ISSN:1755-375X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02083.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1755-375X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02084.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDyslexia or specific reading disability is an important and frequent handicap afficting 5–10% of the population. It is basically a disorder of acquisition of written language, probably due to a poorly developed phonological awarness, which in turn may be neurologically related. As anatomical correlates symmetry of the planum temporale and ectopies in the cerebral cortex have been suggested. Functional correlates are discovered with brain electrical mapping and stimulation of brain structures during neuro surgery. From an ophthalmological point of view there are no relations between dyslexia and ocular problems including refractive errors and accommodation, problems of binocular control and stereopsis, eye dominance instability etc. However, contrast sensitivity seems to be reduced in dyslexics for the middle range of spatial frequencies, which may be related to impaired function of the ‘transient’ visual system. With regard to eye movements, there is no firm experimental proof for any disturbances in dyslexia, be it with the different movement systems or in the best movement direction. ‘Backward saccades’ or regressions are typical not only for dyslexic reading but in all types of reading when comprehension is poor. Although there is no treatment for dyslexia itself that can be based on ophthalmological findings, the ophthalmologist must after careful examination discover and treat any ocular, orthoptic or neuroophthalmological problem that may make reading difficult for the dyslexic child. The ophthalmologist must explain to the child and the parents that dyslexia usually has no ophthalmological or visual cause but is a disability with a neurobiological background, still unknown, in which the only efficient treatment is within the area of

ISSN:1755-375X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02085.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring one year, 1928 of all 1958 neonates born in the county of Troms in Northern Norway were followed until 6 weeks of age, regarding the development of ophthalmia neonatorum. Conjunctivitis was found in 364 cases (189 per 1000 neonates), including mild and self‐limiting cases. In 14.5 cases per 1000 neonates the ophthalmia neonatorum was recorded as severe. Boys were more often affected than girls (P=0.001). The age of the mother and obstetric events did not significantly influence the occurrence of conjunctivitis. 31.4% of the neonates received silver nitrate instillation. The frequency of conjunctivitis in the group with and without prophylaxis was 15.9 and 20.3%, respectively (P=0.023). The incidence of chlamydial ophthalmia was 8 per 1000 neonates. At present, chlamydial ophthalmia is a common disease in neonates. Efforts should be made to screen fertile women for chlamydial genital infection and to encourage prompt microbiological examination in cases of ophthalmia neonatoru

ISSN:1755-375X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02086.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a population of 1928 neonates in Northern Norway, ophthalmia neonatorum was diagnosed in 18.9%, including mild and self‐limiting cases. Sixteen out of 269 (6.0%) cultured cases were positive forChlamydia trachomatis.No gonococcal ophthalmia was seen. In neonates whose symptoms began in the maternity wards, the distribution of the isolated microorganisms (mainlyStaphylococcus aureus) was different from those in whom symptoms began after discharge (mainlyS. aureus, Staphylococcus species(coagulase‐negative),Streptococcus viridansandC. trachomatis). Growth ofC. trachomatiswas significantly associated with the intensity of conjunctivitis (P<0.001). However, no sequelae could be demonstrated in the eyes at the age of 6 months. 60% of the neonates with chlamydial ophthalmia also suffered from rhinitis. 31.4% of the neonates received silver nitrate instillation, which had no significant influence on the frequency of chlamydial ophthalmia. General practitioners are often faced with chlamydial ophthalmia. In cases of ophthalmia neonatorum, a microbiological examination is recommended, as a guide to appropriate antibiotic treatment. The result of microbiological examination may also indicate other infections in mother and child. In areas with a readily available health service, including an adequate microbiological laboratory service, prophylaxis in the eyes does not seem to be necess

ISSN:1755-375X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02087.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractJuvenile (including congenital and infantile) cataract occurs commonly as part of a more generalized or systematic condition, or as a component of a syndrome. Isolated juvenile cataract is a relatively rare disorder and the mode of inheritance is often autosomal dominant. Autosomal recessive transmission of isolated juvenile cataract is rare. The present paper is a report of 15 cases of juvenile cataract on the Åand Islands (Finland) with about 23 000 inhabitants. Twelve belong to 7 sibships of two different pedigrees and 3 cases are sporadic, of which we have found no genealogical connections in the last 6–10 generations to the two cataracta pedigrees. One of the sporadic cases presented an operated cleft palate and a chromosomal anomaly. In another sporadic case the mother probably had been infected with rubella during early gestation. In the third sporadic case the cataract was combined with partial aniridia, but he has serveral genealogical connections to one of the cataract pedigrees. Consanguinity between the parents was detected in 5 of the 7 sibships, in some even on various ancestral levels. Apart from the cataracts, all patients were healthy, with normal intellect, behavior, hearing, growth and development. They were neurologically intact and there were no ocular lesions apart from cataract. In the Ålandic familial cases the cataracts appear to be an autosomal recessive trait. A family branch originating from southwestern Sweden and south Norway showed transmission of the cataract in three successive generations. The possibility of quasidominant inheritance is discussed against the background that autosomal recessive juvenile cataract may not be so rare as the small number of recorded cases would suggest. The incidence in Scandinavia seems to be among the highest ever noted. At least this is true for Åland (about 1/2000) and south No

ISSN:1755-375X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02088.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA representive population sample (n = 203) aged 82 years was studied to determine the prevalence of impaired vision and visual disability in a cohort previously investigated at the age of 70 years. Visual impairments and disabilities were generally most marked among the non‐ambulatory subjects. In the ambulatory group (n = 160) 54% had VA>0.8 and 8% VA<0.3. Near vision was also markedly better in this group. About 90% of the ambulatory cases could read J2 or better, read books and watch TV. Statistical analysis showed no sex difference with respect to visual ability for ambulatory subjects. Subjects with a wide range of distance VA were able to read J1 and J2, whereas only one ambulatory patient with J4 or worse had a distance VA above 0.3. To watch TV and manage most of the everyday activities a distance VA of 0.4–0.5 was required. To read newspapers and books a near vision of J2 was needed and for the telephone book J1 was needed. Improvements of near vision obtained by a change of own glasses were small. Hobby and household work proved less dependant on vision. The subjects showed a fairly realistic view of their visual capability, and distance VA was a valuable predictor of visual ability and disabilit

ISSN:1755-375X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02089.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractContrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity are often abnormal in cataract patients. However, despite significant subjective complaints, relatively good visual acuities often are obtained with high‐contrast optotypes. Using Variable‐Contrast Visual Acuity Charts (VCVAC), we measured visual acuities of 40 eyes of 24 normal subjects (visual acuity ≥ 1.0) aged 41 to 72 years, and 40 eyes of 28 cataract patients (visual acuity ≥ 0.6) aged 44 to 81 years. The VCVAC consists of 4 different charts (1–4). The contrast is 90% in charts 1 and 4, 15% in chart 2 and 2.5% in chart 3. Chart 4 is the reverse polarity of chart 1. The decrease of visual acuity compared with the high‐contrast chart (chart 1) was larger in the cataract group with both in the 15% contrast (0.52 vs. 0.71 octave) and the 2.5% contrast (1.21 vs. 1.75 octaves). In cataract group, 23/40 eyes (57.5%) showed better visual acuity with chart 4 than that of chart 1. In addition to high‐contrast optotypes, acuity measurements using intermediate‐ to low‐contrast optotypes, combined with the reverse polarity chart, seem effective in analyzing the visual disabilities caused

ISSN:1755-375X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02090.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA Humphrey Automatic Refractor Model 570 was used to measure the impairment of visual acuity for low contrast optotypes as a result of glare for normal subjects and for subjects with cataracts. This was compared with a direct measure of intraocular light scatter as measured by a compensating technique and with a subjective assessment of glare determined by a questionnaire. Only a weak correlation (r = 0.28) was found between the decrease in low contrast letter acuity and intraocular light scatter. The subjective assessment of glare sensitivity was not correlated with the decrease in low contrast letter acuity, but correlated to some extent (r = 0.55) with the measurement of intraocular light scatter.

ISSN:1755-375X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02091.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn an attempt to design a new stereo vision test we found that the spatial uncertainty effect had substantial impact on the measured stereo acuity thresholds. This effect is present whenever there is uncertainty of where the critical information occurs in a visual target. We studied the spatial uncertainty effect for stereo acuity and for line length estimation. In addition, we determined the temporal uncertainty effect in a stereoacuity test. In foveal vision, uncertainty effects increased visual thresholds, sometimes dramatically. For example, for an uncertainty factor of 25 (i.e., the critical information occurred randomly in any of 25 positions) stereo thresholds increased more than four‐fold compared to those obtained without uncertainty. Although the uncertainty effect has been well described theoretically, we think that it is not always appreciated in the design of clinical or experimental visual tests. In tests aimed at determining visual thresholds, spatial and temporal uncertainty factors should be minimize

ISSN:1755-375X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02092.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY