摘要:

According to Atterberg's definition a clay can be considered to be in a plastic state, if its water content ranges between the lower and the upper limit of the plastic state. Although, by necessity, the methods for determining the limits are somewhat arbitrary, Atterberg's range of plasticity includes clay‐water mixtures which have a fairly well‐defined group of properties in common. Within this range an appreciable force is required to produce a continuous, plastic flow of the material and under the influence of forces beneath the “yield point” the material exhibits all of the characteristic elastic properties of imperfectly elastic solid bodies.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116377

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1931

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The life of a cell is intimately associated with its salt environment, whether this is the sea, the soil water, or the body fluids. The classical experiments of Ringer on the biological effects of salts initiated the extensive research which has been done on the relationship between cells and their electrolytic environment. Our excuse for adding to the voluminous literature on this subject is that we have chosen an as yet little studied property of protoplasm, namely, extensibility, as the criterion by which to judge the effects of the salts.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116378

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1931

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

In order to explain its variation with temperature and frequency the dielectric constant has been defined as a measure of the work done by an external electrical field in orienting molecules against the effect of their thermal agitation. Quantitative studies of the temperature variation of the dielectric constant of particular kinds of systems have been made and have given quite valuable information concerning the structure of molecules, but corresponding studies of the frequency variation of the dielectric constant have not as yet been so successful. It is the purpose of this article to discuss in some detail what seems to us to be the most important theoretical difficulty. By way of introduction it may be stated that in the case of a polar liquid there is a region in which the dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency, the frequency region being dependent upon the size of the orienting molecule and the viscosity of the medium. The difficulty to be considered has to do with the manner in which in a solution the actual frictional resistance of the solvent molecules to the rotation of the polar solute molecules has been determined.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116379

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1931

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

According to the literature, the cold rolling of metals having a face centered cubic crystal structure causes one definite orientation. This preferred orientation is said to be independent of the rolling technique, and is given as the position in which the (0 1 1) plane of the crystal is parallel to the rolling plane and a (1 1 2) plane parallel to the direction of rolling.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116381

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1931

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Colloidal dispersions may be divided into two classes: those in which the colloidal state of the dispersed substance is an extrinsic one, and those in which the dispersed substance is intrinsically colloidal. The extrinsic colloids are obtained by indirect means, in which one substance is finely pulverized or precipitated as fine particles from a homogeneous phase and distributed in a medium in which the subdivided material is in the ordinary sense insoluble. The dispersed condition is thermodynamically unstable, but may be pseudo‐stable owing to the protective effect of an electric double‐layer or to the presence of an intrinsic colloid that sticks to the particles of the extrinsic colloid. Intrinsic colloids, on the other hand, spontaneously disperse into suitable liquids in virtue of an affinity between colloid and medium which closely resembles that between solvent and solute in ordinary solutions. As a matter of fact there is evidence for believing that some intrinsic colloids, such as egg albumin, hemoglobin, and several other proteins, form molecular solutions just as truly as sugar, alcohol, and similar materials of small molecular weight. The colloidal behavior of these protein solutions is a consequence of the large size of the dispersed particle, even though each particle may be a single molecule, exceeding in size, for instance, the crystalline chunks in a colloidal gold solution. Rubber, agar, gums, cellulose and polysaccharides and their derivatives (e. g., cellulose esters and ethers), some dyes and soaps, and various naturally occurring or synthetic polymeric materials of high molecular weight are also intrinsic colloids. Their dispersions in spontaneously dispersing liquids resemble in essential respects the systems ordinarily called solutions, and they also may with propriety be called solutions. The absence of a well‐defined solubility, which is sometimes offered as a feature distinguishing between solutions in the universally accepted sense and solutions of intrinsic colloids, is in fact, due to the failure of most intrinsic colloids to form a well‐defined solid (or liquid) phase of unique composition, upon the existence of which the quantitative concept of solubility depends.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116382

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1931

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

It is assumed that the leveling of a pigment‐vehicle mixture is a function of surface tension, yield value, and dimensions of brush marks.A relationship is derived which takes the formh = d28 fγwhereh= depth of brush mark and is taken as a measure of levelingd= width of brush markf= yield valueγ = surface tension.Assuming reasonable values for γ andd, it is calculated that a pigment‐vehicle mixture with a yield value less than2.8 dynescm2levels satisfactorily.

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116383

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1931

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116386

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1931

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116388

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1931

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116389

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1931

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0148-6055    

DOI:10.1122/1.2116390

出版商:The Society of Rheology    

年代:1931

数据来源: AIP