ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00155.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A man was crossing a river with his wife and his mother when a giraffe appeared on the bank. When he raised his gun to shoot, the giraffe said that if he shot, his mother would die; if he didn't his wife would die. What would you do if you were in his place?

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00156.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00157.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00158.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00159.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.This study addresses the question of whether maternal smoking is related to postneonatal mortality and which are the contributing causes of death. Mortality of births in Sweden between 1 January 1983 and 31 December 1989 (n= 714389) registered in the Medical Birth Registry was followed until 31 December 1990. The registry carries information on maternal smoking habits in early pregnancy. The Mantel‐Haenszel procedure was used to control for confounding effects of maternal age, parity and year of birth: relative risks (95% confidence interval) associated with smoking were: 1.24 (1.17‐1.31) for fetal death, 1.08 (1.01‐1.16) for early neonatal death, 1.22 (1.08‐1.39) for late neonatal death, 1.31 (1.23‐1.41) for postneonatal mortality during the first year, and for the period between 1 and 8 years of age it was 1.19 (1.06‐1.32). When birth‐weight was controlled for, the increased relative risk for postneonatal mortality during the first year disappeared. Mortality between 1 and 8 years still showed an elevated risk of 1.43 (1.00–2.06). In order to control for confounding by social factors, 1986 births were linked to data from the 1985 Swedish census. The measure used was the socio‐economic index (SEI), which reflects the parental education level. When maternal, paternal or family SEI was controlled for, late neonatal death was not significantly related to maternal smoking, but postneonatal death still showed a significantly increased relative risk of about 1.35. Four causes of death based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 8 and 9 were significantly related to maternal smoking: sudden infant death syndrome, injuries and poisoning, perinatal caus

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00160.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The relationship between the birthweight of white and black mothers and the outcomes of their infants were examined using the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. White and black women who were low birthweight themselves were at increased risk of delivering very low birthweight (VLBW), moderately low birthweight (MLBW), extremely preterm and small size for gestational age (SGA) infants. Adjustment for the confounding effects of prepregnant weight and height reduced the risks of all these outcomes slightly, and more substantially reduced the maternal birthweight associated risk of moderately low birthweight among white mothers. There was little effect of maternal birthweight on infant birthweight‐specific infant mortality in white mothers; however, black mothers who weighed less than 4 lbs at birth were at significantly increased risk of delivering a normal birthweight infant who subsequently died. Although the risks for the various outcomes associated with low maternal birthweight were not consistently higher in black mothers compared with white mothers, adjustment for prepregnant weight and height had a greater effect in white mothers than in black mothers. We suggest that interventions to reduce the risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with low maternal birthweight should attempt to optimise prepregnant weight and foster child health and growt

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00163.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Previous research showed that the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) rate for Aboriginal infants significantly increased during the 1980s in Western Australia (WA) and raised the possibility of a diagnostic transfer of Aboriginal infant deaths from other causes to SIDS over this period. Here, therefore we review the pathology of SIDS and other sudden and unexpected deaths in infancy (SUDI) for Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal infants in WA between 1980 and 1988. The aim was to investigate whether there had been differences in the diagnosis and/or classification of SIDS according to whether the infants were Aboriginal or non‐Aboriginal. The study population comprised: (1) all Aboriginal cases of SIDS and other SUDI between 1980 and 1988, and (2) corresponding random samples of non‐Aboriginal cases. A two‐stage process was employed for the review. First, histology slides were reviewed for each case where the aboriginality of the infant was Aboriginal and the original cause of death were unknown to the pathologists. Second, all paper records (i.e. death scene investigations, laboratory tests and medical reports) except for the original cause of death information were reviewed by the pathologists. The results showed that there was excellent agreement between the final review diagnosis and the original diagnosis for both Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal SUDI. Thus, there was no evidence for a diagnostic shift among Aboriginal infant deaths and the review supported the observed increase in the SIDS rate for Aborigina

ISSN:0269-5022    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00164.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY