摘要:

Field observations were made on the timing of sexual activity of the navel orangeworm,Amyelois transitella(Walker), for 18 nights, from early April through October, 1979 and 1980. Throughout most of the summer, female calling and male attraction to calling females occurred from 1 to 3 h before sunrise but shifted to earlier, warmer hours on cool spring and autumn nights. A linear relationship existed between temperature and time of onset of female calling when measured from sunrise. Male activity was limited to temperatures>11°C and may have been inhibited by the increasing light intensity of approaching sunrise.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.1.107

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Predators killed about 95% of the western spruce budworm,Choristoneura ocddentalisFreeman, pupae placed in one site in north central Washington. We infer that most of this mortality was caused by foraging ants.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.1.111

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Weed species present on the floor of three commercial peach orchards and in deep irrigation drainage ditches in the Yakima Valley of Washington were screened in the springs of 1978 and 1979 to determine which species hosted viruliferous green peach aphid (GPA),Myzus persicae(Sulzer), a vector of beet western yellows virus (BWYV). Twenty-three weed species (>2,700 individual plants) were found to host GPA. Disease readings of indicator plants after feeding by field-collected GPA from 15 weed species showed that infestation rates of GPA ranged from 1.4 to 33%, equivalent to 523,957 BWYV vectors per ha in the peach orchards. Peach trees were determined to be nonhosts of BWYV.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.1.115

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Screening trials were conducted in commercial fields of bluegrass grown for seed to identify a sex attractant for the cutworm pest,Protagrotis obscuraBarnes and McDunnough. Only Z11-16:A1 produced significant trap captures. Attempts to increase trap captures by addition of electroantennogram-active compounds were unsuccessful. When the dosage of Z11-16:Al was raised from 0.01 to 3.0 mg per trap, the 1-mg bait produced the highest catches.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.1.118

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A comparison of mortality, developmental time, and pupal weight was made for Mexican bean beetle larvae reared on three stages of soybeans and reproductive stage lima beans in 12 constant temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. At high humidities and favorable temperatures (17, 22, and 27° C) there were no significant differences in survival to the pupal stage on the various host plants. On lima bean foliage, larval survival was not significantly influenced by moisture stress. However, survival decreased on all soybean hosts as temperature increased, or as RH decreased, and was inversely proportional to vapor pressure deficit. These stresses are also reflected in larger development times and lower pupal weights. Survival at 32° C in all cases was low. Female larvae appear to be more capable of enduring conditions of moisture stress than males. Stress due to adaptation to change in RH was also observed.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.1.121

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A method was developed for estimating initial and final density, average longevity, and average daily rate of mortality among instars of a natural population of grasshoppers. Longevity of nymphs averaged from 6.3 to 13.6 days per instar; the mortality rate averaged from 3 to 13% per day. Average longevity of adults seldom exceeded 3 weeks, the mortality rate averaged from 3.6 to 40.5% per day. Age-specific life tables are given for six common rangeland species that were monitored for 3 years.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.1.127

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The toxic residual activities of four pesticides, phosmet, carbaryl, diazinon and dimethoate, were tested against natural enemies of the citrus mealybug,Planococcus citri(Risso). Species tested included four parasites,Pauridia peregrinaTimberlake,Leptomastidea abnormis(Girault),Leptomastix dactylopiiHoward, andAnagyrus pseudococci(Girault), and two predators,Cryptolaemus montrouzieriMulsant andSympherobius barberi(Banks). These natural enemies were exposed 24 h to pesticide residues on leaves of commercially treated citrus at intervals of 1, 9, 16, 23, and 30 days posttreatment to determine their susceptibility to and the persistence of toxic residues. Phosmet and carbaryl had significantly high toxic residual activity up to 30 days posttreatment against the majority of natural enemies tested. Diazinon and dimethoate toxic residue activity decreased significantly in 9 days against the majority of species tested.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.1.134

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Live cells ofXenorhabdus nematophilusandX. luminescenswere inoculated subcutaneously into 9-day-old White Leghorn chicks and adult Swiss albino mice and intracerebrally into suckling mice. Infective-stage juveniles ofNeoaplectana carpocapsaeandHeterorhabditis bacteriophorawere inoculated subcutaneously into adult Swiss albino mice. No disease symptoms or mortality appeared in any of the experimental animals during the course of the experiment.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.1.137

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The relative preference of adultThanasimus dubius(F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) for two natural prey, the southern pine beetle,Dendroctonus frontalisZimm., and the small (four-spined) southern pine engraver,Ips avulsus(Eichh.) (Scolytidae), and for a laboratory prey, the cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus maculatus(L.) (Bruchidae), was determined. Newly emerged, hungryT. dubiuspreferred the two natural prey overC. maculatus, but consumedI. avulsusandD. frontalisas encountered. A 7-day conditioning period did not affect the preference; all predators, when offered a choice of three prey species, preferredI. avulsus. Egg production was significantly lower forT. dubiusfedC. maculatus, and egg viability was significantly lower forT. dubiusreared onD. frontalis.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.1.139

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

From 8 to 18 commercial cabbage fields in upstate New York were sampled weekly from 1978 through 1980. Peak populations of lepidopterous larvae fluctuated markedly during the 3-year period, and these fluctuations could not be attributed solely to the use of insecticides. In all 3 years, larvae of imported cabbageworm and diamondback moth were detected earlier than cabbage looper, and initial infestation was not a direct function of planting date. At harvest, cabbage looper was always the most abundant species. This indicates the need for sampling individual fields for treatment decisions.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/11.1.144

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP