摘要:

Approximately 288,000 adultPsyttalia fletcheri(Silvestri), parasitoids of melon fly larvae,Bactrocera cucurbitae(Coquillett), were mass reared in an insectary and released over a 9-wk period in a field containing cucumbers, tomatoes, and zucchini. Dispersing parasitoids were recaptured on yellow sphere traps arranged in a rosette pattern of concentric rings from 10 to 40 m from the release point. At a distance of 10 m from the release point, ≈85% of the recaptured females and 67% of the recaptured males were caught on traps higher than the tallest crop height. Males had a strongly unimodal directional distribution with a mean dispersal vector of 202°, which is downwind from prevailing northeasterly trade winds. Female movement was more variable in direction than males, with a bimodal dispersal distribution to both upwind and downwind directions.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/24.5.1338

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We studied the polyphagous predators,Typhlodromus pyri (Tp)Schunten andAmblyseius andersoni (Aa)Chant, to test if either had shorter residency times on leaves with abundant prey or had greater tendencies for interleaf movement than the oligophagous mites,Metaseiulus occidentalis (Mo)(Nesbitt) andNeoseiulus fallacis (Nf)(Garman), or if the opposite trends among species occurred when these mites were held without prey. Tests were nm on single apple,Malus pumilaMiller, leaves or apple seedlings. Residencey times for immatures on leaves with no prey were much shorter forM. occidentalis, but with prey they were shorter forT. pyriand much shorter forA. andersoni. Residency times for female adults with no prey were similar among species, but with prey they were longest forM. occidentalisand shortest forA. andersoni. Patterns of interleaf movement of immatures were similar to residency data. On seedlings with abundant prey, larvae of all species moved little, but nymphs ofA. andersoniandN. fallacismoved more than nymphs ofT. pyriandM. occidentalis. Larvae ofM. occidentalisheld without prey moved most but its nymphs died and nymphs ofT. pyriandN. fallacismoved more than nymphs ofA. andersoni. Larvae with moderate levels of prey moved little butT. pyrinymphs moved less far than others. Immature losses were related to movement levels. Overall, data agreed with our hypotheses and helped explain whyM. occidentalisandN. fallacisare better adapted to respond numerically to outbreaks of spider mites whereasA. andersoniandT. pyriare better adapted to keep them at low levels. Movement patterns are discussed in relation to competition and species displacement among these 4 mites.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/24.5.1344

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Previous work indicated thatTrichogramma nubilaleErtle&Davis could potentially be used as an inundative biological control ofOstrinia nubilalisin sweet corn,Zea maysL., in Minnesota. We expand on these observations to evaluate some of the factors that might limit the utility ofT. nubilalein sweet corn and report on releases in green snap bean,Phaseolus vulgarisL. We conducted 3 releases in sweet corn and 2 releases in beans at LeSueur, MN, from 1990 to 1992. Between U.8 and 60.0 females per square meter of plant surface were released. Two-day egg parasitism varied between 2 and 60% in corn and 15 and 60% in beans. A meta-analysis of these results and several published experimental releases indicated that the major limitation in usingT. nubilaleis high variability in the relation between release rates and egg mass parasitism rates. This analysis also indicated that the relation between egg mass parasitism and larval population reduction was very strong, and that there was no evidence of density-dependent larval mortality. Thus, future work should focus on elucidating the factors causing variability in parasitism rates to improve the reliability ofT. nubilale.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/24.5.1352

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

HybridPopulusplants (clone NC 5339) genetically engineered with aBacillus thuringiensis cry1A(a)d-endotoxin gene were planted in the field in the summer of 1993 and evaluated for insect resistance 3 times during the 1994 growing season. Foliage of plants containing the gene encoding thed-endotoxin elicited reduced feeding in bioassays conducted during June, July, and August. Larvae of forest tent caterpillar,Malacosoma disstriaHübner, and gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar(L.), feeding on transgenic leaves consumed significantly less foliage and experienced reduced wet-weight gains compared with larvae fed control foliage. Mortality of early 3rd-instar forest tent caterpillar and gypsy moth feeding on transgenic foliage was greater than for larvae feeding on foliage of controls. Mortality of late 3rd-instar gypsy moth feeding on transgenic foliage did not differ from control larvae.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/24.5.1358

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Short- and long-term storage (shelf-life) of diapausingChrysoperla carnea(Stephens) adults can be achieved efficiently through manipulation of photoperiod, temperature, and diet. Short-term storage (up to 10 wk) was accomplished under short day lengths (10:14–8:16 [L:D] h) at temperatures up to 21°C. Storage of 10–18 wk was accomplished at relatively low storage temperatures (5–10°C). Long-term storage (18–31 wk or longer) was most efficient when pupae or young adults experienced a decrease in day length and diapausing adults were maintained under very short day length (8:16 [L:D]h) at 5°C; under these conditions, reproduction by poststorage adults equaled that of unstored adults. High survival and excellent poststorage reproduction occurred when the animals received a high carbohydrate diet before storage and a carbohydrate and protein diet during and after storage.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/24.5.1365

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Biological Control with Egg Parasitoidsis a review of the contemporary literature on egg parasitoids, with reference to their use as biological control agents. Thc editors, E. Wajnberg and S. A. Hassan, state that the book is aimed at “various groups of people that need practical knowledge of biological control with egg parasitoids … non-specialized students studying agriculture, research entomologists working on egg parasitoids or commercial operators in biological control programs.”

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/24.5.1375

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Entomologists and ecologists alike will findSawfly Life History Adaptations to Woody Plants, edited by Michael Wagner and Kenneth F. Raffa, to be an interesting and intriguing publication as well as an excellent reference book that touches on many of the major themes of insect ecology. This book is not just for hymenopterists interested in the suborder Symphyta (more commonly known as sawflies); on the contrary, it should be of interest to people in a wide variety of biological disciplines. It covers topics such as life histories and diversity, host-plant interactions, natural enemies, and population dynamics and patterns. Since emphasis is placed on sawfly adaptations to woody plants, forest and shade tree entomologists, in particular, will find this book to be especially interesting.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/24.5.1376

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Pattern and Process in Host-Parasitoid Interactionsby Bradford A. Hawkins has tackled the difficult task of trying to organize and synthesize a great deal of data on host–parasitoid interactions. Hawkins did an exhaustive literature search in libraries around the world and contacted a number of investigators in the field to obtain as much data on his topic as possible. Since the goals and working hypotheses of investigators over a period of approximately 100 years varied considerably, it is not surprising that the data and the methods of data collection were not consistent. Some historical information on host–parasitoid interactions is given in the Introduction and Hawkins states that “… organisms directly involved in plant-insect-parasitoid interactions represent well over half of all known species …” even though most of the species have not yet been described according to the author.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/24.5.1377

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We all need food for soul and thought andInsects: Life Cycles and the Seasonsgives us some. I am sure every reader will come away from this book with a happier feeling about the world around us and ourselves. Brackenbury obviously loves the insects and their lives. His 215 photographs are very good, but this is not just another insect picture book. If you only look at the pictures, you will lose the elation and pleasantness generated by his sensitive, thoughtful writings. As I read the book and examined the photographs from cover to cover, I decided that this book will bring the beauty of insects and their habits to both nonentomologists and entomologists, and that is quite an accomplishment.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/24.5.1378

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

TheProceedings of the National Integrated Pest Management Forumwas held in Arlington, VA, 17–19 June 1992. The primary focus of the forum, and preliminary discussions, was to develop ways to increase the use of IPM into the 21st century. A short introduction is followed by forum and workshops recommendations. These recommendations address constraints on IPM and possible solutions. A section,Forum Proceedings, contains summaries of talks by leading governmental, industry, and private individuals. The bulk of the volume is a set of appendices which discuss the project planning process, the development of constraints and solutions, and a listing of members of the forum planning committees. An index to the volume is included.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/24.5.1379

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1995

数据来源: OUP