摘要:

Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is caused by irritation from the iliotibial band repetitively passing over the lateral femoral condyle during flexion and extension. This study evaluated the efficacy of two ITBS treatments: phonophoresis using ultrasound to transport 10% hydrocortisone into subcutaneous tissues, and knee immobilization. Students in Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training diagnosed with ITBS were randomly assigned to group P (n = 13) receiving phonophoresis or group I (n = 13) receiving knee immobilization. Both groups received rest, ice, stretching, and ibuprofen. Subjects were examined daily until pain free. Endpoint was defined as running 1 mile on a treadmill without pain or stiffness. Group P was pain free on examination sooner (2 versus 8 days; p≤0.001). A greater (p≤0.005) proportion of subjects from group P (100%) recovered in less than 10 days than from group I (62%). One subject from group P and three from group I experienced pain during the 1‐mile run.

ISSN:1057-8315    

DOI:10.1080/15438629509512030

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

During 1990 in New York and again in Barcelona in the following year, the International Marathon Medical Directors Association (IMMDA) initiated studies to monitor climatological conditions accompanying several endurance outdoor sports events in different locations. The aim was to identify the changing thermal stress on both a competitor and exposed spectator along the course of any major endurance racing event around the world where there were climatological conditions similar to Barcelona during the 1992 Olympic Games. In this way any combination of type of surroundings, time of day climatological conditions, etc., along an event's course found to present a thermal stress to either an athlete or spectator might be avoided by better scheduling, better routing, increasing the number of aid stations along a route, and other precautions. To evaluate a single measure of the climatological conditions surrounding an event, a monitor with three thermometers was used to obtain the wet bulb global temperature value, which is an index of the risk of heat injury. The present article is an historical review of how this work was started and expanded. Data obtained in New York and Barcelona enabled the President of IMMDA to present, in October 1991, a report to the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission on the possibility of determining daily throughout the period of the Olympic Games the level of thermal stress on both competitors and spectators during long‐lasting events. The events contributing these data were the New York City Triathlon and the Hispanic Half Marathon held in New York City in 1990 and the Race Walking Spanish Championships (20 km), the IAAF Mobil Grand Prix Finals, and the XIV Marathon Catalunya, all held in Barcelona, Spain, in 1991.

ISSN:1057-8315    

DOI:10.1080/15438629509512031

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this article is to review the familiarization protocols and other factors used in laboratory and field testing studies implemented to measure the cardiorespiratory fitness of persons with mental retardation. Test selection issues, pretest familiarization procedures, and motivational strategies will be discussed. Little information is available to identify specific guidelines for familiarizing a subject with a specific protocol prior to cardiorespiratory fitness testing. The recommendations suggested in this article provide valuable and necessary information for researchers interested in the measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness of persons with mental retardation.

ISSN:1057-8315    

DOI:10.1080/15438629509512032

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The development and current status of the Canadian Home Fitness Test and its analogues are briefly reviewed. Although originally designed to motivate subjects to greater physical activity, there have been persistent attempts to use the test for screening and exercise prescription. The prediction of maximal oxygen uptake obtained by the original test and its various modifications has much the same reliability and validity as other submaximal procedures for the estimation of peak aerobic power. Useful information can be derived regarding the fitness of large populations, but in the individual no more than a very crude categorization of fitness is possible.

ISSN:1057-8315    

DOI:10.1080/15438629509512033

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Selected enzymes were studied in single muscle fiber preparations taken from eight competitive cyclists (six male, two female) previous to and after 8 weeks of progressive heavy endurance training (85% maximal oxygen consumption [VO2max], 60 minutes a day, 5 days a week). Mean + SD VO2maxwas significantly increased (3.71±0.62 to 4.15±0.65 L.min‐1), as was mean, submaximal endurance power output (150±24 to 204.8±36.9 W) on a 60‐minute endurance cycle test after training. In single vastus lateralis fiber preparations obtained from a biopsy sample before and after training, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) was determined using quantitative histochemical and image analysis technique. A cluster analysis of data defined three distinct fiber metabolic profiles (that is, different interrelationships among SDH, LDH, mATPase activity) prior to training. Following training, there was a shift in the metabolic profile toward only two different clusters (analogous to a fiber type classification, that is, slow and fast twitch fibers). This shift was primarily due to a significant training‐induced increase in SDH activity (mean, 75%) among the fibers. The enhanced performance during the 60‐minute endurance cycle test and VO2maxtest following training may be partly explained by an individual single fiber metabolic profile change.

ISSN:1057-8315    

DOI:10.1080/15438629509512034

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Many systems in nature and society have a power‐law relationship (yxn= constant) between pairs of variables that do not seem to have any obvious functional dependence. Such relationships result in a straight line with slope n, on a log‐log plot of the two variables. Examples of these straight‐line plots have appeared in the literature for more than a century, but only recently were they named“fractals,”by Mandelbrot. We have examined the relationship between the population (x) of participating countries and the number of athletes per million people (y) sent to the 1992 Olympic games in Barcelona for the 20 most successful medal‐winning nations and found the existence of a power‐law dependence (n = 0.80±0.05). Similar inverse fractal relationships were also found between the number of medals won per million people and population size, as well as between athletic contingent size per million people or medals per million people and the Gross Domestic Product of the country. Such interdependence has not, to our knowledge, been previously reported for international athletic events.

ISSN:1057-8315    

DOI:10.1080/15438629509512035

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of weight‐lifting exercise on resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure in humans. The results of 10 human exercise training studies published in journals (1966‐1993) and representing a total of 285 subjects (170 exercise, 115 control) were statistically aggregated using the meta‐analytic approach. Across all categories and designs, weight lifting resulted in a small, but statistically significant reduction of‐3 (p = 0.02) and‐2 (p = 0.03) mmHg resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. This corresponded to a reduction of approximately 2% for both resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Neither change was significant for a control group. The results of this study suggest that weight lifting reduces resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure in humans. However, the reduction observed in this study may not be sufficient to recommend weight lifting alone for the purpose of reducing resting blood pressure. A need exists for additional, well‐designed studies on this topic.

ISSN:1057-8315    

DOI:10.1080/15438629509512036

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers an excellent opportunity to study human body composition. Differentiation of fat and nonfat tissue allows quantitative analysis of adipose tissue volume from MRI images. Cylindrical phantoms containing various proportions of water and oil were scanned using a spin echo sequence with an echo time of 12 ms, a repetition time of 150 ms with 20 mm slices. A previously described method of defining a fat pixel threshold underestimated the known volume of fat in the phantoms by a mean of 9.7%. Eight young male volunteers (mean age, 22 years) were scanned twice in succession using the same protocol as with the phantoms. The volume of fat calculated from images of eight subjects was upwardly adjusted by the amount the pixel thresholding method underestimated the known volumes of fat in the phantoms. The fat volume determined from the images of human subjects was converted to weight and then percent body fat (BF). The mean percent BF of the two MRI scans of the eight subjects was 17.66% (SD±5.43), which was significantly greater (p = 0.003) than 15.87% BF (SD±4.73) determined by hydrodensitometry. When fat volume was not corrected for the pixel thresholding method's underestimation of the known volumes of fat in phantoms, the MRI percent BF (15.96%) was not significantly different from hydrodensitometry. Test‐retest MRI total body fat volume correlated highly (r = 0.99). Imaging of the total body was brief and subjects incurred no discomfort. Before MRI becomes a standard in body composition research, the problems associated with image acquisition (movement artifact and ghosting) and image analysis (validation of methods, accounting for artifact, ghosting, and nonfat pixels appearing as fat pixels) require further attention. We suggest a combination of pixel thresholding and visual verification to segment fat and nonfat tissue.

ISSN:1057-8315    

DOI:10.1080/15438629509512037

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:1057-8315    

DOI:10.1080/15438629509512029

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor