摘要:

During a study of natural control agents affecting the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis(Hbn.), in Massachusetts, we determined the presence ofNosema pyraustaePaillot in the borer populations. The latter is a microsporidian parasite of the corn borer which reduces larval growth and survival rates and adult life span (Kramer 1959b, Zimmack et al. 1954). Infected females lay fewer egg masses containing fewer eggs, about half of the latter being infected transovarially (Kramer 1959b, Zimmack and Brindley 1957). Kramer (1959a) reported that this disease interacts with temperature extremes to cause mortality in host populations in the field. The morphology and life cycle ofN. pyraustaehave been studied (Hall 1952, Kramer 1959c).Raun et al. (1960) described a quantitative method to determine incidence and intensity of infection and gave such data from corn borer samples taken from 8 different states. Among the states represented were Pennsylvania and Delaware, the only eastern states from which this disease has been reported.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.878

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

That aquatic insects may be sensitive indicators of water conditions (i.e., pollution) has been amply demonstrated (Richardson 1929, Payne and Gaufin 1956, Patrick 1949, 1950). The main objective of this study was to determine if larval populations ofSimulium vitiattumZetterstedt, a black fly widely distributed in North America, could serve as an indicator species of stream pollution. This is a report of our preliminary findings.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.879

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Bathyplectes curculiollis(Thomson), a parasite of the alfalfa weevil,Hypera postica(Gyllenhal), apparently was not released in Missouri or Arkansas (Brunson and Coles 1968), yet it was found parasitizing larvae of the alfalfa weevil at Garwood, Mo. (Reynolds Co.), in 1965 and at Hardy, Ark. (Sharp Co.), in 1968. The presence of both emerged and unemerged diapausing cocoons in the litter of alfalfa fields in April at each locality indicated thatB. curculionismust have been present in both states at least 1 year prior to discovery. In Missouri this date would coincide with the initial discovery of the weevil in the state (Munson and Enns 1968) and indicates a simultaneous introduction of both host and parasite. The nearest known parasite release sites were in Kentucky and Tennessee in 1963 and 1964 and the parasite had been recovered in Illinois in 1964 although it was never released there (Dysart and Puttler 1965).

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.881

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Mirex (dodecachlorooactahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobutal [cd] pentalene) is an organochlorine insecticide used for control of the imported fire ant (Solenopsis richteriForel andSolenopsis invictaBuren) in large areas of the southern United States. This chemical has an affinity for lipids, and like certain chlorinated hydrocarbons, is stored and accumulated in the adipose portion of animal tissues. In addition to its use as a pesticide, Alley (1973) reported that it is used as a fire retardant in polymers.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.882

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Resistance to insecticides by the house fly (Musca domesticaL.) and concern for chemical residues in the environment have resulted in increased emphasis on biological control of synanthropic flies. Entomologists in California began a search for indigenous and exotic parasitoids of flies in the early 1960's; Legner and Poorbaugh(1972) reviewed the current developments in biological control of flies and the results of parasite importation and release. Studies of biological control were mainly confined to subtropical regions (i.e., southern California and Florida). However, Mourier (1971) monitored seasonal occurrence of house fly parasitoids in Denmark. Little is known of the parasitoid fauna associated with poultry manure in the southeastern United States although Combs and Hoelscher (1969) reported several parasitoids attacking the horn fly,Haematobia irritans(L.), in Mississippi.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.884

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Rudinsky (1969) and Rudinsky et al. (1973) proposed that 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH) is produced by the female Douglas-fir beetle,Dendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopkins, and released by the female in response to male stridulation. MCH is an effective deterrent to Douglas-fir beetle attack on cut Douglas-fir trees (Furniss et al. 1972, 1974). On the basis of these studies a novel chemoacoustic communication system has been suggested (Rudinsky et al. 1973) by which an attractive Douglas-fir beetle female instantaneously “masks” her own chemical attractants with an “anti-attractant” pheromone (Furniss et al. 1972) as soon as a sonic signal has been received from the male or from an electronic playback of male sounds. The purpose of our study was to explore the sequence in which male and female Douglas-fir beetles produce and release seudenol (Vité et al. 1972) and the attractant inhibitor MCH. The methodology used is described elsewhere (Vité and Renwick 1970).

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.886

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Hassanein and Galal (1969) and Watson et al. (1973) have shown the importance of temperature and moisture in terminating diapause of the pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders). However, nutrition has yet to be fully considered as a factor.Nutrition has been reported to influence the induction of diapause in this insect. A higher percentage of larvae in diapause was obtained from older bolls rather than in young, immature bolls (Squire 1940, Chapman and Hughes 1941). The relationship of fat content in the larval diet to incidence of diapause was observed by Vanderzant and Reiser (1956) and Bull and Adkisson (1962); larvae feeding on diets with the highest fat content had the highest percentage of diapause.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.887

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The soybean looper,Pseudoplusia includens(Walker), is a common pest of soybeans in South Carolina. Loopers contribute to a group of general defoliators which may reach population levels sufficient to cause economic damage. Working withP. includensin Alabama, Harper and Carner (1973) reported that larval populations often are infected with the fungus,Entomophthorasp., which under certain conditions may reduce or eliminate looper populations. Current opinion (MacLeod, personal communication) regards this pathogen as the same species (Entomophthora(Tarichium)gammae) described by Weiser (1965) infectingPlusia gamma(L.).

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/3.5.888

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP