摘要:

SummaryMany feel the urge to calculate a score or figure for a child's development by submitting him to some objective test of readily scorable items, without regard to the child as a whole. I suggest that instead of merely determining a score for a child's development we should try to understand development, and particularly the purpose of developmental tests, their limitations and the reasons for those limitations. We should continue to learn about development by following up all those many children in which for a variety of reasons the assessment was unusual or difficult.

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00374.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryDuring May 1986, a survey to assess the frequency of allergic disorders was conducted among primary school children of Alghero, Sardinia, using a structured self‐administered questionnaire. The following problems were investigated: allergic conjunctivitis, asthma, wheezing, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and eczema. Of the original 1823 questionnaires distributed, 1691 (92.8%) were completed by parents and returned. Overall, 238 children (14.1%) were reported to have shown at least one episode of one or more of the above and were regarded as ‘allergic’. Among the potential risk factors investigated, statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between allergic and nonallergic children were only found for history of allergy in at least one parent (odds ratio, OR=2.2) and exposure to passive smoking (OR

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00376.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is known to be associated with a peak in mortality rates at 3 months of age, and a seasonal peak in winter. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between the month of death, month of birth and age at death for cohorts of monthly births in France between 1979 and 1985. Statistics concerning the causes of death were collected and used to calculate life‐tables firstly from SIDS and secondly from all other causes. They show that the specific age distribution at death was not the same for babies born in late summer or autumn as for other newborns. Total infant death rates were higher for cohorts born in the autumn, because of the peak in deaths from SIDS at about three months of ag

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00377.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryDuring a 1‐year period, 3309 women were screened in pregnancy forChlamydia trachomatisinfection. A cervical swab was taken and chlamydial antigen was detected, using a monoclonal antibody ELISA technique, in 198 women (6%). The prevalence of chlamydial infection was high in women under 20 years (14.5%), single women (14.2%) and black women (16.8%). Binomial regression of these data estimates a relative risk of 2.9 for women under 20 years compared with women aged 25 and over. There was an interaction between race and marital status with a high risk in single white and single asian women (2.3, 4.5 respectively) but a similar risk in black single and black married women (3.0, 4.0 respectively). Parity and social class did not effect the prevalance of antigen carriage. There was no demonstrable effect of maternal antigen carriage on outcome of pregnancy, gestation or admission to neonatal unit. Infants of 174 antigen‐positive mothers were followed‐up. Tissue culture forChlamydia trachomatiswas positive in 43 (24%) infants. Complications occurred in 23 (53%): 17 had conjunctivitis, three had lower respiratory tract infection and three both complications. Amongst 131 chlamydia‐negative infants, complications occurred in 21 (16%). Since this infection, in infants, responds promptly to erythromycin therapy, screening and treatment in pregnancy will convey little benefit in prevention of perinatal morbidity or perinatal mo

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryExamination of data from the Glasgow Registry of Congenital Anomalies indicated that 184 infants with Down's syndrome were born (live or still) to mothers residing in the Greater Glasgow Health Board area between 1974 and 1986 inclusive. This represents a period prevalence of 1.1 per 1000 total births. Despite a strongly positive correlation between prevalence and maternal age, most of the Down's syndrome infants were born to mothers aged under 35 years. There was no evidence either of a recent decline in the annual prevalence rate or of a changing pattern of risk in relation to maternal age. Antenatal diagnosis resulted in the termination of less than a tenth of all Down's syndrome pregnancies. These findings point to a need for further aetiological research, for continued epidemiological monitoring, for an improvement in the relatively low uptake of amniocentesis by older mothers, and for the development of a screening test which can be offered to the entire pregnant population.

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryPerinatal deaths were systematically investigated over a 25‐month period in a Zimbabwean district and were classified into pathological subgroups according to Wigglesworth. There were 319 perinatal deaths (a rate of 30.6 per 1000) including 83 normally formed macerated stillbirths, 28 cases of congenital malformation, 79 deaths associated with immaturity, 111 due to asphyxial conditions developing in labour and 18 specific problems. Syphilis infection was a contributory factor among 27 cases, hypertension in 39 cases, amniotic fluid infection in 31 cases and diabetes in 11 cases. An avoidable factor was detected among 242 cases (75.6%) involving the mother in 120 cases, the maternity centres in 28 and the hospital in 94. These data suggest that educational programmes should try to convince all the pregnant women to attend an antenatal clinic at least once. A further perinatal mortality reduction might be obtained through treatment for syphilis, hypertension, diabetes and amniotic fluid infection, closer monitoring of the fetal condition during labour and skillful management of dystoci

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe recent controversy surrounding the use of the reflex anal dilatation (RAD) sign in cases of suspected sexual abuse is a general illustration of the difficulties clinicians face in determining which symptoms, signs or laboratory tests to use in their daily practice. The evidence required fully to evaluate RAD is incomplete. The specificity in particular is uncertain. Sufficient evidence is, however, available to permit a quantitative examination of the test's performance under various circumstances. Our analysis suggests that, at the prevalence of anal abuse reported in one large series of children referred to paediatricians with suspected sexual abuse (13%), only if the specificity of the test is 99% or greater, may the positive predictive value of RAD be as high as 90%. At the likely prevalence of anal abuse in the general child population (less than 0.5%), however, an even higher specificity of 99.99% would be necessary to achieve a similar positive predictive value.

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe Christchurch Child Development Study is a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children who have been studied over an 11‐year period using data from multiple sources including parental interview, medical records, teacher questionnaires and direct testing of children. The article provides a review of the major lines of epidemiological research examined in the Study. These include: breast feeding and child health; parental smoking and child health; the effects of low level lead exposure; childhood asthma; nocturnal bladder control; the effects of early hospital admission; the distribution of child health services; and the consequences of private medical insurance. In addition a number of general topics (sample attrition, measurement error, individual differences and causal inference) relating to longitudinal designs are discussed briefly. It is concluded that the longitudinal design is a powerful and cost‐effective method of gathering data for general paediatric epidemiological purposes but that research in this area would benefit from an increased use of emerging methods of statistical modell

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

International Incidence of Childhood Cancer.Editors:D.M Parkin, C.A. Stiller, G.J. Draper, C.A. Bieber, B. Terracini&J. L. Young.International Agency for Research on Cancer, Scientific Publication No. 87, Lyon, 1988, pp. 401, £30

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1989.tb00383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY