摘要:

The kinds and numbers of arthropods associated with an alfalfa community in New York State were studied. For the whole alfalfa community (591 species), 72 percent of species represented a single species per genus. Single-species-per-genus percentages were not consistently higher for primary members of the alfalfa community comparcd with incidental members. Interspecific competition should have been more intense between primary than incidental members. The calculated species equatability index H' was observed to vary 3- to 4-fold during a season. A new equatability index (Ec) which has many advantages, was employed. The variability of the indices indicates that evenness is not buffered and that it varies in time and probably in space. The conclusion, however, was that neither the species-per-genus nor the species-equatability indices were adequate to describe the species and abundance relationships within the alfalfa community.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.4.659

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Studies were made of the behavior ofSennius morosus(Sharp),S. simulans(Schaeffer),S. medialis(Sharp), andS. fallax(Boheman). The behavior of these closely related seed beetles was modified greatly because of the nature of the pods and seeds of their host plants. All five host plants had dehiscent pods. Those plants with many small seeds were attacked before the fruits matured; a beetle larva consumed several seeds and pupated inside the fruit. The plants with larger seeds were attacked at or near maturity; the beetle larva fed and pupated inside one seed. Those species of seed beetles that oviposited on immature, still expanding pods, produced eggs with strands which attached them to the substrate. Presumably these strands are a modification to allow eggs to adhere to an expanding pod.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.4.669

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The diel periodicity of the mating flight activity ofLaspeyresia pomonella(L.) was studied by catches in timing sex pheromone traps operated over the 1972 season in pears at San Jose, California. Males (both released and wild) responded rhythmically in approximately the same way to bothtrans-8,trans-10-dodecadien-l-ol (1 mg dispenser) and to caged living virgin females (5 females per cage). The response was entrained to the light-dark cycle, but was not uniform over the season, because both low and high temperatures often limited flight. Temperatures at this location were relatively moderate and affected, for the most part, only the tails of the daily distributions, and the median catches usually occurred within one hour after sunset over the entire season. Compared with early season, initiation of daily flight was delayed in mid-late season because of high afternoon temperatures. Evening flight, on the other hand, was somewhat greater because limiting low temperatures were less often encountered during that period. Also, in the late period there appeared to be a slight tendency for more prolonged evening flight to the synthetic sex attractant than to females.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.4.673

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Six orchards in the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys of British Columbia, were monitored with traps baited with Codlemone®, a sex attractant ofLaspeyresia pomonella(L.). Sprays were applied only if (1) traps within the orchard captured two or more moths per trap per week and if entires were found in the fruit; or (2) border traps captured more than two moths per trap per week and infested apples were found. Using these criteria, one spray was sufficient in one orchard and two were sufficient in three orchards, instead of the three sprays usually applied. A normal spray program was followed in the remaining two orchards.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.4.677

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Over a period of several years, organisms inhabiting or breeding in the intertidal sand and salt marshes of Cape Cod were collected when these areas were sampled for bloodsucking Diptera. A taxonomic list of identified organisms, including insect larvae and adults, is given with limited ecological data on the collecting sites. Taxa with identified species from the intertidal sand areas include: Platyhelminthes (one family and one species): Mollusca (8 families, 8 genera, and 7 species); Annelida (7 families, 10 genera, and 10 species); Arthropoda (23 families, 23 genera, and 25 species). Taxa with identified species from the salt marsh areas include: Mollusca (4 families, 4 genera, and 3 species), Annelida (10 families, 15 genera, and 14 species), and Arthropoda (47 families, 74 genera, and 76 species).

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.4.681

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Damage byNezara viridula(L.) to developing soybeans caused significant changes in the chemical composition of the soybean oil. Palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid proportions of the oil increased, and linoleic and linolenic acids decreased as severity of stink bug damage increased. Similar trends were evident when artificial infestations of stink bugs at certain population densities resulted in increased incidence of beans with medium, heavy, and severe damage.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.4.685

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

After collection from an apple orchard sprayed nine consecutive years with carbaryl and when evaluated by a slide-dip or leaf-dip residue treatment, anAmblyseius fallacis(Garman) population exhibited a 25- to 77-fold resistance level to carbaryl. Following both independent and simultaneous selections with azinphosmethyl and carbaryl in the laboratory and hybridization with a similarly treated organophosphorus-resistant strain, a strain resistant to both chemicals was obtained and maintained for 10–25 generations in the laboratory. Possibilities for establishing this population in the field and its useful role in providing for biological control of spider mites in an integrated pest management program are suggested. Also, additional chemical selection trials withA. tallacisare reported.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.4.691

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In two gradients of gamma irradiation at Brookhaven National Laboratory, white oaks exposed to 10–30 roentgens per 20-hour day are retarded in leafing out. From June 9 to 13, 1969, these oaks under radiation stress were colonized by alate aphids, 61±11 (mean ± Standard Error)Myzocallis tuberculataRichards 13±7M. discolor(Monell) per 100 leaves. The alates were apparently attracted by the yellowish hue of the retarded foliage, and the initial concentration led to high aphid densities, 500–1600 per 100 leaves, during late June and early July.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.4.697

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The response of maleTrichoplusia ni(Hübner) released in the field was affected by the prerelease conditions of acclimation. Thus, 37 percent of the moths held at near-ambient out-of-door conditions were captured in pheromone-baited traps; only 13 percent of the moths held at a constant 11°C were recovered. Prerelease acclimation could therefore significantly affect success or failure of a program of population suppression involving use of sterile male cabbage loopers in a relatively small area.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.4.701

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The egg parasitoidsTelenomus alsophilaeViereck andOoencyrtus clisiocampae(Ashmead) suppress populations ofEnnomos subsignarius(Hübner).O. clisiocampaeparasitizes eggs during the foliated period of the year andT. alsophilaeduring the dormant afoliated season. Incidence of parasitism by these two parasitoids in host eggs deposited on boles was similar to that of eggs deposited on undersides of branches.O. clisiocampaewas found to be most abundant in host eggs in the upper portions of the forest. In an area whereO. clisiocampaewas extremely abundant, almost all host eggs were parasitized at all levels of the forest.Parasitism byT. alsophilaewas similar at all levels of a forest whereO. clisiocampaewas not abundant. In a forest whereO. clisiocampaewas moderately abundant, a significant negative correlation was obtained for relationship of eggs parasitized by this parasitoid to those parasitized byT. alsophilae.The immature stages of both parasitoids were highly overdispersed. It should also be noted that the mortality of host eggs by causes other than parasitism was more pervalent in smaller egg masses than in larger ones.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/2.4.705

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP