ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00139.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Each time we learn something new and surprising, the astonishment comes with the realization that we were wrong before. In truth, whenever we discover a new fact it involves the elimination of old ones. We are always, as it turns out, fundamentally in error.

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00140.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.A population‐based retrospective case‐control study has been conducted in Tasmania since October 1988. Study measurements pertained to the scene of death of last sleep, as well as a verbal questionnaire on relevant exposures. From 1 October 1988 to 1 October 1991, 62 cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurred. Case response rate for retrospective interviews was 94% (58/62). The initial control response rate was 84% (101/121). After stratification for maternal age and birthweight, there was no increase in risk associated with the usual side position (odds ratio [OR] 1.05 [0.27, 5.02]), compared with the supine position (OR 1.00, reference). The prone position was associated with increased risk [OR 5.70 (1.67,25.58)], relative to the supine position. In the final multivariable model, predictors of SIDS in this study were usual prone position(P<0.001), maternal smoking (P = 0.008), a family history of asthma (P = 0.045) and bedroom heating during last sleep (P = 0.039). Protective factors were maternal age over 25 years (P = 0.013) and more than one child health clinic attendance (P = 0.003). The results provide further support for current health education activities which aim to inform parents of modifiable risk factors for SIDS, including the prone sleeping position, thermal stress and infant exposure to tobacco sm

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00141.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00142.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Belgium is known to have a lesser low birthweight rate and a lower infant mortality rate than the United States. We used previously unpublished data to show that beneath this comparison lies a more complicated picture. Singleton live birth certificates for 1986‐67 were analysed. Despite a lower mean birthweight in Belgium (3360 g) than in the United States (3420 g), Belgium had fewer (4.9%) low birthweight infants than the US (5.9%) because of fewer preterm births (4.4 vs. 9.3%). Consistent with the excess of preterm births in the US, the residual distribution of birthweight was smaller in Belgium (2.2% vs. 3.1%). Whereas neonatal mortality was 4.8/1000 in Belgium and 5.6/1000 in the US, birthweight‐specific neonatal mortality was higher in Belgium. The challenge for Belgium is to improve the survival of newborns regardless of their birthweight. In the US, the task is to eliminate the excess of small preterm infa

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00143.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.In order to assess racial differences in rates of idiopathic preterm labour, preterm premature rupture of membranes, and medically indicated preterm delivery, the authors analysed data on 388 preterm (<37 completed weeks of gestation) births (7.9% of all births) occurring between 1 September 1988 and 31 August 1989, in three central North Carolina counties. The crude relative risk (RR) of preterm birth among black women compared with white women was 2.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1, 3.1]. With adjustment for age, gravidity, marital status, education, and county of residence, the estimated relative risk for black women compared with white women was 2.1 (95% CI 1.1,4.1) for medically indicated preterm delivery, 1.6 (95% CI 1.1,2.3) for preterm birth as a result of preterm labour, and 1.9 (95% CI 1.2,3.1) for preterm premature rupture of membranes. Compared with white women, black women were at the highest risk of a preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation (RR = 2.9; 95% CI 1.8, 4.7). The risk of medically indicated preterm delivery at 36 weeks was considerably higher for black women than for white women (RR = 3.4; 95% CI 1.1,10.2). For a better understanding and ultimately a reduction of the risk for preterm delivery among black women, investigation of specific aetiological pathways and gestational age groups may be required.

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00144.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00145.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.To study the trends in gestational age and birthweight in France, we compared data from three surveys that were based on representative samples of births in 10 French regions and were conducted in 1972, 1981 and 1988‐89. Only single livebirths were considered in the analysis. The rate of preterm births decreased from 7.9% in 1972 to 5.8% in 1981 and 4.0% in 1988‐89. The corresponding rates of children with a birthweight below 2500 g were 5.4,4.3 and 4.7%. The mean birthweight of preterm babies born in 1988‐89 was lower than the mean birthweight of those born in 1972 and 1981. The reduction in preterm births cannot be attributed to the improved accuracy of gestational age determination, but the general use of ultrasound may have played a major role in the apparent reduction of the mean birthweight of preterm b

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00146.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.This article describes a study of the relationship between diet and smoking in a group of 821 Norwegian pregnant women. The study is part of a multi‐centre project, examining risk factors for intrauterine growth retardation. Two 3‐day dietary records were collected during the 17th and 33rd week of pregnancy. Information on smoking habits and other relevant parameters were collected through an extensive questionnaire. The results showed that the smokers consumed significantly less than the non‐smokers of bread, cakes and cookies, vegetables, fruits and berries, cheese, yoghurt, low fat milk, juice and tea. The smokers also consumed significantly more meat, margarine, whole milk, soft drinks and coffee than the non‐smokers on both occasions. The diet of the smokers contained significantly less protein, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium and iron as compared with the non‐smokers. Fat contributed significantly more to the energy content of the diet of the smokers and it is concluded that their diet was less nutritious than that of the non‐smokers throughou

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00147.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.This report describes a cohort study of over 5000 infants and their mothers who participated in a cord blood serosurvey designed to examine the relationship between maternal exposure to Lyme disease and adverse pregnancy outcome. Based on serology and reported clinical history, mothers of infants in an endemic hospital cohort are 5 to 20 times more likely to have been exposed toB. burgdorferias compared with mothers of infants in a control hospital cohort. The incidence of total congenital malformations was not significantly different in the endemic cohort compared with the control cohort, but the rate of cardiac malformations was significantly higher in the endemic cohort [odds ratio (OR) 2.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25,4.59] and the frequencies of certain minor malformations (haemangiomas, Polydactyly, and hydrocele), were significantly increased in the control group. Demographic variations could only account for differences in the frequency of Polydactyly. Within the endemic cohort, there were no differences in the rate of major or minor malformations or mean birthweight by category of possible maternal exposure to Lyme disease or cord blood serology. The disparity between observations at the population and individual levels requires further investigation. The absence of association at the individual level in the endemic area could be because of the small number of women who were actually exposed either in terms of serology or clinical history. The reason for the findings at the population level is not known but could be because of artifact or population differences.

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00148.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY