design of emergency relief systems.Membership in the DIERS Users Group offers access to refinements of the DIERS technology, participation in development of additional technology, and an opportunity to share learning experiences. Membership is open to industrial or engineering organizations interested in the design, use or manufacture of emergency relief devices and systems. Semiannual three‐day technical meetings are held at various locations and feature technology presentations by member company representatives and invited speakers and discussion of the results of computational example problems and experimental round robins. There are no fees for participatio

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140203

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTheDesignInstitute forEmergencyReliefSystems (DIERS) has developed methodologies for sizing relief devices for two‐phase flow. Good engineering practices which account for two‐phase flow will ensure against undersized relief devices and potentially catastrophic vessel overpressurization. Application of the DIERS tools and methodologies for two‐phase flow can be a formidable undertaking for the uninitiated. This paper attempts to mitigate some of the complexities by a discussion of tempered systems in an integrated form. Tempered, gassy and hybrid systems are identified. Both reactive and non‐reactive systems will be considered. The integrated relief system consists of the reactor, relief device, and vent line. The design equations are presented with their underlying assumptions and application limitations. The importance of experimental design data is stressed. The “omega” methodology is discussed wi

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140204

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe minimum ignition energy and minimum ignition temperature of dust‐air‐mixtures are important technical safety indices. They are used for the assessment of the efficacy of the ignition sources expected in dust‐air mixtures. First of all, the test apparatus and the determination procedures are introduced, including the significant parameters on the mentioned indices. Finally, the correlations are described between—the minimum ignition energy and the efficacy of electrostatic sparks, —the minimum ignition energy and the minimum ignition temperature and the mechanically generated sparks on the on hand, the limiting oxygen concentration and the limiting gap width of combustible dusts on the other hand, —the minimum ignition temperature and hot steel surfaces (mechanically generated hot surfaces) or glowing particle nes

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140205

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWithin the project “MERGE”, an acronym for Modelling and Experimental Research into Gas Explosions, eight institutes from five different European countries co‐operated to increase the understanding of vapor cloud explosions and to improve the sophisticated computerized prediction techniques that were, until this project, under separate development at several institutes.The objectives of the project were:to provide a consistent set of data on the influence of obstacles on flame propagation in initially quiescent mixtures at various geometrical scales;to improve, compare and validate numerical models for vapor cloud explosion simulation;to validate scaling techniques for explosion experiments;to investigate and to model jet explosions.The second item is discussed in this r

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140206

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140207

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCompliance with air quality initiatives often involves the installation of a vapor collection system (VCS). The purpose of a VCS is to collect and direct vapors to a flare, incinerator or recovery unit. This practice creates a hazardous situation wherein an explosive vapor is tied into an ignition source.This paper examines nine factors in creating the most severe flame front possible in a practical, full sized piping system. They are: gas types, gas mixtures, pre‐ignition pressure, temperature of the ignition energy, temperature of the mixture, ignition location, pipe configuration, protected side restrictions and endurance to stabilized flame. The paper also examines which of these factors are in the jurisdiction of the plant process and those factors for which proof of capability have been demonstrated by commercially manufactured detonation flame arresters in actual tests.Many certification standards define the acceptance testing of DFA's. They have been evolving and improving over the past two decades. A summary is made of which flame propagation parameters are addressed by various standards.When reviewed in this context, and applied to practical operating conditions, new levels of confidence and safety are created. The critical variables within the control of the industry are outlined. This information can be applied to reduce the current high frequency of vapor transportation explosion

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140208

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOver the past decade increased public concern and governmental regulatory agency action has been directed at the industry as a result of major accidents around the world. Such accidents have resulted in multiple personnel injuries, fatalities and/or environmental damage. Post‐incident investigation of accidents such as those experienced by Phillips Petroleum Company, ARCO, Union Carbide, and Occidental Petroleum have made it clear that the source of these failures is often “human error.” For example, one study found that 80% of all accidents involving offshore oil and gas facilities in the U.S. were human‐induced, and 80% of those occurred during operation. Based on these statistics the engineering community and corporate management has begun to recognize that specialists (e.g., ergonomists, human factors specialists) trained to match human capabilities and limitations to the engineering requirements of a system, can make significant contributions toward overall system safety and performance. Working together, engineers and ergonomists/human factors specialists can, and have, created designs which effectively match the best of the human and machine capabilities to create operational hardware and software which reduces the potential for human error and increases overall system reliability. This paper shows how human factors and engineering can be successfully integrated in the process industry environment. Basic human factors concepts integral to system design are pr

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140209

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1066-8527    

DOI:10.1002/prs.680140201

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY