ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00752.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00753.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00754.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Investigations on intergenerational effects on birthweight have been carried out using the data of the 1958 British National Birthday Trust Fund cohort and its follow‐up to 23 years, the National Child Development Study (NCDS‐4), which included information on all births to cohort members by that age. This report is directed particularly at ascertaining the independent effect of parental gestational age on babies' birthweight. The two main findings are a direct association between parental and offspring birthweight (significant for both mothers and fathers after allowing for confounding factors), but an inverse association with parental gestational age (significant only for the mothers). It is postulated that at least part of this effect is mediated through the association between maternal fetal growth rate and their babies' birthweight; the faster the rate the shorter the gestational age for a given birthweight. It was not possible to ascertain what part genetic factors played in this relationship. Larger and more informative intergenerational studies are needed to further knowledge on this quest

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00755.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.In the past, febrile seizures were considered to be a sign of epilepsy, a disorder characterised by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Currently, febrile seizures are considered to be a benign seizure syndrome that is distinct from epilepsy. This distinction has been possible largely because of the epidemiological evidence which is presented here in the form of a two‐part argument. If febrile seizures are epilepsy one might expect that: (1) following a first febrile seizure, the risk of a second febrile seizure should be similar to the risk of an unprovoked seizure (in fact, the risk of a recurrent febrile seizure is approximately 34%, whereas the risk of an unprovoked seizure after having had a febrile seizure is approximately 2% to 3%); (2) the factors that predict recurrent febrile seizures should also predict subsequent unprovoked seizures. From the available literature, young age at the time of the first febrile seizure and a family history of febrile seizures predict recurrent febrile seizures, but do not predict subsequent unprovoked seizures. By contrast, a family history of epilepsy, complex febrile seizures and neurological abnormality are associated with an increased risk of subsequent epilepsy but are not consistently associated with the risk of a recurrent febrile seizur

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00756.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The epidemiology of injury incidence in inner‐city children has not previously been described. This study presents the methods used and the incidence rates found for severe injury (causing hospitalisation or death) in a population of 89 000 children under age 17 years in northern Manhattan, a largely poor area of New York City. The average annual incidence rate (measured from 1983 to 1987) for severe injuries to children under 17 was 846/100 000 a year. The vast majority (79%) were classified as unintentional. Nine per cent were due to assault, 3% were self‐inflicted and in an additional 9% the intention was unclear. Classified by cause, the highest incidence (per 100 000/year) was found for falls (218), vehicle‐related (141, primarily pedestrian), ingestion (119) and burns (110). Guns caused 3% of the injuries (27). The death rate from injury was 18.7/100 000, 36% of which was due to homicide. In an additional 28%, intentional injury was suspected. The suicide rate was 0.4/100 000. The leading causes of injury death included guns and burns (both 2.7/100 000). Compared with childhood injury rates in predominantly rural and suburban populations, the rates reported here for northern Manhattan are higher for overall injury incidence (fatal and non‐fatal) and for homicide, but lower for injury mortality not due to h

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00757.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Although numerous estimates of the prevalence of seizure disorders in populations in the less developed world have now been published, these estimates are difficult to interpret due to lack of comparability of study methods and criteria for case definition. The results reported in this paper are from a large, collaborative study of disabilities in 2‐ to 9‐year‐old children in which standard research procedures and case definitions were used in three diverse populations (located in Bangladesh, Jamaica and Pakistan). A two‐phase study design (screening followed by professional evaluations) was used in this study allowing for the professional evaluation to serve as the criterion in the estimation of prevalence, even for rare disorders. As a result, the prevalence estimates reported here have a high degree of comparability across populations and exhibit unusually strong validity for population surveys. Febrile seizures were the most common type of seizure history in all three populations, with point estimates of lifetime prevalence ranging from 10.9 to 62.8 per 1000. The lifetime prevalence rates of epilepsy (recurrent unprovoked seizures) ranged from 5.8 to 15.5 per 1000. Lifetime prevalence rates of neonatal, all provoked and all unprovoked seizures, as well as estimates of the prevalence of active epilepsy, are also r

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00758.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The present state of epidemiological research in relation to mental retardation is described, with particular respect to taxonomic issues. A comprehensive taxonomy is proposed, and the problems of establishing it discussed.

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00759.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The conventional partition of infant mortality into neonatal and postneonatal deaths, with the 28th day postpartum as the dividing line, has lost much of its epidemiological rationale in countries with low infant death rates. Infant deaths are concentrated increasingly at the start of the neonatal period: one out of three infant deaths in the United States occurs during the first 24 hours. Circumstances of early neonatal deaths differ considerably from those of later neonatal deaths. Failure to monitor separately early and late neonatal mortality can compromise the recognition of distinct epidemiological patterns. Racial disparities in the US tend to be larger for first day deaths than for any other infant deaths. Total US infant mortality declined rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s but first day deaths rose at a steady pace. Surveillance of infant mortality, whether on the national or the community level, should encompass first day, first month and first year death rates.

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00760.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Some laboratory studies have reported effects of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields on calcium homeostasis and pineal gland function which potentially could have consequences for reproductive health. The purpose of this review is to report results of research to date in humans on maternal, paternal and fetal exposure to the 50–60 Hz fields associated with electricity, and to propose populations, endpoints and strategies for future researc

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1992.tb00761.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY