摘要:

SPEEDING THE APPLICATION OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRY The series of post-war inquisitions into British industrial tech-nology has been bedevilled by three groups of mischief-makers. First the group which W. S. Gilbert had in mind when he wrote : All centuries but this and every country but his own.” Secondly those who for political reasons maintain that everything done by private capital is poorly conceived and badly executed or perfectly conceived and brilliantly executed. Thirdly those who insist on discussing the subject without any qualifications to do so, with the result that the problem is seen out of perspective and the conclusions are ill-balanced. The Council of the British Association meeting in Belfast in 1952 decided to appoint a committee “to study the problem of speeding up in industry the application of the results of scientific research.” The committee’s first instructions were to prepare a programme of work and the first half of 1953 was spent in a preliminary survey of the problem.This convinced the committee that substantial new investigations would be needed and it decided to look both for additional sponsors of the work and for extra funds. Some months of negotiation followed as a result of which the Royal Society of Arts and the Nuffield Foundation agreed to join the British Association in sponsoring the investigation. The interest of the Royal Society of Arts is shown by its full title The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts Manufactures and Com-merce while the Nuffield Foundation has within the ample scope of its trust deed “the advancement of social well-being.” The recon-stituted committee with representatives of all three sponsors met for the first time in April 1954.The British Association committee was able to bequeath to its successor an agreement by the Board of Trade to supply funds for research under the Conditional Aid scheme; and these funds were later augmented by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research under the same scheme to make the total sum available about &20,000. The committee’s field of work is defined by the following terms of reference : “To identify those factors which determine in different industries and in different types of firm the speed of application of new scientific and technical knowledge; to examine their relative importance their inter-relation and their correlation “There’s the idiot who praises with enthusiastic tone 41 [JUNE with characteristics of the firm or industry; to obtain evidence of the effectiveness of measures already taken to speed up the application of science in industry or to remove hindrancesto such application; and to examine the possible results of other proposed measures.” At the beginning of 1955 these were extended as a consequence of an invitation from the Treasury and an offer of additional funds, to include ‘ ‘factors influencing innovation” and “the collection, in the course of the case-studies of material which would contribute to knowledge of the background of investment decisions.” One result of this very powerful and well supported enquiry is a book Industy and Technical Progress,* written by C.I?. Carter and B. R. Williams on behalf of the Science and Industry Committee. Other reports are expected to follow. To one who like myself lives from year to year in the centre of the complex of problems which the Science and Industry Committee has set itself to study it is a positive pleasure to read so well conceived and well balanced an account of its opinions. The authors take an early opportunity of commenting on the enquiries of others which ‘yielded some impressive examples of the enthusiasm of the British for disparaging their own country.” There is only one way to form an assessment of the performance of a whole nation in technical matters and that is to see their achievements against the background of the national culture pattern as a whole.When we have decided the price we are prepared to pay for not having to lead the American way of life; when we have decided the price we must of necessity pay for having pioneered everything in the last century and for the out-dated basic equipment with which we are saddled in consequence; then we can start comparing our practice with American practice. When we have similarly decided the price we are prepared to pay for being the world’s most powerful block of fifty million people with global responsibilities far in excess of our numerical strength, then we can start comparing our capital programme with that of a small neutralist nation such as the Swiss. “Discussions on technical progressiveness tend to speak with a fine generality of ‘the American’ ‘the German’ or ‘the British’ manufacturer illustrating their judgments with examples from particular trades.The’judgments may be correct but they are in no way proved correct by the examples. Every country has backward industries ; to find all industries equally progressive would be as odd as finding that all the pupils in a school form were ‘equal *Industry and Technical Progress. C. F. Carter and B. R. Williams. Pp. viii + 244. 414 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMXSTRY (London Oxford University Press 1957.) 25s. net 19571 SPEEDING THE APPLICATXON OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRY 415 first’. There is no ground for supposing the same industries to be progressive in different countries.Therefore it must be expected at all times that there will be some British industries which are technically behind their American counterparts and there is no difficulty in finding some which are in advance. We early decided that at all costs we would be sparing in generalisations about British industry.” There speaks an economist an economist who goes straight on to point out that one man’s meat may be another man’s poison. Industrial efficiency must mean efficiency directed to cost reduction. It cannot be assessed except in terms of local costs. A country where land is dear and labour cheap ought not to model itself on one where land is cheap and labour dear. After considering the background in this way basic research is considered next and the conclusion reached is that “the evidence .. . is not sufficient to support a simple assertion that British basic and applied science is being frustrated by the conservatism of the British business man. The facts appear to us to be more complex.” Exactly how complex the facts are then appears from an analysis which follows over several chapters dealing with communicating the results of research the extent of research activity research development as a management technique the readiness to use the overflow and the decision to commit resources. These are all excellent descriptions of the fine-grained mosaic of factors which constitute the subject matter of the problem and should be studied carefully by anyone interested in understanding them. This is a difficult field of enquiry.I t is difficult to compare educational standards between nation and nation; difficult to form a realistic assessment of our own needs (a firm’s estimates always ignore the consequences of satisfying their competitors’ requirements equally with their own and the maintained demand resulting); difficult to credit the low productivity that appears to be implied by the high production of technologists in Russia; and difficult to make allowances for rapid contemporary changes. I t relates to the relative snob-values of degrees in different disciplines and takes the form that “the laboratory chemist looks down on the engineer.” This legendary belief arose by the circulation in high places of a sociological thesis the handiwork of a theorist who asserted it without a shadow of evidence.As rumours grow it grew; and everybody now believes it because everybody now believes it. If any laboratory chemist on reading this article decides that he does in fact look down on engineers I would be greatly obliged if he would write and tell me so. The same invitation is open to A disquisition on “Trained Men and Women” follows. With one statement made I must join issue 41 6 JOURNAL 01 THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY any engineer who can produce evidence that he has at any time been looked down on by a laboratory chemist. Until one or the other can give me the slightest grounds for believing this allegation to be true I shall continue to maintain that it is a rumour having no more foundation than that we all stick up for our own profession, no matter which! Whatever the exact shortage may be it is indisputable that scientists and technologists are in short supply.Whether there is a shortage of money to finance and encourage development is more controversial . “Every Board of Directors in the country might feel that given a tax remission they would spend more on research. Yet if the true limiting factor were a shortage of scientists the tax remission might achieve no net result whatever in the encouragement of research. It is difficult to remember that what seems obviously possible to one firm-which can always hope to attract scientists from its competitors-may be quite impossible if all firms are taken together.” As to capital for commercial’isation “. . .the evidence is that recently there has not been much difference between the U.S.A. and U.K. rates of investment relative to National Product. The U.K. has made room for an exceptionally high rate of investment in plant machinery and housing by running down its capital equipment in the form of commercial buildings roads and railyays, and the programme is therefore somewhat unbalanced; but to suggest that it is discreditably small is hardly fair. Of course if people had saved more industry could have got on faster still and with much less trouble from inflation; yet much has been achieved.” The report is not in spite of its cautious optimism a panegyric. Faults in industry are readily ascertainable and are dealt with objectively. They are however seen always in correct perspective, as components in a mosaic as individual factors not to be assessed in general terms outside the particular context of each occurrence.Only one generally negative conclusion emerges and it is to the following effect : “Backwardness is self perpetuating both in firms and indus-tries; the backward firm even if it can be made to desire technical progress is ill placed to command the resources (and in particu-lar the human ability) necessary to begin that progress. I t will take much ingenuity by industry and government to break up the crust ofhabit and to divert lively and able minds from the places where change is most likely to those where it is most needed.” That is in very truth the kernel of the problem. H ALSBUR SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN PAKISTAN By [the late] BASHIR AHMAD M.SC.PH.D. F.R.I.C. Director West Regional Laboratories Lahore The history of organised and planned scientific research in Pakistan began with the establishment of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in April 1953. At the time of the inaugu-ration of the Council the Director of Scientific and Industrial Research pointed out the necessity of recognising the contribution made by the scientific personnel and institutions of the region constituting Pakistan since 1940 to the common endeavour of build-ing a scientific research organisation in an undivided country of taking up old threads at the point where a break had occurred at the time of partition and of laying the foundation of the new organisation in the country.He stressed the need to carry on the work of establishing the new organisation at a greatly accelerated pace to make good the loss which had resulted from the break in activities in this field. This actually did happen. Within a few months of the inaugura-tion of the Council six Advisory Research Committees were organised. They initiated schemes of research at existing institutions under the supervision of such scientific personnel as existed in the country and at the same time the planning of a Central Research Laboratory at Karachi and three Regional Research Laboratories at Lahore Dacca and Peshawar was begun. The fields in which Advisory Research Committees were set up included chemistry and applied chemistry; physical research ; industrial fermentation and biological products ; drugs pharmaceuticals and pest infestation ; building research; and fuel research.Side by side with the planning of the laboratories arrangements were made to set them up. The nucleus of the Central Laboratory at Karachi began to function in 1953 and those at Lahore Dacca and Peshawar in 1955 and these quickly began to grow as equipment and personnel became available. All these laboratories started in hired or improvised buildings or sheds. In the meantime the Governing Body of the Council accepted the recommendations of the Planning Committee to establish twenty-one functional research divisions in the four laboratories after carefully considering the nature of the industrial problems of the respective areas.These are: Central Laboratories at Karachi (a) Physical Research and Testing (6) Chemical Research 41 418 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY 13 UNE (c) Biochemical Research (d) Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Research (e) Building Materials Research (f) Fuel Research (5) Plastics Research (including paints and varnishes) East Regional Laboratories Dacca (a) ( b ) (c) Food and Fruit Technology ( d ) (e) Glass and Ceramics Research Leather Research (providing facilities principally for investigations into the tanning material resources of the region) Fuel Research (for work principally on the Peat Lignite Coal deposits of the area) Plant and Animal Products Research (covering work on minor forest products and biological agricultural and industrial wastes) West Regional Laboratories Lahore (a) Mineral and Metallurgical Research (b) Oils and Fats Research (c) ( d ) (e) Industrial Fermentations and Biological Products Research Food Technology and Nutrition Research Glass and Ceramic Materials Research North Regional Laboratories Peshawar (a) Indigenous Drugs Research (b) Fruit Technology Research (c) Wool Research (d) Mineralogical Research I t is proposed to deal in some detail with the progress made in the solution of some of the research problems and in the establishment of the four laboratories.CENTRAL LABORATORIES The Central Laboratories of the Council began to function in Karachi in 1953 in four military barracks with only four research workers. This work now occupies 250 members including highly qualified scientific personnel of various grades and other technical and ancillary staff.Although still housed temporarily in matter-of-fact barracks the laboratories have obtained equipment worth about Rs. 3,000,000 and are now undertaking work on a number of important industrial problems of the country. The most important problem on which success has been achieved in Pakistan is the utilisation of its low-grade sulphuracious coals. Work on these indigenous coals had been going on for nearly 20 years in the university and provincial research laboratories but it did not progress much beyond obtaining highly valuable analytical data regarding the chemical and physical characteristics of the coals no 19571 SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN PAKISTAN 419 could it lead to any definite conclusion regarding their beneficiation or the extension of their limited field of industrial utility.Coal investigation is a highly crowded field of research and there are innumerable patents for various processes in connection with the desulphurisation and beneficiation of low-grade coals for industrial use. The Central Laboratories have now developed a completely new process based on steam treatment at a sub-carbonisation temperature of 350°C which successfully removes nearly all the sulphur volatile matter and coal resin which are present in large amounts. This patent covers the operation of the process in Pakistan, U.K. India Germany Australia and France. For assessing the economics and optimum working conditions of the process a 5-ton capacity pilot plant has been erected.Investigatidns on depoly-merised coal resin obtained as by-product in the process of' depolymerisation led to the isolation of a steam-volatile sulphur-containing liquid by a commercially feasible process. Based on the theoretical considerations experiments were instituted to test its possible insecticidal properties. Comprehensive tests gave a knock-down value for mosquitoes mango-hoppers cockroaches house-flies, crickets and leaf beetles far superior to that of DDT under parallel experimental conditions in respect of dilution and composition of sprays and its activity was found to be comparable to the costly insecticide Lindane. As much as 1-5 to 2 tons of this liquid is obtained from every 100 tons of coal and work is now proceeding on the specificity of the new insecticide its residual effect insect repellent action toxicity to animals and effect on vegetation.An attempt is also being made to isolate the individual active consti-tuents of this product. Obviously all this work will take time and will mean a great deal of persistent effort and close co-ordination of work between chemists and entomologists with checks and counter-checks on results at a number of testing laboratories. Nevertheless it must be stated that the prospect of a really worthwhile new finding of international interest is already in full view. To this country it is of special importance for problems of grain storage fungus diseases of fruit plants and agricultural crops and anti-malarial measures all of which need to be undertaken on a large scale.If all these possibilities materialise the sulphur complication of our coals might ultimately prove to be a blessing in disguise. The Biochemical Research Division of the Central Laboratories has evolved a new process for obtaining a vitamin concentrate con-taining 1,000,000 international units of vitamin A per gram from crude shark-liver oil together with a deodorised purified shark-liver oil containing 7,000 international units of vitamin A per gram. A number of other useful by-products are also obtained th 420 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE economics of which are being studied with the help of pilot plant operations. Sharks abound on the Karachi and Makran coasts and can yield a good deal of liver oil for the pharmaceutical industry.In addition to these a number of other investigations have been completed up to the pilot plant stage and are now ready for industrial exploitation. These include ( a ) the production of light and strong, heat- and sound-insulating wall-boards from cane bagasse the by-products of the rice husking industry and other agricultural wastes; (6) cotton seed oil-based paints varnishes and surface-coating com-positions which do not require-any blending with linseed or other drying oils all of which are in short supply in Pakistan; (c) a number of useful products obtained from the Bhilawan nut resins suitable for the paints and plastics industry; unfortunately these nuts are not available in commercial quantity in Pakistan.The Oleo-resins are available and investigation of these has *yielded a number of industrially valuable products that can be used in the formulation of paints varnishes and surface coatings as well as metallic soaps employed as wood preservatives and additives for a variety of oil-based inks like news-print and duplicating inks; ( d ) a new design for a petrol gas plant which is now being produced in the workshop of the laboratories for supplying to different institutions in the country; ( e ) activated fuller’s earth from a locally available product called ‘Multani Mitti.’ The annual consumption of fuller’s earth is of the order of 2,000 tons which is imported at a cost of Rs. 450-500 per ton for the vegetable oil industry in Pakistan.Sustained developmental work has yielded a product which is fully comparable to the imported material; (f) other products such as adhesives for the packaging industry air-entraining agents for production of foam, concrete denaturants for methylated spirit fountain pen ink, electrical insulating tapes and high quality dry batteries suitable for portable radios. In the Drugs Research Division work has been directed towards studies on the alkaloids of RauwoZja Ser-entina Kurchi bark and Chaksu all of which are of importance in the treatment of disease. The work on the Ajmaline series of alkaloids obtained from Rauwolja so named because it found extensive use in the treatment of a wide range of nervous disorders and mental ailments in the prescription of the late Hakim Ajmal Khan of Delhi is being continued.In spite of recent intensive work at various research laboratories in different countries the Rauwolfia alkaloids have more possibilities than have so far been envisaged. These can only be unravelled by a more close collaboration between chemists, pharmacologists and therapeutists and by systematically following up these investigations. The laboratory is organising a pharma-cological section to achieve this end 19571 SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN PAKISTAN 42 1 In the Building Research Section a water-proofing composition based on entirely indigenous raw materials has been worked out and used in the construction of refugee and rural huts of low cost. Other products such as rubberoid types of roofing mats based on jute, a polymerised composition made from indigenous raw materials and wood substitutes for doors and table tops have also been developed.WEST REGIONAL LABORATORIES LAHORE The plan of the West Regional Laboratories in Lahore was completed in 1955 and its construction programme was started towards the end of that year on a site of approximately 75 acres on Ferozepur Road Lahore. The Pilot Plant and Workshop buildings with a floor area of approximately 40,000 sq. ft. have been completed, and two other buildings for Glass and Ceramics and for Food Technology are in course of construction; it is hoped that these will be completed in 3 and 6 months respectively. The nucleus of these laboratories with a staff of ten research workers and such scientific equipment as could be made available in Lahore was established in three small huts quickly constructed on the site in February 1956.Since then each room of the new buildings is being occupied as soon as it is constructed and from its modest beginning the nucleus is continuing to grow. Research work in the laboratories is still limited by the equipment available and the background of training and interest of the few research workers who have been appointed. Nevertheless work is being pursued on a number of fundamental problems and a few in the applied field. These include in the Minerals and Inorganic Division of the laboratory a survey of raw materials for the glass and ceramics industry; the utilisation of indigenous bentonites ; recovery of potassium salts from the salt seams at Khewra Mines; the utilisation of low-grade chromite ore from Hindu Bagh and the antimony ores of Chitral.This division is also working on the production of sound- and heat-proof tiles from gypsum a raw material which abounds in this region. In the Biological Products Division a process has been developed for the commercial production of bile acids and bile salts which are used in therapeutics and the pharmaceutical industry. This work has been carried to the pilot plant stage and is ready for commercial exploitation. An enquiry has been made into the possibility of preparing insulin commercially from locally available pancreas, and work is now proceeding on the production of such biological products as peptones papain yeasts for the fermentation and baking industries and certain enzymes.On the Food Technology and Nutrition side work is being conducted on certain meat products which may find application in army emergency rations and certai 422 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY nutritional and physiological studies relating to metabolism of vitamin B, water and the general conditions confronting the human organism in hot and humid climates. Techniques have been developed for the estimation of amino acids and vitamins by paper chromatography. In the Oils and Fats Section work is being pursued on the development of antioxidants for the oils and fats industry and on the utilisation of cotton-seed oil for the preparation of Turkey red oil required in large amount by the textile industry.A number of other studies that will ultimately have a bearing on industrial processes have also been initiated. EAST REGIONAL LABORATORIES DACCA Thirty acres of land have been obtained for the buildings of the East Regional Laboratories at Dacca. The plans of the Laboratories are being prepared and it is hoped that the work on construction will begin in the very near future. At the nucleus of these Laboratories, housed in the polytechnic building at Dacca work on a number of important industrial problems of the area have been taken in hand, and considerable progress has been made with some of these. Work on the processing of local Kumbhi leaves of East Pakistan to serve as a substitute for imported Bidi leaves has been completed.This process can be exploited on a cottage scale. Progress has also been made with work on Goran bark and other indigenous tanning materials for the production of good quality leather eliminating the use of the imported wattle-bark extracts. Attention is also being given to the recovery of caffeine and other by-products from tea wastes to studies on the chemistry of the active constituents of fever nuts and jute seeds and to production of lemon-grass oil from indigenous raw material. NORTH REGIONAL LABORATORIES PESHAWAR One hundred acres of land adjacent to the Campus of the Peshawar University have been acquired for the buildings of the North Regional Laboratories. The nucleus of the Laboratories is temporarily housed in a wing of the Science College of the University and investigations on a number of important problems connected with fruit and fruit technology and studies of certain minerals of the area are being undertaken.This account of current work in the Council’s Laboratories indicates what has been achieved during the last three years to meet some of the country’s important needs. Three years however is a very short time for a research organisation still struggling to establish itself to show any considerable achievement in a new country faced with many difficulties SCHOOLS OF CHEMISTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND XXXI-THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM By C. C. ADDISON D.SC. PH.D. F.R.I.c. F.INST.P. Reader in Inorganic Chemisty The establishment of the Mechanics Institute in 1837 brought to Nottingham the first foreshadowing of university education and the Institute was in fact the embryo from which 40 years later the University College was to spring.From the very beginning chemistry had a prominent place as a subject for study. Grants from the Department of Science and Art (an organisation set up in South Kensington out of the proceeds of the 1851 Exhibition) in 1862 and following years enabled the Institute to offer sustained courses of lectures. The first of these courses (one of’ forty lectures) was on chemistry with special reference to its importance in dyeing, bleaching and lace-dressing. In 1866 James Stuart newly graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge evolved the idea of extending the benefits of such teaching to those whose circumstances prevented them from studying at Oxford or Cambridge.Stuart’s plan for ‘university extension’ received prompt and warm support in Nottingham. The scope of the classes was extended and in 1873 the Cambridge syndicate for local lectures sent dons to give university extension courses. Notting-ham has the distinction of being the first centre in Britain in which organised University extension classes were held. The need for it suitable building in which these classes could be held soon became evident. An anonymous donation was made in 1875 for such a purpose with the suggestion that the building might include a lecture theatre two classrooms a small room for a library a chemical laboratory and a residence for one lecturer. In fact the building eventually erected was on a much more handsome scale.After consideration of various possible sites (including part of the grounds of Nottingham Castle) the piece of land known as Horse Fair Close across which ran Shakespeare Street was finally selected, and here was built the University College building in which chemistry was to develop in the following years. The foundation stone was laid in September 1877. Speaking at this ceremony, Mr Gladstone (lately Prime Minister) defined the aims of true university education. The building is Gothic; it was completed in 1881 (the same year as University College Liverpool) and was 42 [JUNE 424 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY opened by Prince Leopold Duke of Albany. In providing the funds necessary for its erection the dominant part was played by the Corporation of Nottingham rather than by any wealthy bene-factor; no one foresaw as yet the future which lay before the little herbalist shop in Hockley Nottingham which the young Jesse Boot had begun to manage in 1863.The accommodation provided for chemistry was generous. A room for the Head of the Department formed the geographic centre, with direct access to lecture theatres and laboratories. A main teaching laboratory had accommodation for fifty students (though in later years it often housed many more). There was a small separate metallurgical laboratory and two rooms which later developed into a ‘Professor’s Research Laboratory’ and a research laboratory for staff. A basement room originally equipped for dyestuffs testing was also converted at a later stage into an organic research laboratory.The lecture theatre accommodation was particularly generous. The chemistry theatre seated 200 students, and the Department adjoined the main theatre of the College with an accommodation of over 300. The staff of the new College included four professors who were paid k400 per annum plus a proportion of the fees payably by their students. Three of these were Cambridge men. The exception was Frank Clowes a University of London D.Sc. who was appointed in 1881 as the first Professor of chemistry and metallurgy. He was assisted at first by a single demonstrator. The College had no Principal the four professors taking charge of the College in turn. Professor Clowes was the first holder of this additional appointment, which he held from 1887 until 1890.He held the chair of chemistry for 16 years giving up the appointment in 1897 to become chemist to the London County Council. He left behind him a reputation as a clever teacher and a competent administrator and he is probably best remembered today as co-author of Clowes and Coleman’s Quantitatiue Analysis. 1897-1936 Clowes was succeeded as professor of chemistry by Dr F. S. Kipping whose brilliant work in the field of silicon chemistry was to play such a large part in establishing the reputation of the Chemistry Department. Although he found the laboratories and classrooms compact and well arranged there were only four full-time students working for the Associateship of the Institute of Chemistry the remainder consisting of part-time engineering students.Kipping is reported to have summed up the state of affairs in a remark “When 1 first came here I had six evenin 19571 THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM 42 5 students who knew no chemistry and didn’t want to learn!’’ There-after the number of staff and students steadily increased. The College acquired a legal personality by the grant of a Charter of Incorporation in 1903 by which time the lecturing staff of the Chemistry Department had risen to four-R. M. Caven G. D. Lander H. J. S. Sand and G. A. Robinson. Caven and Lander’s Systematic Inorganic Chemistry was first published in 1906 and provided a sound basis for the study of inorganic chemistry for many genera-tions of students to come. Professor F.Challenger who was a student under Kipping has kindly provided some interesting personal reminiscences which are relevant here. Caven had a desk in the middle of the laboratory where he was always accessible to students. The desk was usually covered with the manuscript of one or other of his books in his characteristically bold and neat handwriting. By the side of the desk was the apparatus with which he carried out his research work on the vapour pressure of bicarbonates-he would say that this enabled him to keep an eye on both his students and his research. In fact it is doubtful whether he had anywhere else to put his apparatus ; private research rooms for non-professorial staff were unknown in those days (1908-10). He was a splendid lecturer in love with his subject and especially with the Periodic System “Our sheet anchor our ultimate court of appeal is the Periodic System!” At that time the light of the ideas of Bohr J.J. Thomson Lewis and Langrnuir had not been shed on Mendelkef’s conception. Caven’s appointment to the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry at the Royal Technical College Glasgow delighted his colleagues and his lectures at Glasgow must have provided great stimulus to his students. Dr H. J. S. Sand also worked in the same laboratory in which he taught. His working space was small but sufficient for his electro-lytic apparatus for the separation of metals by the method of graded potential and a rotating electrode. He was a quiet courteous little man who was kindness itself to all who asked his advice.For almost the whole of the time during which Kipping held the Chair George Horsley was laboratory steward and store-keeper and later acted as lecture assistant in both the old and the new laboratories. Unofficially his functions seem to have had a some-what wider scope. He had acquired a considerable knowledge of chemistry and was quite equal to supplementing the ministrations of the teaching staff to the bewildered students who came to him. Professor Challenger writes “TO me personally he was of the greatest help when I was working out advanced organic identifica-tions before I took the A.I.C. examination. He gave me the unknown and told me what he thought of my efforts when neces-sary! He could be encouraging humorous severe and forthright 426 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE and he had a strong sense of the fitness of things-not easy to define, but easy to recognise.If he disagreed with you he would say so, and often he was right.” Kipping held the Chair of Chemistry from 1897 until 1936, Those members of the present staff of the Department who worked under Kipping speak of him with respect and affection and his personal characteristics have become legendary. Professor A. C. Wood in his History o f Uniuersity College Nottingham (to which the writer is indebted for much of the data concerning the early days of the department) says of him “he was one of the most distinguished scholars and likeable of teachers the College ever had. . . . The voice might be gruff and the comment caustic but the merry twinkling eyes betrayed it all; and his dry pawkish humour was a perennial delight.Not all the brief but discomforting inter-rogations to which he was sometimes wont to subject his students, the seeming impatience the exacting demands made on his researchers ever succeeded in shrouding the kindly spirit which lay just below. They were all part of the make-up of ‘the old man,’ as he was affectionately known and in time became a tradition; as the bearded figure moved along the benches his students waited eagerly for the brief but pungent sallies the flash of wit so gruffly delivered or most treasured of all the odd sparing words of encouragement or praise. If he made his students work he worked with them-and for them.” Kipping’s extensive investigations into the organic chemistry of silicon are so well known that they need not be discussed in detail here.They won for him and for the Depart-ment an international reputation in the field of chemical research. He was elected to Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1897 shortly before coming to Nottingham. During the first world war Kipping and his staff collaborated in the scheme for the preparation of synthetic drugs which were not then available in Britain. He lectured on musketry and map-reading to the Officers’ Training Corps and also superintended practice on a miniature rifle range. The Chemistry Department had provided classes in Pharmaq-since the foundation of the College. However in 19 18 the Ministry of Labour asked the Department to provide a complete course in pharmacy for a large number of demobilised men.To meet this demand a school of pharmacy was created within the Chemistry Department. The College museum was converted into a laboratory (inevitably known thereafter as the ‘Museum Lab.’) which provided seventy-two additional working places. At this time the staff consisted of €3. Lambourne E. B. R. Prideaux J. B. Firth F. S. Watson F. C. Laxton and J. E. Driver while S. R. Trotman taught textile and dye chemistry. In 1920 more than seventy students Horsley retired in 1936 19571 THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM 42 7 were reading for Honours in chemistry. Pharmacy became a separate department in 1925 although pharmaceutical chemistry continued to be taught in the Chemistry Department until 1956.During Kipping’s time also the University College moved to new buildings at University Park. The idea of making Nottingham the centre for an East Midlands University had been discussed since 1914 and it was with this in mind that Sir Jesse Boot began in 1920, his generous series of gifts including an endowment for the Chair of Chemistry. The Highfields estate 3 miles west of the city on which he had originally planned to build a works and a model industrial town was provided for the College. Building began in 1922 and in 1928 the new College buildings believed by many to enjoy a setting second to none were opened by their Majesties King George V and Queen Mary. The Chemistry Department was provided with all the facilities it could require in the foreseeable future.The accommodation consisted of two lecture theatres two teaching laboratories an organic research laboratory smaller physical and inorganic chemistry research laboratories two staff research laboratories and special instrument rooms ; facilities for microanalysis were added in 1935. The original plan to establish an East Midlands University was abandoned before 1928 because of the reluctance of certain authorities distant from Nottingham to support the scheme and the University College of Nottingham was therefore split between two buildings. The Pure Science departments moved to University Park in the autumn of 1928 leaving the Applied Science Departments (and the evening class work) at Shakespeare Street. This put a heavy strain on the staff of departments such as chemistry responsible for teaching in both buildings; for some years the teaching staff carried out their day-time duties at University Park then travelled to Nottingham to attend to evening classes.It was not until 1945 that the two establishments were completely separated the Shake-speare Street building becoming the new and independent Notting-ham and District Technical College. Under Professor Kipping’s guidance the Chemistry Department grew steadily. In 1936 there were eight members of staff (E. B. R. Prideaux S. R. Trotman J. B. Firth J. E Driver F. C. Laxton, B. D. Shaw H. H. Barber and J. C. Roberts) and research publica-tions from the department were making an increasingly valuable contribution to scientific literature. In 1936 Kipping was enter-tained at dinner by his staff and former students to celebrate the publication of Part 50 of his series on organic derivatives of silicon in the Journal of the Chemicat Society and an illuminated address, appropriately illustrated was presented to him.This is carefully preserved in the department. Robert Robison presided an 428 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE among the signatories to this document F. C. Laxton (1919), B. D. Shaw (1922) and J. C. Roberts (1934) are members of the present staff. J. C. Blackburn originally research assistant to Kipping has remained to cope efficiently with the increasingly arduous duties of Laboratory Steward. In 1936 after the College Council had on several occasions, refused to accept his offers to resign Kipping retired from the Chair and was appointed Emeritus Professor of Chemistry.The Council made arrangements for him to work in his old laboratory at Shake-speare Street and there he continued research on silicon compounds for 3 years longer. In 1941 he published Part 51 of his series of papers in the Journal of the Chemical Society. At the end it contained these words “AS this is my last paper may I express here my sincere thanks to the Chemical Society for having published so much of my work over so long a period-F. S. K.” There is no similar acknowledgment by any other Fellow of the Society. Kipping enjoyed a long and well-earned retirement maintaining his zest and vigour to the last. He died in 1949 in his 86th year. The obituary notices prepared by Professor Challenger for the Royal Society and the Chemical Society tell a fascinating story of his personality and achievements.Three Kipping Scholarships for chemical research have recently been endowed by public subscription in his memory. Amongst those who made a major contribution to the develop-ment and reputation of the department in the pre-war era Dr E. B. R. Prideaux also has a prominent place. Educated in New Zealand he studied under Ramsay in London and Donnan in Liverpool and was appointed to the teaching staff in 1914. I t fell to this quiet thoughtful and scholarly man of science to uphold and maintain an interest in inorganic and physical chemistry in a depart-ment in which an emphasis towards organic chemistry was tradi-tional.He was a pioneer in fluorine chemistry studying the fluorine compounds of selenium, tellurium zirconium and rubidium. He discovered the compounds BrF, SeF and TeF,. The chemistry of phosphorus was another major interest and his physical studies included modern indicators, electrode processes electrophoresis and the measurement of dissociation constants. He resigned from the position of Reader in Inorganic and Physical Chemistry in 1946 and died in the same year. His work shows a remarkable versatility. 1936-47 On Kipping’s retirement research on organic derivatives of silicon ceased to be a major field of interest. His successor in the Sir Jesse Boot Chair of Chemistry was Dr J. Masson Gulland, Reader in Biochemistry in the University of London and Senio (By kind permission of the l\%ttinghanz City Library) University College Nottingham From an early photograph of the Shakespeare Street Buildings The Trent Building University of Nottingha PROFESSOR F.CLOWES 188 1-1 897 DR E. B. R. PRIDEAUX 19 14- 1946 PROFESSOR F. S. KIPPING 1897-1936 PROFESSOR J. M. GULLAND 1936-194 19571 THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM 429 Assistant in Biochemistry at the Lister Institute. Gulland was a brilliant and inspiring research worker and immediately established a research school in the organic chemistry of nucleic acids. In 1939 D. 0. Jordan was appointed as lecturer in Textile Chemistry but soon afterwards was transferred to the Chemistry Department as lecturer in Physical Chemistry. His biophysical interests led him to study physical aspects of nucleic acid chemistry related to mole-cular size and shape (molecular weights viscosities electrometric titration diffusion coefficients streaming birefringence) and in the following 7 years this collaboration resulted in important advances in this field.Professor Gulland was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1945. The years of the second world war brought inevitable disruption to the life of the Department. In 1940 Goldsmiths College and the Institute of Education (University of London) were evacuated to Nottingham bringing increased pressure on teaching space that was already becoming inadequate. From March 1940 to March 1945 Boots Pure Drug Co. Ltd occupied part of the main organic research laboratory for research and preparative work on antibiotics, anaesthetics diuretics and respiratory stimulants especially those previously imported from Germany.The teaching staff was also depleted. Professor Gulland served as Assistant Director of Chemical Research and Development (Ministry of Supply) from 1942 to 44; Laxton and Shaw both serving officers in the Territorial army joined their regiments on mobilisation. The introduction of the two-year degree course and the bursary training scheme congested the teaching programme and in the years 1942-44 the addition of a fourth term during the summer vacation put further pressure on the depleted staff. The immediate post-war period was one of considerable activity and expansion and the total number of students in the Department increased to about 300 in 1946.In 1946-47 two new laboratories, of the semi-permanent single-storey type providing accommodation for 80 and for 50 students were erected to cope with this increase. The former was used for intermediate courses as well as for pharma-ceutical chemistry and the latter for final-year practical work. The teaching of classes consisting largely of mature servicemen was an enjoyable experience. At this time also the scope of the Depart-ment’s interests was replanned on a broader basis the emphasis on organic chemistry in the research programme in pre-war years having been reflected in the teaching courses also. Research in physical chemistry was extended beyond its applications to nucleic acid chemistry to include the study of polymerisation processes and surface chemistry.A new laboratory for the teaching of practical physical chemistry which had long been needed was furnished an 430 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE equipped in 1947. Dr C. C. Addison was appointed lecturer in inorganic chemistry in 1946 and a programme of research in inorganic chemistry with particular reference to reactions in non-aqueous media was initiated. Undergraduate classes were replanned so that an equal amount of lecture and laboratory time was devoted to instruction in each of the three branches of the subject. Professor Gulland resigned his appointment in 1947. Before he was able to take up his new appointment as Director of Research to the Institute of Brewing he was killed (on 26 October) in a railway disaster at Goswick Northumberland returning from a visit to the Scottish Seaweed Research Association where he was Chairman of the Chemical Advisory Committee.The tragic death of so brilliant a scientist was a great shock to his colleagues. 1947-55 Gulland was succeeded in 1948 by Dr F. E. King lecturer in Organic Chemistry at Oxford. Professor King took charge of the Department at a time when it appeared that the promised land for university education was just around the corner and optimism was the keynote. The College was granted University status on 20 August 1948 and the teaching courses were able to assume an individuality not possible under the external degree system. Student numbers and student grants were increasing and financial support for research from the University from Government departments and from industry was very generous when compared with pre-war conditions.The time was propitious for another major step forward in the development of the Department. In the years 1948-55 this was probably the most notable feature in the progress of the Faculty of Science and is a testimony to King’s inspiring drive and leadership. He recognised in 1948 that numerically and in distribution of interests the staff was inadequate for the expansion that was inevitable and he spared no efforts to augment it. The following seven years saw a rapid increase and the staff numbered 16 members in 1955. Of those appointed in the closing years of the war E. O’Farrell Walsh (pharmaceutical chemistry) resigned in 1947 and was succeeded by M.W. Partridge. H. F. W. Taylor (physical chemistry) G. R. Barker and H. Smith (organic chemistry) also resigned in 1947. A number held assistant lectureships for short periods in organic chemistry W. G. Overend (1946-47) D. T. Elmore (1947-49) P. Smith (1947-50) A. S. Anderson (1948-50), Miss D. M. Bovey (1950-52) K. G. Latharn (1950-53) and W. F. Forbes (1 952-53) ; in inorganic chemistry S. K. Hutchinson ( 1947-50) and B. S. Dunn (1 950-52) and in physical chemistry R. G. Partington (1 948-49) and M. H. Everdell ( 1947-50). J. W. Clark-Lewi 19571 THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM 43 1 (pharmaceutical and organic chemistry 1949) resigned in 1955 to take a senior lectureship in Organic Chemistry at Adelaide. Members of the present staff appointed during this period include : in organic Chemistry T.J. King (1949) H. Booth (1952) C. J. Timmons ( 1953) ; in pharmaceutical chemistry F. C. Cooper ( 1947) ; in inorganic chemistry N. N. Greenwood (1953) and W. E. Addison (1953) ; and in physical chemistry S. C. Wallwork (1949) and A. R. Mathieson (1949). In 1956 Mathieson resigned to take up a senior lectureship at Ibadan (University of the Gold Coast) and R. B. Cundall and G. D. Parfitt were appointed. Readerships were established in inorganic chemistry in 1951 (C. C. Addison) in physical chemistry in 1953 (D. 0. Jordan) and in pharmaceutical chemistry in 1955 (M. W. Partridge). Professor King’s main interest in the research field lay in the chemistry of extractives from hardwoods. This involved the detailed investigation of almost fifty species of hardwood.A wide range of new natural products was isolated including di- and tri-terpenes coumarins flavones isoflavones and stilbenes. He also studied peptide syntheses developing the use of the phthaloyl group as a protecting group. This research was pressed forward with untiring energy and in the years 1948 to 55 he published 70 papers a number of them in collaboration with Dr T. J. King. In this period a total of 220 scientific communications were published from the Department. Professor King’s distinguished work was recognised by his election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1954. Some important changes took place in the organisation of physical chemistry during this period. In 1953 Dr D.0. Jordan resigned his readership to become Professor of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry in the University of Adelaide. During his 15 years at Nottingham he worked unceasingly to improve the status and reputation of physical chemistry teaching and research and his services to the Department are remembered with gratitude. Pro-vision had been made in the 1952-57 quinquennium for a second Chair and in 1953 Dr D. D. Eley reader in biophysical chemistry in the University of Bristol became on election the first occupant of the Chair of Physical Chemistry at Nottingham taking up the position in 1954. On his arrival additional space was acquired in the semi-permanent (1 946) buildings and furnished to provide office accommodation a research laboratory in physical Chemistry, a student workshop and a glassblowing room.The Present and the Future In 1955 Professor F. E. King resigned to take up an appointment as Director of Research and a member of the Board of Directors o 432 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY British Celanese Limited. The title of the Sir Jesse Boot Chair was modified and Dr A. W. Johnson Fellow of Christ’s College and lecturer in Organic Chemistry in the University Chemical Labora-tories Cambridge was appointed as Sir Jesse Boot Professor of Organic Chemistry and Head of the Chemistry Department. There are now more than 300 undergraduates studying chemistry, including a Final Honours School of 48 undergraduates; 40 postgraduate research students are studying for higher degrees and research interests cover a wide field.In organic chemistry emphasis is on the chemistry of natural products with particular reference to mould products and antibiotics including actinomycin and vitamin BIZ. Physical research is concerned with catalysis at metal surfaces, kinetics of polymerisation semi-conductivity enzyme kinetics, crystallography and surface and colloid chemistry. A generous grant has been made by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd to establish a School of Colloid Science in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory. Inorganic research is directed towards reactions in non-aqueous media (particularly dinitrogen tetroxide) studies on liquid metals (for which financial support is received from the Atomic Energy Authority) the properties of molecular addition compounds and the chemistry of boron and gallium.The Department had the pleasure to act as host to the Chemical Society at Easter 1956 when the Anniversary Meetings were held at the University and to the Faraday Society at a Symposium on “Membrane Equilibria” two weeks later. In the history of the Department the appointment of each new Head has heralded the arrival of a fresh era of development and progress. The present period is likely to be no exception and seems certain to be dominated by the fact that the building of an entirely new chemistry department is scheduled to begin in 1957. This will provide an opportunity for development beyond anything that could be achieved with the present accommodation. With each expansion in the past the Department has become more scattered, and although the Trent Building which houses most of the present Department is architecturally attractive it has become increasingly difficult to provide the services and facilities which a modern department requires.As increasing emphasis is placed on tech-nology in the university and larger numbers of students from the Faculty of Applied Science will require tuition in chemistry; tne new building will allow for this additional programme also. From small beginnings the Department of Chemistry may justifiably claim to have played a major role in establishing the position Nottingham now holds amongst the British universities and it looks forward to making equally important contributions in the future PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE IRRADIATION OF URANIUM* By J.E. LITTLECHILD B.SC. PH.D. U.K.A.E.A. Industrial Group H.Q. Risley REASONS FOR IRRADIATING URANIUM Developments in the chemistry of the heavy elements and the physics of nuclear reactions have brought us within comparatively recent times to the stage where the purposeful irradiation of nuclei of certain heavy isotopes is now-regarded as a standard industrial operation unusual in many ways but not much more so than say, certain biochemical syntheses or high-pressure catalytic reactions. As with all industrial processes we have very good reasons for carrying out this process which may be summarised under two main headings (1) to generate power from nuclear fission and (2) to produce other fissionable nuclei. As well as the great importance attached to these two objectives, irradiation in a nuclear reactor is an interesting process for the chemical engineer.The characteristics of uranium fission are principally (1) the release by chemical energy standards of very large amounts of energy (2) the production of radioactive isotopes, and (3) the property of being chain-reactive and giving surplus neutrons which by absorption i n 238U lead to the formation of plutonium. Nuclear reactors based upon the irradiation of uranium produce approximately equal weights of fission products and plutonium and it is this fact which controls all subsequent separation processes. The plutonium is an a-emitter; the fission products which are a mixture of some 30 elements in the middle of the periodic table, are generally 16- and y-emitters and chemically vary widely covering for example the rare gases (krypton and xenon) the rare earths and the very active radio-iodine.The chemistry of the fission products is complex and their half-lives vary from seconds to years. It is the special nature of products resulting from irradiation in a reactor that creates many interesting problems both in design and operation of processing plant. In designing plant for the chemical processing of irradiated uranium a number of additional principles must be considered. Shielding against radiation is essential and this also entails the remote control of processes and the installation of plant which does not require maintenance or replacement. Sampling and control instruments must be built into the plant which should conform to * Tees-side Section at Stockton-on-Tees 19 February.43 434 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE a geometry such that critical assemblies of fissile material cannot occur. The process should give rise only to effluents of low activity, or such that can be safely stored; in particular active gases or particulates must not enter the ventilation system. The high intrinsic value of the materials processed demands of course an extremely efficient process. METHODS OF IRRADIATION Apart from the half dozen or so research reactors in use a t Harwell the Atomic Energy Authority are at present rradiating material in two types of large nuclear reactor-the air-cooled Windscale piles and the carbon-dioxide cooled Calder Hall reactors.The main product from these reactors is plutonium, with electricity as a by-product from Calder Hall. At present a fast fission reactor is under construction at Dounreay. The two Windscale reactors have been operating since 1950. Fig. 1 is a sectional diagram of one of them. I t consists essentially- - SHUT-OFF RODS CHI ct DI A ION CHAMBERS COOLING PIPES NEUTRON DENSITY PLOTTERS RODS FIG. 1 of a large cylinder constructed of graphite blocks pierced by holes in all three planes carrying the fuel elements parallel to the axis, and the control and shut-down rods perpendicular to the axis. The graphite slows down the neutrons released in the fission of 235U so that they will most efficiently cause further fissions and not simply be captured in 238U.The reactor is cooled by air which is blown along the channels containing the fuel elements and is then discharged through the stack into the atmosphere 1957) PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE IRRADIATION OF URANIUM 435 After irradiation the fuel elements are pushed out at the far side of the pile where they fall into trucks which are towed from behind the reactor and are stored under water in the pile ‘pond.’ They remain there ‘cooling’ while the more short-lived radioactive fission products decay. The elements are ‘decanned’ before entering the chemical plant. The Calder Hall reactors are similar in that a cylinder ofgraphite forms the basis for their structure but with the difference that the control fuel element and shut-down channels are all parallel to the axis which is vertical.The heat is removed from the reactor by pressurised carbon dioside which flows upwards through the core. The CO is cooled again by being made to boil water before recycling and the steam is used in conventional turbo-generator equipment to produce the electricity fed to the national grid. II E HOT GAS TO HEAT [XCHANGER ’ COOL GAS FROM HEAT EXCHANGER FIG. 2 Arrangement of core inside pressure vessel The pressure shell is constructed of 2 in. thick steel plates and all charge and discharge operations as well as control are carried out from the top of the reactor through the tubes shown (Fig. 2). On discharge irradiated elements are drawn up into a heavily shielde 436 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE machine and transferred to a pond for cooling in the same way as the Windscale rods.They will subsequently be decanned and go through the same processes as the material irradiated in the Wind-scale piles. The fast reactor being built at Dounreay does not have a graphite moderator structure like those in Cumberland. It utilises the neutrons produced in fission while they still have high energies. A chain reaction with fast neutrons is feasible only if a fuel enriched in fissile material is used. If fission of 235U occurs about 2.3 neutrons are emitted per atom and as only one of the neutrons is needed to maintain the chain there are available about 1.3 n for possible use in other ways. In the thermal reactor these may be absorbed by the graphite the cans or the structural material of the reactor or they may escape.In the fast reactor the core will be surrounded by a ‘blanket’ of natural uranium which contains 99.3 per cent of 2BU. A few of these 2 Y J atoms will undergo fission from the fastest neutrons but the greater part absorb neutrons, yielding plutonium : B B 2aU + n -+ 239U -+ 239Np -+ 239Pu The fast reactor (Fig. 3) is housed in a large sphere (ca 140 ft diam.) FIG. 3 Arrangement of the Dounreay fast reactor spher 19571 PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE IRRADIATION OF URANIUM 437 of which the reactor constitutes only a small part. It is cooled by the flow of a liquid metal through the core. This metal gives up its heat by steam generation in the exchangers arranged around the core.This is an experimental reactor and work will be carried out with different fuels and blankets. The breeding cycle is dependent for its efficiency on a long irradiation time and on low chemical process losses. For example let the reactor have a fuel conversion factor K (i.e. the ratio of the number of fissile atoms produced to those burned up) and at the start of the reaction let there be N atoms of 235U in the core. If a percentage a of the 235U is consumed before the fuel is discharged for chemical processing then the total number of fissile atoms in the fuel is N( 1 - a) + KaN = N (1 - a + Ka) = “1 + a(K - l)]. Of all fissile atoms entering the chemical process a fraction b is finally converted into new fuel elements (Le. b is the overall efficiency of the chemical process); then the number of fissile atoms available as fuel is bN [l + a ( K - l)].The overall conversion rate for the reactor cycle is thus b[l + a(K - l)]. IfK = 1.3 the rate is b(1 + 0.3 a). We require a conversion ratio greater than one i.e. b(l + 0 . 3 ~ ~ ) >1 or a>(l - b)/0-3 b. overall ratio greater than one. The following table shows the values of a and b necessary for an Chemical process efficiency (%) ( b ) I Min. per cent 235U to be consuGed before discharge (4 99 98 97 96 95 90 1-25 2-55 3.87 5-20 6.60 14.00 Thus under these conditions a 3 per cent ‘burn-up’ will require a chemical plant efficiency of about 98 per cent for the overall conversion factor of unity. It is evident that a small change in the chemical plant efficiency will have a great bearing on the economics of operation of this type of reactor.FISSION PRODUCTS IN A THERMAL REACTOR SYSTEM Formation. Fission products are formed by the fission of the 235U and to a lesser extent the 239Pu nuclei under neutron bombardment. Roughly speaking 1 MW per day of energy is equivalent to the fission of 1 g 235U; that is there will be about 1 g fission products and slightly less than 1 g plutonium formed. In the relatively tin 438 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE amount of fission products there are more than 200 isotopes of 34 different elements ranging from zinc (at. no. 30) to europium (at. no. 631 which are to be found in varying concentrations in the fission product mixture. It will be observed that the fissile nucleus must split into two roughly equal fragments.A few of the fission-product elements are produced in important quantities only as non-radioactive isotopes e.g. selenium rubidium molybdenum technetium, palladium silver tin and gadolinium whilst others are formed as both active and non-active isotopes. The following table lists the fission products of major importance at the time of discharging the thermal reactor.-Isotope Strontium 89 . . .. . * Strontium 90 . . .. .. Yttrium 91 . . .. .. .. Zirconium 95 . . .. .. Ruthenium 103 . . .. .. Ruthenium 106 . . .. .. Tellurium 127 . . .. .. Tellurium 129 . . .. .. Iodine 131 . . .. .. . * Xenon 133 . . f . .. * . Caesium 137 .. . * .. Barium 140 .. .. .. Cerium 141 .... . * Cerium 144 .. I . .. Krypton 85.. .. .. .. Praseodymium 143 .. .. Neodymium 147 . . . I .. Promethium (or illinium) 147 . . Haw-lge 10 years 53 days 25 years 57 days 65 days 42 days 1 year 90 days 32 days 8 days 5-3 days 33 years 12-8 days 28 days 275 days 23.8 days 11 days 3.7 days The mixed fission products are highly radioactive and thus the irradiated uranium containing them emits ,&particles and y-rays. This activity is associated with both short-lived and long-lived fission products. Thus the fall-away of activity with time is at first rapid and then much slower as the short-lived isotopes decay. Properties. In general complete protection from /3-radiation is effected by clothing or gloves. For example rubber gloves 3 mm thick will protect the hands against i3-particles when handling active material.However y-rays of high energy will penetrate solid materials to a depth depending upon the initial energy of the rays and the density of the material. When absorbed by the body, y-rays destroy cells and living tissues and can be fatal. For example, the bone marrow is attacked and the power to reproduce red and white corpuscles in the blood is lowered. This leads to anzemia and the loss of resistance to disease. The effect is to a large extent irreversible and so accumulative. The tolerated dose a human can accept is now fixed at such a low figure that the total absorbed during the whole of the working life of an individual would not lea 19571 PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE IRRADIATION OF URANIUM 439 to ill effects.Radioactive materials taken internally are extremely toxic. The radiations are emitted internally and the effects are cumulative over the life-time of the radioactive material. The toxic doses are so small that virtually no radio-isotope must be allowed to enter the body in any form whatsoever. The presence of radiation thus greatly affects the mode of operation of any chemical engineering pro,ess. In the chemical plant that separates the uranium plutonium and fission products by means of selective solvent extraction process operation is so arranged that : (a) sources of radiation are shielded so that the worker at no time is exposed to an intensity of radiation the effect of which would exceed the tolerated dose; (6) release of radioactive product to the atmosphere is small and controlled and arranged in such a way that the con-centration in the atmosphere at ground or working level never exceeds the tolerance figure ; (c) the radioactivity in any liquid effluent delivered to drain is not allowed to exceed the prescribed figure.There is no known way of stabilising a radioactive material or treating it to make it non-radioactive. At all times therefore, it must be contained behind suitable shielding to absorb the radia-tions. This means that any equipment for handling active materials must be placed behind shields and must be controlled and operated r em0 tel y . Since a process of solvent extraction has been chosen the activity in the various sections of the plant will depend on the behaviour of the individual fission products towards the solvent.Thus the shielding required at the various stages will depend on the efficiency of the elimination of the fission products in the previous operations. The radio-elements which are carried forward must therefore be catered for or the plant will become unsafe to operate. Radioactive isotopes of the inert gases are included among the fission products and are released when the uranium is dissolved at the start of the process. Thus radioactive xenon and krypton are found in the effluent gases. In addition small proportions of the radio-iodine and ruthenium are evolved during the dissolution which is carried out hot. The main bulk of fission products (about 99 per cent of which 90Sr and I3'Cs with half-lives of 25 and 33 years respectively are by far the longest lived) are separated with little difficulty.The main bulk of fission products from the separation plant are evaporated to conserve storage capacity, Separation. Fate of Fission Products 440 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE and stored indefinitely. Thus extensive and expensive shielded storage tanks have to be installed. Were it not for the long half-lives of 90Sr and 13'Cs temporary storage followed by a simple treatment process and discharge to sea would probably be possible. However, at some future date it may be convenient to separate these two iso-topes as there is an increasing commercial demand for them, thereby eliminating one of the main problems of the chemical engineer in this industry.EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF PLUTONIUM * When the irradiated fuel elements have cooled for some con-siderable time the cans are removed and the uranium still contain-ing the irradiation and fission products enters the chemical plant. A primary separation is carried out to divide the material into three broad streams and this is followed by individual purification processes for the various sections. AOUEOUS STRIP -IRRADIATED I NITRIC ACl F U E ~ DISSOLVER Q L SOLVENl -AQUEOUS STRIP i% STREAU SOLV EN1 - EVkPORATOR AQUEOUS STRIP n a 0 *D 0 FEED 1 dW ._ a 0 + SSION PRODUCT I EVAPORATOR ir' + P" TO CURlflCkT ION i F ~ s s ~ o u PRODUCT STOCkGL ' U TO PURII1CATION FIG.4 Separation of plutonium from uranium by solvent extraction Fig. 4 shows the flow through the primary chemical The irradiated rods are dissolved in * For the background history of this process see the lecture by Dr Robert separation plant at Windscale. Spence (J. 357) 19571 PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE IRRADIATION OF URANIUM 441 nitric acid in a continuous dissolver. The liquid passes to a con-ditioner where a salting-out agent is added and hence to the first extractor. Although the plant is apparently large it has a modest through-put and in fact the size is almost entirely due to the large raffinate flow and the remote-handling facilities which are dictated by the high radiation level hazard. Packed column-type solvent extraction units are employed and five such columns in series are required to carry out the primary separation of the uranium rod solution into three streams one carrying uranium one carrying fission products and the third a plutonium stream.The use of such columns simplifies the plant, as it enables vacuum-lift and gravity-flow devices to be used to supplant pumps and constant-volume feeders are employed to control liquor flows. In column 1 uranium and plutonium are extracted together into a solvent phase (dibutyl carbitol being the solvent) with the fission products left behind as an aqueous raffinate. By reason of this, very heavy shielding is not needed after column 1. After selectively reducing the plutonium it is extracted in column 2 into a nitrate solution. In the third column uranium is re-extracted into aqueous solution and columns 4 and 5 provide a further solvent extraction and back-washing treatment for the dilute plutonium solution.Further purification and concentration of the plutonium extract are carried out in a separate plant once again by a solvent extraction process which eventually gives a very pure aqueous solution ready for concentration. Plutonium metal is prepared from this concen-trate by precipitation followed by conversion to oxide thence to the tetrafluoride (using anhydrous HF gas) and reduction of this compound with calcium chips in a small reaction vessel. Naturally, in all processes in which plutonium is handled in concentrated form or as metal very small batches of material are used to prevent the accumulation of a critical assembly.The metal reductions are carried out on a very small scale. The health hazard in processing plutonium comes from its high rate of or.-particle emission which gives rise to considerable problems in ventilation and handling of materials to prevent ingestion of fine particles of dust. The tolerable concentra-tion of plutonium in air is only g/m3 and that for uranium 10-6 g/m3. DEPLETED URANIUM TREATMENT The depleted uranium solution from column 3 of the primary separation plant still contains plutonium and fission products in small quantities ; it must therefore be purified further until suitable for conversion to hexafluoride and subsequent processing through the diffusion plant 442 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE This purification is carried out in a separate plant once again by solvent extraction.The plant comprises three extractors in series the first two being employed for extraction into solvent and the third for the back-washing of uranium into aqueous solution, which is stored to await transfer to another factory. The purified solution from Windscale is taken to Springfields Works where the uranium is converted to hexafluoride as follows : (1) precipitation of ammonium diuranate from nitric acid solution ; (2) conversion to tetrafluoride by (a) calcining ammonium diuranate to oxide in the Dryway Plant (6) reduction of the oxide to UO, and (c) hydrofluorination with anhydrous HF; (3) further fluorination of UF to UF,. The manufacture of hexafluoride was originally a particularly difficult and hazardous operation owing to the highly reactive nature of the very powerful fluorinating agent employed; the process is now carried out as a routine manufacture.From Spring-fields the hexafluoride is sent in cylinders to the diffusion plant at Capenhurst where it is re-enriched by removal of some 2 W . The hexafluoride is then returned to Springfields where it is converted back to tetrafluoride. This is accomplished first by reaction with water to produce a solution of uranyl fluoride which on reaction with ammonia precipitates ammonium diuranate and this in turn can be reconverted to UF through the Dryway route. The tetrafluoride is then reduced to metal from which reactor cartridges are made. THE DISPOSAL OF ACTIVE RESIDUES The effluent disposal policy of the Atomic Energy Authority (1) the chemical plants are operated to yield a highly active liquid effluent which is evaporated to a high degree of concentration and thereafter stored indefinitely as a concentrate ; (2) other liquid effluents are despatched to sea either with or without effluent plant treatment; (3) highly active solids are stored in silos indefinitely; (4) solids of low activity are buried; ( 5 ) certain fission products may be individually separated for use as radiation sources.The first stage of the primary separation plant isolates in its The activity may be summarised as follows : first ‘cut’ a highly active fission-product stream 19571 PRODUCTS RESULTXNG FROM THE IRRADIATION OF URANIUM 443 involved is measured in tens of millions of curies per year which could not be immediately released without grave danger to health.It has been decided that long-term storage is the only immediate solution to this problem with the possibility of evaporation to reduce bulk. Effluents of a lower activity arise from the condensate of any such evaporation and these are also formed in the processes separa-ting the small quantities of fission products from the intermediate solutions bearing plutonium and uranium. Storage has been provided for from one to two years to allow the activity to decrease to a level low enough to permit discharge into the sea. The separations achieved in the primary chemical plant are effective; about 99 per cent of the total fission-product activity is taken in the highly active liquor stream and more than 90 per.cent of the remainder forms the medium-active stream.Pumping the liquid into the sea is not the only method available for disposal. In a large land mass this is obviously not possible. Canadian scientists have been tackling this problem as have our own. In the land-fixation of active materials problems arise not only in acquiring suitable land but in the fact that if soluble salts are buried their subsequent migration is very difficult to predict, even if extensive information on local hydrology topography and geology is available. The Canadians have found that in general, wastes containing high concentrations of acids or dissolved salts tend to migrate more rapidly through soils.Such liquids can be used as a setting medium for cement in steel drums the drums themselves being embedded in a concrete matrix. The fixation of wastes in solid form has also been considered. Work in the U.K. is directed to the production of a non-soluble non-leachable ceramic. An alternative method is to form a glass which shares these stable properties. Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. are carrying out research along these lines. The difficulty in both these methods is that certain of the fission products (notably ruthenium) are volatile and vaporisation of these materials would constitute a hazard in processing. Another way of avoiding the embarrassment of disposing of fission products is to purify them and use them as radiation sources. This is not as easy as it sounds unfortunately but we have managed to start this process and the preparation of 137Cs in a form suitable for cancer therapy has already been achieved.It has been shown that if all the 13'Cs and 90Sr could be removed from the fission-product solutions then the activity after twenty years would be reduced by a factor of more than 99.9 per cent which would ease the disposal problem very greatly. At present only a small fraction of the available energy sources has been separated and the thought of this potential solution remains attractive for the future 444 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE ALTERNATIVE METHODS High Temperature Chemical Separation Processes. Much attention has been directed recently to the study of alternative processes for separating uranium plutonium and fission products from irradiated fuel elements.The aim behind such processes is to achieve more direct separations without necessarily employing wet chemical methods with the consequent elaborate chain of dissolution separa-tion purification precipitation fluorination and reduction to metal. The potentialities of high temperature processes can be related particularly to the processing of highly irradiated short-cooled metallic fuels e.g. plutonium or plutonium-alloy elements. Systems using a highly enriched fissile material as fuel such as the fast reactor, in general demand the processing of relatively much smaller quantities of fuel at more frequent intervals than do systems such as the graphite-moderated natural uranium reactor which uses a charge of several tons of fuel elements.The rate of burn-up of fissile material in the more highly rated reactors is much greater than in the Calder Hall type and this favours the discharge of fuel con-taining in general a much greater relative quantity of fission products. The fuel in a highly enriched fuel system is of very con-siderable value and therefore methods for re-processing without prolonged cooling are economically attractive. Systems which have been studied include : (1) A self-slagging system i.e. fusion of the irradiated metal with the addition of another metal (e.g. calcium) to act as a collector for fission products. This is thought to be par-ticularly applicable to a plutonium/uranium alloy system. (2) Extraction with fused metallic chlorides e.g.magnesium chloride or barium chloride which is particularly applicable to irradiated uranium re-processing. (3) Extraction of plutonium with molten bismuth from a fuel of plutonium alloyed with an inert metal. (4) Extraction of fission products with molten cryolite. These processes although very attractive present formidable problems occasioned mainly by the difficulties in operating and controlling high temperature systems at very high levels of activity. Corrosion problems are another considerable source of trouble. All such methods must eventually be judged on economic grounds, and it should be borne in mind that although they may offer scienti-fically elegant solutions they will have to stand comparison against the well-tried solvent extraction purification processes.These have been developed and operated at very high efficiencies and plant problems in solvent extraction work are in general well understood 19571 PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE IRRADIATION OF URANIUM 445 To the chemist and chemical engineer there is an almost irresistible attraction in the apparent simplicity of a reactor system in which the fissile material is used in solution or in slurry form. When one considers the extremely complicated chain of manufacturing processes leading to the production of pure uranium as ductile metal followed by the fabrica-tion of ‘Swiss-watch quality’ metallic fuel elements the homogeneous reactor which removes the need for metal seems very promising. A homogeneous Th/233U reactor system has received considerable study in America.In brief this reactor consists of a double vessel: an inner container in which is circulated a solution of uranium nitrate enriched in 233U and an outer vessel containing a slurry of thorium oxide. Heavy water is employed as the solvent and moderator so that there is a thermal fission reactor in the inner vessel producing surplus neutrons which are absorbed by the fertile thorium producing more 233U. Two chemical processes are required one to separate the 233U solution from plutonium (formed by neutron absorption into 238U) and fission products and the second to separate thorium and uranium in the ‘blanket’ solution (also contaminated by products from the fission of 233U). Such a reactor system has indeed been operated on the laboratory scale but to convert it into a full-scale power-producing reactor is a difficult matter.Thirty-five different elements are produced by the fission of 233U and all of these will be present together in the vessels. Some of them are only slightly soluble in aqueous solution and so give rise to sludges which must be removed regularly and effectively. Corrosion problems are formidable as might be expected. Pumps are required for circulating solutions and slurries from the reactor vessels through cyclones or centrifuges and into the chemical separation plant. Problems concerned with the main-tenance of highly active mechanical equipment to carry out these operations have not yet been solved. Until they have the homo-geneous reactor attractive though it might seem will remain yet another of those dreamt-of plants.In this paper I cannot pretend to have given a comprehensive survey of this wide subject. I have attempted to review many of the interesting features of the chemical and chemical engineering operations associated with the treatment of the products resulting from the irradiation of uranium. I have also digressed into realms which are still conjectural but it is always fascinating and stimulating to attempt to peer even a little way into the future. The purpose of much of our current work is to develop processes that are more economical more efficient and at least as safe as the processes operated today. The Homogeneous Reactor BOOK REVIEWS Chemistry in the Service of Man.Eighth Edition. A. Findlay. (London Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. 1957.) The seventh edition of this well-known book was published in 1947. In the present edition much of the subject matter has been re-arranged, some of the less important topics have been pruned and new material (particularly on alloys drugs antibiotics hormones and atomic energy) has been added. There can be no doubt that a book which reaches its eighth edition, more than 40 years after its original publication has attained the status of a classic. Professor Findlay paints a wonderfully broad canvas on which he outlines most of the basic theories which have had an important influence on the development of chemical science and the ‘touching-up’ process of this latest revision has been done with great skill; that same skill is apparent in the clarity of exposition whether the subject matter under discussion is the phlogiston theory and its overthrow or nuclear reactions and their use in peace and war.In a book with such a theme written to appeal mainly to a public the great mass of which has but a rudimentary understanding of science and its methods one expects considerable emphasis to be laid on the practical uses of chemistry. There is indeed scarcely one important industry with a chemical basis that does not receive some mention in this book and the economic results of chemical discovery and invention are not allowed to pass unnoticed. Some of the social consequences of the application of chemistry to various industries-very often profound changes in public taste and the way of life of whole communities-are examined; chemistry’s great and increasingly powerful role in the fight against disease is well illustrated in sections dealing with vitamins synthetic drugs antibiotics hormones and insecticides.The science of chemistry is here presented not merely as a powerful tool developed by man to gain greater control over his material environ-ment but as an adventure of the spirit a discipline whose practise affords him an intellectual satisfaction and from which he can derive an aesthetic pleasure of a particular kind. With this edition the book should gain an even wider popularity with the general public; it should certainly be ‘required reading’ for every sixth former; it will excite his intellectual curiosity before he is finally committed to a particular career and it might well inspire him to follow the exacting but rewarding path of chemistry.Pp. xx + 326. 25s. net. H. CORDINGLEY Modern Chemistry for the Engineer and Scientist. Edited by G. Ross Robertson. Pp. ix + 442. (New York McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc. 1957.) 71s. 6d. An extension course bearing the same title as this volume was given during the academic year 1954-55 under the auspices of the Colleges of Engineering and the Department of Chemistry of the University of California. The lectures then given are now published in slightly abridged form. Though they were nominally aimed at the American graduate in physical science seeking refreshment perhaps ten years after 44 BOOK REVIEWS 447 graduation the level of some of the chapters is decidedly above what can have been met with in undergraduate courses.Nevertheless the survey of selected fields of chemistry presented in this book will prove both interesting and stimulating to numerous graduates in sciences dependent on chemistry who are conscious of an increasing lack of touch with the most recent advances. One secret of success in this venture at making modern chemistry accessible to mature readers lies in the selection of authors each of which has been chosen as a research scholar widely known as a contributor in his field and interested in presenting in an acceptable form themes considered by him as specially important at the present time. Physical and structural chemistry is covered by chapters on chemical thermo-dynamics (Pitser) contact catalysis (Emmett) photochemistry (Noyes), chemical kinetics (Davidson) chemical relations in the earth (Kennedy) , creep of metals (Dorn) clay materials (Pask) and polypeptide con-figurations in proteins (Pauling).Organic and applied chemistry is covered by chapters on isotopic tracers (Garner) column chromato-graphy (Sechmeister) organic reaction mechanisms (Winstein) rubber elasticity (Mark) carbon-fluorine compounds (Taylor) silicones (Rochow) petrochemical industry (Evans) food technology (Tressler), the biochemstry of insecticides (Metcalf) physiological action in relation to chemical constitution (Alles) and chemical syntheses in living organisms (Geissman). Whilst experts in any one of these fields are unlikely to derive much new information or stimulus from reading their own section they will find the neighbouring sections to be of high quality from the standpoints of readability and authoritative statements.The non-expert and the science graduate should likewise find this a very acceptable volume. If Dr Johnson was right in saying that a man is a blockhead who goes to a lecture when he can read a book this volume would help to justify his contention. One cannot help feeling however that the personal inspiration of listening to so many well-known scientists and industrial leaders must have added to the degree of refreshment imparted by the original course. This kind of venture is a decided help in promot-ing the efficient interaction between pure and applied science.A. R. UBBELOHDE The Chemistry of High Polymer Degradation Processes. N. Grassie. Pp. xv + 335. (London Butterworths Scientific Publica-tions 1956.) 42s. net. The degradation of fabrics paints and plastics by heat light and chemical action costs the U.K. many millions of pounds each year. A knowledge of the ways in which these materials degrade is thus of great economic importance. Qualitatively much is known of the manner in which natural and synthetic polymers undergo degradation and also of the ways of reducing such degradation to an acceptably low level. Far less is known of the fundamental aspects of the problem and existing data are widely scattered. The author of this book is to be congratulated on his logical presentation of the fundamental processes underlying polyrner degradation.He has limited himself to consideration of the behaviour of pure polymers and, where relevant simple organic substances. Any attempt to include work on the complex mixtures of polymer pigment plasticiser and stabilise [JUNE 448 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY that go to make so many industrially important materials would have reduced markedly the value of the book. The chief merit of the introductory chapter (23 pp.) lies in the excellent critical summary of experimental considerations in studying degradation reactions. In my opinion this section could well have been expanded. The second chapter (90 pp.) deals with depolymerisation as a chain reaction the reversibility of the depolymerisation process and the concept of ceiling temperature.Over half the chapter is devoted to clear and detailed descriptions of the depolymerisation of polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene and polyethylene. The third chapter (41 pp.) has an extensive section (23 pp.) on the hydrolysis of condensation polymers. The remaining pages cover the photodegradation of cellulose thermal degradation of polyesters and structural abnormalities and chain-scission reactions in polyvinyl acetate. The chapter is well balanced and the emphasis on the first section fairly reflects present knowledge in these fields of study. An admirable account of the oxidation of olefink model compounds is given in chapter four (81 pp.). Other sections in this chapter deal with the oxidation of unsaturated and saturated polymers.The descriptions of sulphuration and ozonisation processes in chapter five (16 pp.) call for no comment and chapter six (58 pp.) contains a good account of some processes not involving chain-scission. The book is a pleasure to read; it is well produced and printed and misprints are remarkably few. References are extensive and well chosen and papers published in 1954 are included. It is however, surprising that no place could be found for a discussion of the changes induced by irradiation of polymers. The Chemistry of High Polymer Degradation Processes is a book that should prove of value to all research workers in the polymer and related industries and it can be recommended without reservation. H. T. HOOKWAY The Chemistry and Biology of Purines.Ciba Foundation Sym-posium (1956). Edited by G. E. W. Wolstenholme and Cecilia M. O’Connor. Pp. xii + 327. (London J. & A. Churchill Ltd, 1957.) 48s. net. As the basic structural unit of the nucleic acids and of certain co-enzymes the nucleotide is of the greatest importance in fundamental problems of biochemistry in connection with protein synthesis cell division heredity viruses cancer and metabolic function. Since purine derivatives are moieties of the molecules of certain nucleotides, it is not surprising that they are the subject of a great deal of study at the present time. Thus with the Chemistry and Biology of Purines as its subject, and with thirty of the most prominent workers in the field as participants, the Ciba Foundation Symposium held on 8-10 May 1956 was certain to be a scientific occasion of uncommon importance.Twenty-three papers covering a broad spectrum of approach-physico-chemical, chemical biochemical biological and clinical-were presented and are now published in this the 33rd volume recording the Ciba series of symposia 19571 BOOK REVIEWS 449 The chemical papers are concerned with the skructure synthesis and properties of purine derivatives and especially of new purines of potential biological interest. The results of biochemical biological and clinical studies on a number of these substances (frequently like 6-mercaptopurine and the azopurines ‘tailored’ by the organic chemist specially as possible purine anti-metabolites) are reported and one paper is devoted to puromycin the ‘natural’ anti-purine produced by Streptomyes alboniger.Of fundamental interest to biochemists are splendid accounts of two aspects of the biosynthesis of nucleotides, major advances in our knowledge of which have recently been made. Of more specialist interest are the papers on new purines of the B,, series of vitamins and on the possible role of xanthine oxidase in con-trolling the purine pool in animal cells. The book will be of great interest to all research workers in the purine and nucleotide fields. I t provides up-to-date accounts of the most recent advances in these fields as presented by workers largely responsible for those advances. I t is well produced almost free from obvious errors and for what is essentially a book for specialist research workers reasonably cheap.The inclusion of the discussions is a distinct asset; they illuminate the significance of much of the detail and help to coordinate the papers. Lastly praise is due to editors and publishers for the rapidity with which they have transformed verbal presentation into printed word. C. RAINBOW Solvents. Seventh Edition. T. H. Durrans. Pp. xv + 244. Such a general title as “Solvents” does not altogether seem appropriate for the latest edition of Dr Durrans’s monograph as the subject is dealt with almost entirely from the standpoint of polymer solutions in particular, nitrocellulose solutions and other important applications of solvents for cleaning extraction and oil refining are omitted. The author states in the preface that the scope has been broadened but references to polymers other than cellulosics are still very scanty.This is not surprising how-ever since very little has been published on systematic evaluation of solvents in terms of vinyl and other synthetic polymers. The same is true of plasticisers description of which occupies a large section of “Solvents,” for although combination with polyvinyl chloride accounts for the largest use of plasticisers there is little published information on which to base tables of plasticiser proportions. All the standard solvents are allotted separate paragraphs but of the several interesting new solvents produced in recent years only tetra-hydrofuran is briefly mentioned and dimethyl formamide dimethyl sulphoxide and ethylene and propylene carbonates are not included.A large section of the book is devoted to the description of the most common plasticisers. In the section on phthalates the most widely used in Great Britain of the dioctyl phthalate group the mixture known as diaphanyl phthalate is omitted and there is no mention of the newer phthalates such as di-isoctyl phthalates and didecyl phthalates originating in America. To be consistent the name ‘methyl cyclohexanyl phthalate’ should read di-methyl cyclohexyl phthalate and there is an error in the formula one of the few misprints found. Among phosphates place might have been found for Trioctyl phosphate and the dioctyl phenyl phosphate (Santicizer 141) although the latter only finds a large use in the U.S.A. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd.1957.) 30s. net 450 JOURNAL OF THF~ ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE An appendix of about 600 trade names is a useful feature although the author prefaces it with a warning on the accuracy of some of the compositions listed. It should have been possible however to indicate which of the compositions can be relied on as being accurate especially where these are openly stated by the makers and to add a list of makers’ names since some of the names listed give no indication of the origin of the materials. The second appendix is a table of solutions of polymers in different solvents and plasticisers. Here the definition of solubility used is clearly inapplicable to some of the combinations listed especially polymer-plasticiser combinations. The author rightly points out that in tables such as these there is an element of uncertainty.Some of the materials included are of undetermined and variable composition and synthetic resins vary considerably in solubility according to degree of polymerisation. A review of a book of this type must inevitably call attention to omissions and inaccuracies from which no book is free. These do not detract from its overall merits which have given it an established place in libraries and laboratories where it will remain a very useful handbook for the practical chemist. Light-Scattering in Physical Chemistry. K. A. Stacey. Pp. viii + (New York Academic Press Inc.; London Butterworths Since the revival of the light-scattering method initiated by Debye some twelve years ago intense development and application to a wide variety of problems involving macromolecules has occurred.During this period several excellent reviews have appeared but lately it became clear that there was a considerable need for a more ambitious treatment. I t is therefore with considerable regret that I find myself quite unable to recommend the present book. In outline and general scope the book shows considerable promise. Thus the introduction places the light-scattering method into perspective relative to other physical methods. The following chapter of some sixty pages deals with the theory of light-scattering and is followed by a further major chapter on the practice of light-scattering. The remainder of the book comprising three further chapters is devoted to important fields of application-high polymers proteins and polyelectrolytes.A cursory glance over the book may thus give a satisfactory impression. However as soon as the reader looks below the surface he can hardly avoid being horrified by the large number of mistakes of all kinds some serious and some trivial some deriving from genuine errors by the author and some from the apparent absence of proof reading at any stage. Without being exhaustive the reviewer estimated on average 14-2 errors per page over some three quarters of the book. On this ground alone, any possible value of the book is largely destroyed. The more theoretical portions of the book are most seriously affected; so much so that no mathematical expression of even moderate complexity can be accepted without some check.Taking p. 15 at random the following errors were noted : Below eqn (12) it is claimed that an exponential function is expanded whereas a free energy increase AF is written as a Taylor series. In this series and in discussing it certain subscripts x = X are omitted. The mean value R. S. COLBORNE 230. Scientific Publications 1956.) 40s. net. Absolute temperature is denoted by Greek T as well as by T 19573 BOOK REVIEWS 45 1 for the square of a deviation is written erroneously or ambiguously-(A,)2 instead of (ax>2. Ambiguities of this type occur throughout the book. The sentence below ‘ ‘Liquids-Fluctuations of Density” is meaningless as it stands and probably the word ‘are’ should be replaced by ‘cause.’ Apart from the multitudinous mistakes the book has many defects.The literary style is poor punctuation is sometimes inadequate and in many parts the theoretical treatments are so incomplete that reference to other works is essential to understanding. General statements are often made which are inaccurate and misleading e.g. p. 4 second sentence. After this criticism it is a pleasure to record that the literature coverage appears adequate and that the presentation of the book is pleasing. -PALEY JOHNSON Systematic Semi-micro Qualitative Analysis Tables for In-organic Substances. E. Minshall. Part I pp. viii $- 44; Part 11 pp. viii $- 45-86. (London: MacDonald & Evans Ltd. 1956.) Each part 5s. combined 8s. 6d. net. This little book contains much useful information presented in an acceptable form.It is available in two parts and also as a combined volume. The first part is an introduction to semi-micro qualitative analysis the second extends the analytical scheme to include some of the less common elements; this division is a useful feature in a booklet of this type. Every teacher of semi-micro analysis has his own favourite modifi-cations in apparatus and technique but semi-micro techniques are not yet universally employed and the brief introductory remarks on tech-nique are not out of place and are certainly written with a full apprecia-tion of the human weaknesses of the students for whom the book is intended. The group analysis tables are concise and not intended to be exhaus-tive; the remarks on group reactions are well chosen.The author obviously holds the view that a course in qualitative analysis should familiarise the student with the chemistry of the elements and compounds concerned as well as their identification and the book benefits by his decision to curtail the use of organic spot tests. On the other hand no reference is made in the second part to platinum or gold (on grounds of cost) or thallium or beryllium (on grounds of toxicity). In my opinion this is unfortunate. The student should know of the reactions of platinum and gold even if examiners cannot at present afford to issue these com-pounds in practical examinations. Similarly the insolubility of thallium chloride and the comparison of the properties of beryllium and aluminium compounds have fundamental interest of which the student should be aware and the use of the semi-micro scale limits the toxicity risks.It i s claimed on the titfe-page that the book is intended to be used by students throughout their course up to A.R.I.C. (i.e. Graduate Member-ship) level. This is justified provided that the book is used for the purpose for which it is intended i.e. as a concise set of laboratory instruc-tions which the student will find it convenient to have beside him on the bench while he is working it being assumed that separate instruction will be given in analytical theory and that some more detailed treatise Combined pp. viii + 86 [JUNE The book 452 on analysis will be available in the laboratory for reference. will therefore be of greater use in the earlier stages of the course.JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY C. C. ADDISON Small-Scale Qualitative Analysis for Schools. J. W. Davis. Pp. 6s. 6d. Science teachers know Mr Davis for his enthusiasm and ingenuity in the teaching of really practical chemistry. He has re-written the Qualitative Analysis section of his comprehensive Practical Chemistry ( 1 952) to suit the newer small-scale technique. The early books on small-scale analysis were too thoroughgoing for direct use by VI forms this decade has brought forth a few good school treatments. Mr Davis claims that his everywhere covers but nowhere exceeds school needs. A minimum of essential theory appears on pages facing the analytical procedures, not intermingled with them; type and layout are notably clear; production and paper suit the use of the book at the bench.Mr Davis retains standard six-Group treatment for cations relying on H,S for Gp 11; to his earlier treatment he has added the lithium hydroxide parting of Gp I1 precipitates (introduced by Holness in 1950). He favours individual identijcation of cations within each Group in place of the more rigorous separation; some teachers might regret this simplifica-tion. For the alkali and alkaline-earth metals he commends simple spectrum analysis aided by a coloured ‘key’-given as a frontispiece. With a moderate selection of special confirmatory reagents he does not lay himself open to the charge of wholesale ‘spot-testing.’ Examination for anions is more extensive than might comparatively, be expected thiosulphates persulphates formates oxalates acetates and arsenates figure in few A-level syllabuses.Helpful introductory chapters deal with reagents and their containers (detailing all necessary concentrations and precautions) and apparatus and manipulation (ending with a simple H,S generator of the author’s own devising which pupils can make to use at the bench instead of visiting fume-cupboard Kipps) . Though employing the word ‘table,’ the author sets out almost none of his procedure in the tabular form so helpful to school pupils; but there is one page of general summary. Misprints are few and negligible. Schoolmasters may with reason decline to adopt in their entirety the recommendations sponsored by The Royal Society in 1951 and largely adopted for British Standard 1991 three years later .. . making their daily task harder by confronting junior pupils with the need to write g (grams) and g (gravitational acceleration) say in the same line of a worked problem. But the reader is pulled up short by meeting “a 4 x 4 ins test tube,” or even, attributively “a 30 mls dropping-bottle.” From the latter it is but a step to the abomination ‘mils’ for such use. Surely such helpful con-ventions as the use of abbreviations invariable in singular and plural, and the writing of ions as (say) A13+ in place of the older A1+++ have everything to recommend them to the publishers of scientific textbooks -the more so where the young idea has to be trained. x + 70. (London John Murray (Publishers) Ltd 1956.) CHARLES HOL 19571 BOOK REVIEWS 453 Les Principes de l’Electrophor&se.R. Audubert and S. de Mende. 1500 fr. With the ever-widening applications of electrophoresis on paper and other supporting media and the increasing availability of commercial models of the classical Tiselius apparatus the technique is being used more and more as a valuable tool in general laboratories not specifically concerned with a study of the technique for its own sake. There is therefore urgent need for a brief but adequate account of the physico-chemical principles upon which electrophoresis is based. The difficulties and problems of paper electrophoresis have been excellently covered in the Ciba Foundation Symposium on that subject. This has already been reviewed in these columns.Except in specialised publications and papers there has been no general account of the principles of the classical technique to provide a basic theoretical knowledge suitable for those expected to get on with using the streamlined and presumably almost foolproof instruments now made available by the commercial manu-facturers. The little book by Audubert and de Mende of less than 200 pages therefore fills a long-standing need. After introductory chapters on general properties of electrolytes electrolysis and charged particles the classical technique is described in detail. Various methods of calculation are included as well as a specially useful account of the optical systems used in the refractometric methods of recording the changes in protein concentration along the electrophoresis cell.There follow chapters on the principles of electrophoresis on supporting media and an account of the various types of apparatus available. Consideration of preparative electrophoresis and of the applications of the electrophoresis technique generally conclude this useful volume. The book which unfortunately is bound in only a light cardboard cover should be readily available in any department using electro-phoresis; the style of writing is direct and makes for easy reading even by those whose knowledge of the French language is only rudimentary. Pp. 198. (Paris Presses Universitaires de France 1957.) C. H. GRAY The Physics of Nuclear Reactors. British Journal of Applied Physics. Pp. iv + 112 + xvi. (London Institute of This record of a symposium arranged by the Institute of Physics in London last year contains several contributions of interest to chemists.Perhaps the most noteworthy of these are a review of the role of chemistry in the nuclear energy project by Dr R. Spence and a corresponding review relating to metallurgy by Mr L. Rotherham. But a number of other papers provide valuable accounts of subjects of general interest to the chemist. A description of the Canadian research reactors and some of their applications by Dr W. B. Lewis and an all too brief account of the United Kingdom research reactors by Mr F. Fenning provide useful information for most scientists. A lecture by Dr A. H. Cottrell and the subsequent discussion on the effect of ionising radiation on the physical properties of solids includes much that pertains to physical chemistry.Other papers relate to reactor design and instrumentation a review of recent developments in nuclear theory by Professor R. E. Peierls and a paper followed by discussion on reactor shielding. Supplement No. 5. Physics 1956.) 25s. net. A. G. MADDOC 454 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE Laboratory Glass-working for Scientists. A. J. B. Robertson, Pp. xiv + 184. 22s. 6d. D. J. Fabian A. J. Crocker and J. Dewing. (London Butterworths Scientific Publications 1957.) Laboratory Glassblowing. L. M. Parr and C. A. Hendley. + 160. (London George Newnes Ltd 1956.) 21s. net. Pp. viii These two books are addressed to scientists and in particular chemists, who wish to learn how to make and repair apparatus for use in their laboratories.From this point of view they are well written. In assessing their value it is difficult to say how much should be omitted when teaching beginners and how far one should go towards making them experts. The authors evidently had similar difficulties but if the two books are used together most of these problems disappear. The books are almost complementary and between them carry out generously the intentions of the authors. There are two points however where criticism might be made. Firstly both infer throughout and in fact say definitely in several places, that the necessary skill can be acquired with relatively little practice. With this the reviewer would disagree although hard and fast rules cannot be given when assessing manipulative skill.However if one had to learn only from these two books several years’ practice of a few hours a week would be a fair estimate. In neither case do the authors recommend serious readers to obtain personal tuition. Such tuition is of very great value in learning a manipulative skill like glassblowing and classes are held in several parts of the country. With the guidance of a skilled teacher giving regular lessons progress will be much faster and the small personal difficulties that inevitably arise corrected more quickly and easily. Moreover a little occasional encouragement from a teacher will help considerably in maintaining the perseverance so necessary to the beginner. The ideal method would be to combine personal tuition with the use of the books.The technical contents of the books dealing with glasses blowpipes, tools and so on are ample. The methods of making and repairing glass-ware cover practically everything that a chemist is likely to need in a modern laboratory. If a serious student can claim to have learned what is available in these two books he will be able to work out his own methods for any operations not actually given in detail. Should he not have the necessary equipment such as a lathe for some operations he will also be much better qualified to discuss his requirements with professional glassblowers. The second point is one of omission. E. VERO BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RECEIVED Report of the International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU) .National Bureau of Standards. Handbook 62. Pp. 48. (Washington United States Department of Commerce 1956.) 40 cents. Volume XX 1956. Edited by T. J. Drakeley. Pp. iv + 141 + v-xii. (Cambridge W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. for the Institution of the Rubber Industry.) 25s. Annual Report on the Progress of Rubber Technology 19571 BOOK REVIEWS 455 Automation Its Purpose and Future. M. Pyke. Pp. 191. (London Hutchinson’s Scientific and Technical Publications 1956.) 16s. net. Preprints of Papers. Pp. xii + 278. (Stanford University Press; London: Oxford University Press 1956.) Proceedings of the International Conference of Electron Transport in Metals and Solids. Issued as a supplementary number of Canad. J. Physics 1956 34 (lZA) 1 17 1-1423.1956 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute. 45s. net. 75 cents. British Standards. 2840 1957. General Purpose Maximum and Minimum Thermo-meters (Six’s Pattern). Pp. 7. 2s. 6d. net. 2841 :1957. General Purpose Wet and Dry Bulb Hygrometer. Pp. 7. 2s. 6d. net. 2842 :1957. Whirling Hygrometer (Medium Size). Pp. 9. 3s. net. 2843 1957. Spirit-in-Glass Metal-Sheathed Thermometer. Pp. 7. 2s. 6d. net. British Standard.-2846 1957. The Reduction and Presentation of Experimental Results. J. T. Richardson. (Prepared under the supervision of the Units and Symbols Standards Committee.) Pp. 43. 10s. net. [The expression of experimental results is an art which will demand more and more skilled exponents if Britain is fully to seize the opportunities which technological progress offers.Guidance is given on a wide range of types of experiments e.g. in the laboratory or the factory in research or in workshop production in small or large scale observations or in a series of repetitive tests such as those made for the quality control of products at different stages of manufacture. A most useful application of the recommended form of presentation of experimental results is described in relation to the repetitive tests necessary for the control of the quality of products during manufacture. The use of control chart techniques is briefly summarised and illustrated with examples.] As we have had a number of requests for the addresses of the publishers The Law on the Pollution of waters (J. 374) and ( 2 ) Sykposium on Wastes (J.375) they are given here. Shaw & Sons Ltd 7 Fetter Lane London E.C.4. The Institute of Sewage Purification 1.0 Cromwell Place London, S.W.7 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS Register of Fellows and Associates.-Copies of the new Register have now been sent to all corporate members overseas and to those in the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland who have requested one. At the same time a white form for ordering the Geographical Index was to have been sent. Owing to an unfortunate oversight however a number of copies were despatched by the printers without the forms and it has therefore been necessary to revise the arrangements. An order form for the Geographical Index is enclosed with this issue of the Journal for use by those corporate members in the U.K.and the Republic of Ireland in receipt of the Register who wish to receive also the Geographical Index. Those who have already informed the Institute that they require a copy of the Index should not return the form. Cor-porate members overseas will receive the Index without special application. The 1956 edition of the Register was strictly limited and only a few copies now remain. They are available for lOs. paper bound; Geo-graphical Index 2s. 6d. extra. A few copies bound in brown cloth are also available price 15s. Postal Vote.-The Council at their meeting on 17 May made arrangements for the counting of the votes in the postal ballot on the resolution proposed by Mr C. W. G. Martin at the Annual General Meeting (J. April Supplement 344) and authorised the President to announce as soon as possible after the close of the ballot on 31 May, the numbers of votes cast for and against the resolution.The President has issued the following report on the voting:-For the resolution 2 188 Against the resolution 2433 This report will be submitted for formal confirmation by the Council on 21 June. Grades of Membership and Structure of Examinations.-At their meeting on 17 May the Council received an interim report of the Study Group set up in October 1956 “to consider and report on the implications of various possible methods for looking after the interests of the under-qualified whether through the establishment of a new grade ofmembership ofthe Institute or in any other ways” (J. 1956,630). In this interim report the Study Group expressed their reluctance to recommend the establishment of a permanent third grade of member-ship below the Associateship largely because of the confusion that might arise as to relative standards of attainment especially if membership of the new grade were to be indicated by designatory letters.In the discussion at the Council meeting it was suggested that before any final conclusions were reached on the need for any such additional grade of membership further investigations should be made of the extent to which well-trained chemists of proved capacity were unable to qualify for admission to existing grades and of the reasons for their failure to do so. On these grounds the Council decided to set up a new Study Group to review the structure of the graduate membership examina-tions and to make recommendations on any changes that might be desirable.45 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 457 This Group consists of the President Dr N. Booth Professor H. V. A. Briscoe Professor H. Burton Mr R. C. Chirnside Sir Alfred Egerton, Dr F. Hartley Dr D. W. Kent-Jones Dr G. R. Ramage Professor H. N. Rydon Dr P. F. R. Venables and Dr W. Wild with power to co-opt. Relations with Technical Colleges.-The Council has been pleased to receive invitations to appoint representatives on the newly constituted Governing Bodies of two important colleges and has made appointments as follows:-Brunel College of Technology (Acton) Mr R. C. Chirnside. Welsh College of Advanced Technology (Cardiff) Dr N. B. Dyson. The Sheffield College of Commerce and Technology has recently been recognised for the training of candidates to the level of Part I of the graduate membership examination and the Council has appointed Mr J.Hiles Head of the Science Department as Hon. Representative of the Institute in the College. Royal Commission on Doctors’ and Dentists’ Pay.-An invita-tion for representatives of the Institute to attend a meeting of the Royal Commission on 10 May was accepted by the President (Professor W. Wardlaw) and the Secretary. Copies of the report on the Institute’s Remuneration Survey 1956 had previously been forwarded to the Royal Commission and various features of this report were discussed at the meeting. The Chairman expressed the interest of the Royal Commission in the results of the survey not only as a guide to salary ranges and trends in the profession of chemistry but also as an indication of how such information could be effectively collected analysed and presented.The Corday-Morgan Commonwealth Fellowship.-The Corday-Morgan Commonwealth Fellowship for the academic year 1957-58 has been awarded to Dr E. A. Magnusson Teaching Fellow in the School of Applied Chemistry at the New South Wales University of Technology Australia. During his Fellowship Dr Magnusson is to carry out an investigation of the theoretical basis of chemical bonds, with special reference to inorganic complexes under the supervision of Professor D. P. Craig in Professor C. K. Ingold’s Department at University College London. This award is made by the Corday-Morgan Memorial Fund Executive, consisting of the Presidents and immediate Past-Presidents of The Chemical Society The Royal Institute of Chemistry and The Society of Chemical Industry.Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize.-Applications and recom-mendations are now invited for the Award of the Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize for 1956. Copies of the rules governing the Award may be obtained from the General Secretary the Chemical Society Burlington House London W. 1. Chemical Council.-The following Honorary Officers have been elected for 1957 : Chairman Professor C. K. Ingold F.R.S. Vice-chairman Professor H. Burton. Hon. Treasurer Dr F. Hartley. Hon. Secretary Professor F. Bergel 458 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INS- OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE FINAL EXAMINATION FOR GRADUATE MEMBERSHIP APRIL 1957 PASS LIST AVISON Leslie David College of Technology Liverpool.BAIN Peter James Stratford University College of Wales Aberystwyth, and Denbighshire Technical College Wrexham. BARNETT John Henry Wolverhampton and Staffordshire College of Technology. BIDMEAD Douglas Stanley College of Technology Bristol and Luton and South Bedfordshire College of Further Education Luton. BIRD Ronald Francis Nonvood Technical College London and Sir John Cass College London. BODEN Peter John College of Technology Bristol and Technical College, Doncaster. BROWN Alan Chelsea Polytechnic London. BROWN Geoffrey David B.SC. ( LOND.) Chelsea Polytechnic London, BURCHARD Ernst Valentin College of Technology Bristol. CALLIS AEred Brenton City College and Art School Nonvich.CARTER Howard Sheppard Technical College of Monmouthshire, C d i n . CLARK David Technical College Gloucester Northampton Polytechnic, London and Luton and South Bedfordshire College of Further Education Luton. COLEMAN Lewis John College of Technology Birmingham. CORLESS Sydney Martin Acton Technical College London. CRESSWELL Cyril College of Technology Liverpool and Technical DANIEL Harry Thomas Derby and District College of Technology. DAVIES Frank Central College of Further Education Carlett Park and DIBBO Alan College of Technology Birmingham. DOBSON John Vincent Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough. EDWARDS Anthony Philip College of Technology Bristol. ENGLESBERG Joseph Ellis Royal Technical College Salford. FARLEY Derek Arthur Woolwich Polytechnic London.GARDINER John Technical College Gloucester. GRIFFITHS John Barri Technical College Gloucester. GRIME Kenneth Municipal Technical College Blackburn. GRUNBAUM David Gordon Woolwich Polytechnic London. H~RRIS Glyn Islwyn College of Technology and Commerce Cardiff and Technical College of Monmouthshire Crumlin. H~RTLEY John Ellis A.M.c.T. College of Science and Technology, Manchester Royal Technical College Salford and College for Further Education Stockport. HAVRANEK Peter Harry Acton Technical College London. HINDE Anthony Flintshire Technical College Connah’s Quay and Denbighshire Technical College Wrexham. HODGES Terence Victor College of Technology Barnsley. HORVAT Miss Danica Maria Royal Technical College Salford. HUGHES Michael Anthony College of Technology Leeds.JAMIESON David Taylor Technical College Paisley. KENNEDY Thomas Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough. University College London and Woolwich Polytechnic London. College St Helens. College of Technology Liverpool 19571 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 459 KING Roy Phillip Woolwich Polytechnic London. KNIGHT John Arthur College of Technology Liverpool. LILLY Michael Norman University College Leicester and College of LOWE Lawrence Alfred Woolwich Polytechnic London. MAGUIRE Alec College of Science and Technology Manchester and MATTHEWS Brian John College of Technology Bristol. MITCHELL Brian The Percival Whitley College of Further Education, MORGAN David Brereton Royal Technical College Salford. Moss Michael College of Technology Bristol.NASH Peter George College of Technology Birmingham and College of NAYLOR David Keith Royal Technical College Salford. NELSON Alfred George Harris College of Further Education Preston. NEWMAN John Oswald Henry Chelsea Polytechnic London. OWEN William John Royal College of Science and Technology Glasgow, PAGE Dennis Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle upon Tyne. PASSEY Michael Leonard College of Technology Bristol. PLANT Leonard Roy Technical College Birkenhead. PUGH Harold Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough. ROBB Leslie Ian Royal Technical College Salford. Ross Dugald James Acton Technical College London and College of RUSHTON Brian Mandel Royal Technical College Salford. SAVAGE Miss Betty. SHAW Gerald B.SC. ( LOND.) Technical College Bradford.SKINNER Aidan Charles College of Technology Birmingham. STEPHENS John Charlton Hext Nonvood Technical College London. STEVENS John South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham. TOWNLEY James Raymond College of Technology Birmingham. TROTT Ronald Walter College of Technology Bristol. VINCE Edward Jeffery Technical College Coventry. WIGGINS Brian James College of Technology Birmingham. WILKS Edward Sherlock B.SC. (LOND.) Medway College of Technology, WILLIAMS Leonard College of Technology Bristol. WILSON Roy Thomas Sou th-West Essex Technical College Waltham-WOOD Norman B.SC. (LOND.) Technical College Bolton. WOODCOCK Jack Mowbray Technical College Bolton. WOOLF Leslie College for Further Education Stockport. Technology Liverpool.College for Further Education Stockport. Halifax. Technology Liverpool. and Technical College Paisley. Further Education Slough. Chatham. stow. PERSONAL NOTES News of Hon. Fellows Lord Adrian o.M. F.R.s. Master of Trinity College Cambridge, has been elected to the office of Vice-Chancellor of the University. Professor Arne Tiselius has been elected a foreign member of the Royal Society for his outstanding contributions in the field of physico-chemical analytical procedures and their applications to labile molecules of high molecular weight and biological importance 460 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE Honours and Awards Dr J. N. Bradley Associate has been awarded a General Fellowship under the Commonwealth Fund Fellowship scheme.Professor H. T. S. Britton Fellow who is retiring from the chair of chemistry University of Exeter has been awarded a Leverhulme Research Fellowship to do further work on applications of physico-chemical methods to investigations in inorganic chemistry. Emeritus Professor W. H. Lewis Fellow is to receive the honorary degree of LL.D. at a Congregation of the University of Exeter in July. Dr- T. Malkin Fellow reader in organic Chemistry University of Bristol has been awarded a Leverhulme Research Grant to study facilities in Europe for oils and fats research. Mr Henry Sellick Fellow was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in October last for conspicuous bravery under the most dangerous conditions following an explosion at a Royal Ordnance Factory.(This was announced in the London Gazette on 9 October 1956 and we much regret that it was not recorded here at the time.) Sir William Slater K.B.E. Fellow has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society under the statute providing for the election of persons who either have rendered conspicuous service to the cause of science or are such that their election would be of signal benefit to the society. Societies and Institutions Dr B. Raistrick Fellow research director Scottish Agricultural Industries Ltd. was elected president of the Fertiliser Society at the annual meeting at King’s Lynn Norfolk. The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Halsbury Fellow has been elected President of the Institution of Production Engineers for 1957-58. Nutrition Society.-At a recent meeting Dr A.J. Amos Fellow, retired after five years’ service as Hon. Treasurer. At the same meeting Dr R. J. L. Allen Fellow was elected Hon. Secretary. Dr S. K. Kon, Fellow is Hon. Editor. Educational Dr A. B. Calder Fellow has been appointed senior lecturer in inorganic chemistry at the Rutherford College of Technology Newcastle upon Tyne as from 1 June. Dr D. R. Llewellyn Fellow of the Department of Chemistry Univer-sity College London has been appointed professor of chemistry at Auckland University College. Professor J. W. H. Lugg Fellow who previously held the Chair of Biochemistry at the University of Malaya has been appointed professor of biochemistry at the University of Western Australia. Mr W. Manz Associate lecturer in chemistry at the College of Tech-nology Birmingham will be in the United States during June to August to study the paint and varnish industry and to attend the advanced Paint Course at the North Dakota State College 19571 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 461 Mr J.E. Stuckey Associate lecturer in chemistry at the College of T- logy Birmingham has been awarded a Travel Scholarship by the Lullege to enable him to visit Germany during June and July to study the synthetic rubber industry. Professor W. Wardlaw c.B.E. President opened the new Science Building at Braintree County High School on 18 May on the occasion of its Jubilee celebrations. This was the first co-educational grammar school opened by the Essex County Authority. Dr J. T. Young Fellow Vice-Principal The Dudley and Staffordshire Technical College has been appointed Principal The Chance Technical College Smethwick as from 1 September.Public and Industrial Mr R. W. Ancrum Fellow formerly technical director of the British Titan Products Co. Ltd has left the company to take up an appointment as technical director to Fabriques de Produits Chimiques de Thann et de Mulhouse Paris. Mr E. J. C. Bowmaker M.B.E. Fellow has been appointed general manager of Canning Town Glass Works Ltd and has also been appointed to the Board. Dr G. Bryce Associate work study manager Wilton Works Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd has been appointed manager (explosives products) operating department I.C.I. Ltd (Nobel Division) as from Professor A. N. Campbell Associate Chairman of the Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba has relinquished his membership of the National Research Council of Canada after three years’ service.Mr W. A. Cregeen Fellow has resigned as deputy county analyst, Somerset to take up an appointment as scientist The Attorney-General’s Laboratory Province of Ontario Toronto. Dr B. N. Feitelson FelEow formerly of Parke Davis & Co. Ltd has been appointed head of chemical research and development Les Labora-toires Cassenne Paris. Mr J. F. B. Jackson Fellow who in 1954 resigned as director of the British Steel Castings Research Association to join the Board of A.P.V.-Paramount Ltd alloy steel founders of Crawley Sussex has also joined the Board of P.I. Castings (Altrincham) Limited. Mr T. Kennaway Associate of Simon-Carves Ltd has been appointed director of research.Dr Walter P. Kennedy Fellow chief medical adviser Distillers Co. (Biochemicals) Ltd has been appointed principal medical officer (In-dustrial Group) The Distillers Co. Ltd. Dr P. A. Lintern Associate formerly production manager of British Titan Products Co. Ltd has been appointed overseas controller of the company. Mr T. R. Lowes Associate has relinquished his appointment as tech-nical officer Ferodo Ltd to become chief chemist of the Israel Brake Lining Manufactures Ltd Tel Aviv Israel. July 462 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE Mr W. H. Simmons Fellow is now conducting his business under the name of W. H. Simmons & Partners from 89 Fitzalan Street Kenn London S.E. 1 1. Dr H. G. Smith Fellow has been appointed as the representative of the Department of the Government Chemist on the Food Standards Committee by the Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food with the agreement of the Minister of Health and the Secretary of State for Scotland.Mr C. N. Taylor Associate formerly London sales representative of British Titan Products Co. Ltd has been appointed assistant to the general sales manager. Mr J. V. Westwood Fellow has left the Sir John Cass College to become leader of the Analytical Chemistry Section research organisation, British Insulated Callender’s Cables Ltd. Mr L. A. Wiseman Associate will succeed Mr J. Wilson Fellow as director of research British Rayon Research Association. Mr C. W. Wood Associate of the Coke Oven and Washer Develop-ment Section Simon-Carves Ltd has been appointed chief development engineer.Films in the Service of Industry.-The Earl of Halsbury Fellow, Member of Council and Sir Alexander Fleck K.B.E. F.R.s. Fellow have accepted invitations to become Vice-presidents of the Council responsible for planning the forthcoming Festival of Films in the Service of Industry to be held at Harrogate on 8-12 October. (RELiance 3683.) He succeeds Dr J. R. Nicholls c.B.E. who has retired. Retirements Professor N. K. Adam F.R.s. Fellow will retire at the end of this session from his post as professor of chemistry at the University of Southampton. Mr W. H. Bryett Fellow has retired from his position as quality control manager John Knight Ltd on reaching the age limit. Mr E.W. Skelton Fellow has retired from Henry Wiggin & Co. Ltd. Mr J. Wilson M.c. Fellow has announced his impending retirement as director of research of the British Rayon Research Association. New Institute Monograph.-“Peroxidase Action and Use in Organic Chemistry” is the title of L.M. &? R. 1957 No. 1 which is now nearly ready. It will be available shortly to members and will be on sale at 4s. 6d. post free. This monograph is written by Dr B. C. Saunders of the University of Cambridge and is based on a lecture given by him to the London Section in February 1956. It surveys the properties of peroxidase and the compounds it forms with hydrogen peroxide. The major part of the monograph treats the oxidation of amines ; reactions involving dechlorin-ation debromination deiodination demethylation and enzymic rupture of the C-F link; oxidation of phenols and the enzymic oxidation of CH, to CHO; estimation of peroxidase actions; and suggestions for a mechanism of peroxidase actions SECTION ACTIVITIES BELFAST AND DISTRICT At the Annual General Meeting on 29 March the following Officers and Members of Committee were elected Chair-man Mr A.J. Howard; Vice-chairman Dr C. L. Wilson; Hon. Secretary, Dr R. J. Magee; Hon. Treasurer Dr W. Honneyman; Members of Committee Dr D. Hamer Messrs W. F. Kirkpatrick D. W. Neil1 and J. McG. Jackson. Professor C. Kemball District Member of Council, is a Member of Committee ex o$;co. Mrs N. I. Bell was elected Hon. Auditor. Annual General Meeting. DUNDEE AND DISTRICT Annual General Meeting.The Eighth Annual General Meeting was held on 26 April with Dr T. J. Morrison in the Chair. The meeting received reports from the Chairman and the Hon. Secretary-Treasurer. After Dr Morrison had intimated his desire to retire from the office of Chairman and also from the Committee the following were elected for the ensuing year Chairman Dr J. Basil Wilson; Vice-Chairman Mr R. G. Reid; Hon. Secretary-Treasurer Dr T. C. Downie; Members of Committee Dr W. A. Bell Mr Alex. Hood Mr N. B. B. Johnstone Dr Robert Roger and Mr J. Smart. Mr John Wylie was elected Hon. Auditor. Dr Basil Wilson on taking the Chair expressed his own and the Section’s thanks to the retiring Chairman for his invaluable services during his term of office. Fish But No Chiljs.Dr R. M. Love gave a lecture on “The Effects of Low Temperature on Animal Tissue” at the meeting held on 3 May. Mr Hood was Chairman. Dr Love said that he had been investigating the immediate and long-term effects of freezing and storing fish and gave details of a method of estimating damage to fish tissue on freezing. As a result the best con-ditions for freezing and preserving cod had been found. Samples of cod that had been frozen for seven months and also cooked portions of this fish were on show. Dr Love gave his lecture in a brisk lively manner and after a lengthy discussion Mr Johnstone proposed the vote of thanks. Day and Time of Meetings. Twenty-three of the 27 forms returned in the recent census were in favour of holding meetings on Friday.Ten voted for meetings to begin at 7 p.m. six at 7.15 p.m. and eight at 7.30 p.m. Two other members voted for 7 or 7.15 p.m. and one other for any time. The Committee have decided to hold meetings at 7.15 p.m. in 1957-58. LIVERPOOL AND NORTH- Western Annual General Meeting. The Annual General Meeting was held on 3 April at the University of Liverpool. Members partook of light refreshments before the meeting. Mr C. K. Boundy presided and conducted the business briskly to allow adequate time for the lecture that followed, The election of Officers and Members of Committee resulted in the following changes for the 1957-58 session Chairman Dr W. B. Whalley; Vice-chairman Mr V. Biske. Members Messrs C. K. Boundy (Retiring Chairman) and P. Eaglesfield and Drs V.Moss and S. Paul. 46 464 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE Among items of business discussed and approved were (1) the institu-tion of insignia of office for the Section Chairman and (2) the alteration of Section rules in order to ensure the automatic re-election of the retiring Section Chairman as a Member of Committee. After the business of the Annual General Meeting was concluded there was an influx of visitors for a lecture on the above subject. Mr Boundy introduced the speaker Professor M. Stacey F.R.s. who began his address with an explanation of pyranose and furanose rings, pictorially represented in the Howarth style. The lecturer referred to photosynthesis and the work of Calvin with I4C showing the rapid absorp-tion of CO by the phosphoglyceric molecule to give phospho-hexoses and sucrose.The main part of the lecture dealt with the mechanism of synthesis of high polymer saccharides. The essential requirements were shown to be a substrate (e.g. glucoside) and an enzyme (phosphorylase) together with a receptor molecule which triggers or primes the reaction and at the same time introduces the pattern for the polymer. There was however some difference of opinion as to the part played by the enzyme. Great progress has been made in the carbohydrate field through the development of paper chromatography ionophoresis and infra-red spectroscopy. Recognition of polysaccharides used to be the basis of a three-year Ph.D. thesis; but now with the aid of these methods it can be achieved in two days by examination of the ‘Finger Print Region’ (characteristics of molecular linkages).The lecturer outlined the biosynthesis of highly-branched amylose molecules and cyclic saccharides using the newly-discovered Q (or branching) enzyme in addition to phosphorylase. He referred to some research proceeding in the U.S.A. on the breeding of maize rich in cross-linked starches and foreshadowed the possible use by industry of amylose acetate as a raw material substitute for cellulose acetate. Some time was devoted to the bacterial polysaccharides produced by growing cultures. Mention was made of degraded dextrans for use as blood plasma substitutes and the possibility of ‘growing molecules to size’ for this purpose. The audience was given an interesting glimpse of an imaginary industry which might produce cellulose from acetic acid in large tanks containing cultures of acetobacter species.Professor Stacey gave an intriguing insight into many life processes during the course of his lecture which he illustrated with lantern slides. Dr Whalley concluded the meeting with the vote of thanks to the lecturer. Biological Synthesis o f Carbohydrates. MANCHESTER AND DISTRICT Symposium on Chemotherapy. A full-day Symposium on “Recent Trends in Medicinal Chemistry’’ was held in the Department of Chemistry University of Manchester on 16 April. The Symposium was organised jointly with the Institute of Petroleum the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry (sponsors). In the past decade there has been an increasing interest in medicinal chemistry and this was well portrayed by the attendance of at least 160 specialist chemists and the eager discussion which followed each lecture.Dr H. A. Thomas was Chairman for the morning session at which D 19571 SECTION ACTIVITIES 465 H. C. Carrington lectured on “Drugs Affecting the Mental State” and Dr A. Spinks on “Biological Methods.” The session was brought to a close by Professor H. McIlwain and Mr R. B. Rodnight who spoke on ‘ ‘Biological Observations on 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Cognate Drugs.” In the afternoon under the Chairmanship of Professor H. N. Rydon, Professor F. Bergel introduced the subject “Chemotherapy of Cancer’’ and Drs A. L. Walpole and H. Jackson spoke on “Side Effects of some Tumour-Inhibitory Drugs.” The high quality of the lectures combined with keen discussion enhanced the success of the Symposium and served to illustrate once again that this annual event is appreciated for its social as well as its technical opportunities.As 25 April approached it was feared that the match between Manchester United and Real Madrid and the Easter holiday might limit attendance at the Ladies’ Evening. These fears were proved groundless and the event once again attracted a large audience. With Dr S. J. Fletcher as Chairman Professor R. H. Peters lectured on “The Colouring of Fabrics” at the Manchester College of Science and Tech-nology. The ladies and their escorts were given a non-technical but comprehensive account of the multitudinous ways in which colour may be applied to textiles with fascinating practical demonstrations of the dyeing printing and finishing of both natural and synthetic materials which did credit to the colour chemist’s science and the dyer’s art.Among many practical points illuminated Professor Peters stressed particularly the importance economic and otherwise of using the right class of dye for each particular application. After an excellent buffet supper the exhibition of colouring tech-niques was continued on a larger scale in the College’s well-equipped new Dyehouse where for example mechanical printing and processing were demonstrated alongside the delicate art of screen-printing. The ladies eagerly took part in a competition in which prizes were awarded to those whose tastes accorded most closely to the average taste.The success of the evening was further enhanced by personal gifts of printed guest-towels. Dr Fletcher thanked Professor Peters and those who had assisted him in arranging such an instructive and enjoyable evening. NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE AND NORTH-EAST COAST Ladies’ Evening. Chromatography. On 8 and 9 March a symposium on chromatography was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College. The first lecture was given by Dr F. H. Pollard on “The Application of Chromatography to the Quantitative Analysis of Inorganic Substances.” Dr Pollard said there were many cases where the technique of chroma-tography both for cations and anions had advantages over the classical methods of separation before final determination. As many of the sensitive organic reagents for metals are subject to interference from other cations this preliminary separation is of great advantage.Sometimes separation into groups of ions was sufficient if polarographic or spectro-photometric determinations were possible on the mixtures. The two major techniques for inorganic chromatography are separa-tions on cellulose using organic solvents for elution and separations on ion-exchange resins by elution with aqueous solutions. Dr Pollard discussed experimental procedures and quoted several examples of recent work at Bristol using paper chromatography anion-exchange resins and the two methods in conjunction. The lecture was illustrated with demonstrations 466 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE After a lively discussion Mr E.W. Muddiman proposed the vote of thanks which was carried with acclamation. In the evening the second lecture was delivered by Dr S. M. Partridge on “Pure and Applied Biochemistry with reference to Ion-Exchange Resins. ’ ’ Dr Partridge began by giving a general picture of the way ion-exchange resins may be used by the biochemist in the solution of the many problems encountered in the chemical analysis of the complicated mixtures found in secretory fluorides or in the water-soluble extractives of plant or animal tissues. These methods include a general procedure for group analysis in which the mixture is freed from inorganic salts and divided into ‘clear-out’ groups each containing a small number of compounds. Displacement chromatography and elution chromato-graphy were then described the former being suitable for the isolation of new or rare compounds on a scale sufficiently large to permit chemical studies on the pure substances and the latter for accurate quantitative analysis on the micro-scale.Dr Partridge then gave an account of the way ion-exchange methods can be used in constitutional studies of naturally occurring macro-molecules such as the proteins. The methods include the isolation and purification of the starting product the isolation of pure enzymes and the isolation of protein degradation products on a scale that will permit examination of structure by the various end-group assay procedures now available. A brief account was also given of the technical development of large-scale isolation procedures and special mention was made of the new procedures for desalting biological solutions by electrodialysis in multi-compartment cells using ion-exchange membranes.The thanks of the meeting were expressed by Dr E. W. Mills. On the morning of 9 March Dr A. T. James gave the third lecture, entitled “Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography.” Dr James said that the efficiency of any chromatogram was controlled by the rate of diffusion of the substances being separated in the two phases concerned. When the mobile phase is a gas diffusion is virtually instantaneous and efficiency is limited by diffusion in the stationary liquid phase. Since the columns are generally operated at elevated temperatures diffusion is more rapid and high efficiencies can be obtained at rapid rates of flow of mobile phase.The detection of vapours in permanent gas streams is in general, easier than the detection of solutes in solvents. The detectors developed for gas-liquid chromatography up to the present are the gas-density meter the catharometer the titrimeter the hydrogen microflame and the /hay ionisation monitor. A summary of their construction operation and advantages was given. Where the column stationary phase is of the same chemical type as the substance being separated then order of emergence is determined by boiling point order. Substances of similar boiling point but slightly different chemical structure can be separated by using stationary phases showing specific solution effects. The range of substances dealt with in gas-liquid chromatography is similar to that handled in distillation down to a few mm pressure.Application of the technique to the separation of high-boiling substances, such as long-chain fatty acid esters was described. Dr James finally discussed the factors influencing column performance-temperature the flow rate of the mobile phase and packing 19577 SECTION ACTIVITIES 467 Following a discussion that showed the interest aroused the vote of thanks was proposed by Mr R. E. Dodd. In addition to the three lectures a display ofchromatography apparatus was arranged. The symposium was very well attended and was agreed to be extremely successful. Annual General Meeting. The thirty-eighth Annual General Meeting was held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre King’s College on 24 April.The following members will form the Committee for the coming session. Chairman Dr J. 0. Harris; Vice-chairman Dr E. W. Mills; Hon. Treasurer Mr W. Marsden; Hon. Secretary Mr R. B. Heslop; Hon. Assistant Secretary Mr R. E. Dodd; Members of Committee, Dr H. E. Blayden Dr K. H. Jack Mr E. W. Muddiman Mr H. G. Nicholl and Mr W. F. Stones. Dr Harris expressed the thanks of the Section to Mr Stones for his untiring work as Secretary over a period in which the Section had expanded its activities and to Dr J. Gibson on his retirement from the Committee after several years’ service during which he had filled the offices of both Chairman and Secretary. The Chairman also thanked the Council of King’s College and Professor W. F. K. Wynne-Jones for their co-operation in making rooms available for meetings.Following the Annual General Meeting, the Section was addressed by Dr D. W. Kent-Jones on “The estimation of alcohol in the blood and urine of drunken drivers and the interpreta-tion thereof.” Dr Kent-Jones stressed that though an analysis could not determine whether a person was fit to drive or not it could supply factual informa-tion of particular value to motorists who were involved in accidents and became excited under questioning after drinking very little. He gave a brief outline of the two recommended methods of analysis and demonstrated that statistical agreement of the results was good. He believed that the introduction of the standard tests had put an end to great variations in analytical results but he stressed the importance of correct sampling.Agreement between analytical results and clinical tests was also very good if sufficient examples were taken though individual medical men varied in their assessment of what constituted drunkenness. Dr Kent-Jones’s lecture attracted an audience which included magis-trates lawyers and police in addition to chemists. He replied with humour and skill to a variety of questions both scientific and legal. Mr W. Gordon Carey accorded to the lecturer the thanks of the meeting for an entertaining and informative talk. Alcohol in Blood and Urine. NORTH WALES Gerontology. A meeting of the Section was held at Flintshire Technical College on 29 March and Dr P. F. Lloyd of the University College of North Wales Bangor lectured on the intriguing subject of “Connective Tissue and Ageing.’’ The speaker began by defining gerontology and then in a light-hearted manner mentioned some of the strange views on ageing and rejuvenation that were held in times past.The speaker went on to emphasise the important relationship between expectation of life and environment. During the present century a rapidly increasing expecta-tion of life particularly for the lower age groups coupled with a fallin 468 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE birth rate had led to a progressive increase in the proportion of old people in many communities. The need for gerontological studies in diverse fields had become pressing. In order to contribute to an understanding of the ageing process, attempts were being made to define in more precise biochemical terms the changes associated with senescence.Connective tissue was an important subject for study. The speaker mentioned arterioschlerosis and arthritis as examples of adverse connective tissue changes and explained that not only collagen but also the connective tissue fibrous protein elastin had been studied in some detail in recent years. Follow-ing Banga’s discovery in 1949 of the pancreatic enzyme elastase several groups of workers had studied its interaction with elastic tissue with the result that both proteinase and mucoproteinase activities were now asso-ciated with crude elastase. Methods developed for the study of elastic tissue mucopolysaccharides particularly zone electrophoresis and infra-red spectroscopic analysis had proved of value in investigations on other connective tissues such as intervertebral discs.The in uitro conversion of collagen into elastin-like material by Burton Hall Keech Reed, Saxl Tunbridge and Wood at Leeds in 1955 was the basis of an important hypothesis which accounted for elastogenesis and changes in the nature of connective tissue during ageing. The lecture was illustrated by lantern slides and a keen discussion took place. Mr C. F. Buckley proposed a vote of thanks to the speaker. Works Visit. On 10 April a restricted party of fifteen members were taken on a conducted tour of the Atomic Energy Establishment at Capenhurst Nr Chester. On arrival the party were given a short explanatory talk by the Manager and the guides then escorted the groups on a tour of the factory.Finally the party were entertained to tea in the canteen when the Vice-chairman Mr F. Holmes had the opportunity to express the thanks of the Section for the generous hos-pi tality. SHEFFIELD SOUTH YORKSHIRE AND NORTH MIDLANDS On 3 April a meeting was held in the Chemistry Department of the University of Sheffield at which Mr A. L. Bacharach gave a lecture on “Food Tastes and Dietary Needs.” Mr Bacharach began by posing the question “Is what we want to eat and drink what we need to eat and drink?”. During the following hour he gave a penetrating analysis of many relevant and irrelevant factors concerned with basic dietary needs and discussed them in relation to individual likes and dislikes. About 30 different essential nutrients are now recognised but requirements differ from one individual to another because of genetical differences and it is very difficult almost impossible, to evaluate precisely the minimum optimum requirement for every individual for every nutrient.The recognised hungers are firstly the need for food as a whole which is caused by contraction of the stomach and secretion of gastric juices, and by glucose deficiency and secondly the need for water. There are other alleged hungers such as for sugar and other sweet foods. Sugar and starch obviously difTer in their ability to provide satisfaction but starch becomes available only a little more slowly than does sugar and it would appear that sweet hunger is not a carbohydrate hunger. Ascorbic acid is associated with sweet foods and this at one time may Food Tastes andDietary Needs 19571 NEWS AND NOTES 469 have been a significant factor in human survival but the almost instinctive liking for sugar has outlived its usefulness and the need for sugar in the form of sweets has no physiological significance.The bodily need for common salt can easily be measured and it can be shown that a 3000 calorie diet for man contains sufficient salt for his needs. Some African tribes have never seen salt and the extra salt that we use is physiologically superfluous and remains with us as an acquired taste. Mr Bacharach then dealt briefly with some dietary experiments on animals and described how an acquired taste can be a fallible guide in a deficient animal and how an animal on a complete diet cannot dis-criminate between what is good for it and what is not.Except for true hunger and thirst most tastes and appetites are acquired and are not the result of physiological necessity. No reliance can be placed on taste and appetite as guides to physiological necessities. Mr Bacharach mentioned the effectiveness of propaganda and advertisement in bringing about dietary changes and in conclusion stressed that the problem of overcoming the dietary deficiencies of the unsophisticated races needed something more than the attention of dieticians. Recent Progress in Coal Chemistry.-Commenting on the report (J. 1957 216) of his lecture to the Birmingham and Midlands Section Dr H. A. Standing has asked that the following additions be made.Hirsch and his co-workers have shown that for coals of carbon content less than 89 per cent the average layer diameter is small and corresponds to 4-5 benzene rings. Above 89 per cent carbon increase of carbon content is accompanied by increasing layer diameter so that the average layer in an anthracite contains about ten condensed benzene rings; there is however a fairly wide distribution of layer diameters. The evidence of varying degrees of stacking and orientation in the structure with varying carbon content is in accordance with the estab-lished fact that with increasing carbon content the porosity of coal passes through a minimum at about 89 per cent carbon. Dryden on the basis of X-ray diffraction results has postulated hypothetical structures for coals of various carbon contents.NEWS AND NOTES EDUCATIONAL D.S.I.R. Research Awards.-In reply to a question in the House by Mr Leavey on 21 May about the number of D.S.I.R. awards to graduates in science and technology and the prospect of increasing this number Mr H. Nicholls said there were at present 981 D.S.I.R. Research Studentships of which 404 were new awards made in the current academic year. In the coming year it is expected that there will be about 1,600 studentships of which 915 will be new awards in-cluding 200 of the newly introduced Advanced Course Studentships. The increase is due partly to D.S.I.R. having taken over from the Ministry of Education and the local education authorities in England and Wales responsibility for certain awards.The number of awards for later years is under consideration. There are also special awards whic [JUNE 470 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY are given sometimes to individuals and sometimes to the institution where the individual is working. The cost of the awards for 1956-57 was E340,000 and was estimated at L445,500 for 1957-58. National Council for Technological Awards.-The following course now in progress has been recognised as leading to the Diploma in Technology Sandwich course in Metallurgy at Birmingham College of Technology. This is additional to those given previously (J. 321). The Council have also approved the following new cours,es proposed by colleges Full-time course in Applied Chemistry and Sandwich course in Applied Chemistry at the Northern Polytechnic and Sandwich course in Chemical Technology at the Borough Polytechnic.This last can be taken with specialisation in one of three branches Plastics and High Polymers; Paints and Surface Coatings; and Oils Fats and Detergents. Overseas Students in U.K. Universities.-The total number of students from other countries enrolled for full-time study or research in U.K. universities and university colleges at the beginning of the academic year 1956-57 was 10,433 (9,117 men; 1,316 women) which compares with 9,723 in 1955-56 and 6,264 in 1938-39. These figures are given in a recent circular issued by the Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth. Of these 6,777 came to the U.K. from other parts of the Common-wealth the largest number coming from India (1 532) Nigeria (896), Pakistan (459) South Africa (407) Canada (392) Australia (344) and Ghana (337).Post-graduate students numbered 3,895 (&. students working for higher degrees or certain higher diplomas or undertaking postgraduate work though not for a degree or diploma). The countries from which the largest number of postgraduates came were India (764) U.S.A. (496) Canada (287), Australia (278) and Pakistan (229). The subjects studied by the 10,433 students fall into the categories used by the University Grants Committee in its annual Returns as follows : Agriculture and Forestry 252 ; Arts 4,226; Dentistry 358; Medicine, 1,824; Pure Science 1,449; Technology 2,257 ; and Veterinary Science, 67. Some 3,790 students were known to hold an award of some kind (fellowship scholarship grant etc.).In addition 910 students came from the U.S.A. MEETINGS AND CONFERENCES British Association Conference.-At a Conference on the supply of scientists and technologists for industry to be held at the University of Leeds on 5 July under the auspices of the British Association sections of the report on Industry and Technical Progress will be discussed. The Conference is open to all who are interested in the subject. Speakers will include the authors of the report Professors C. F. Carter and B. R. Williams (see p. 414). British Plastics Convention.-The 1957 International Convention will be held at Olympia from 10 to 20 July. Twenty-four of the world’s leading authorities are to address the Convention and subjects under the headings Polyolefins Polythene Polyvinylchloride Extrusion Injectio 19571 NEWS AND NOTES 47 1 Moulding Material Developments and Glass Reinforced Plastics will be discussed.Tickets for all sessions may be obtained free of charge from the organisers “British Plastics,” Dorset House Stamford Street London, S.E. 1. Chemical Society Symposia.-Two Symposia will be held by the Society in July the first from 8 to 9 July in Queen Mary College London, on “Solvent Effects and Reaction Mechanism” and the second from 11 to 12 July at the University of Glasgow on “Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Terpenoid Compounds.” The registration fee for non-Fellows will be two guineas for each Symposium. The papers presented will not be published but abstracts will be circulated to intending delegates.Accommodation will be available both in London and Glasgow and all information regarding this and the symposium Dinners and a programme of the meetings may be obtained from the General Secretary The Chemical Society Burlington House London W. 1. Control of Chemical Additives in Food.-A joint conference with this title is being held on 26 July at the Royal Institution. The Society for Analytical Chemistry the Food Law Institute of the United States the Food Group of the S.C.I. and the Association of Public Analysts are taking part. Further particulars may be obtained from the Society for Analytical Chemistry 14 Belgrave Square London S.W. 1. Festival of Industrial Films.-The Festival will be held at Harro-gate from 8 to 12 October and awards will be made for the best film dealing with each of a variety of subjects.Application forms and all other particulars for entering films for the Festival the first to be held in this country may be obtained from the Organising Secretary 3 Portman Chambers 7-9 Baker Street London W.1. The latest date for entry is 1 July. Physical Society Colour Group.-A symposium on Visual Problems of Colour will be held at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington on 23 24 and 25 September. Subjects to be covered include visual pigments brightness and colour matching normal and defective colour vision subjective colour measure-ment electrophysiological aspects of vision and colour theories. Attendance will be by invitation and those interested in being present are requested to write to the Director of the Laboratory.Aslib Annual Conference.-The thirty-second Annual Conference of Aslib was held at Scarborough at the Grand Hotel on 20-22 May. Members of the Association from all parts of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth as well as other parts of the world attended. Papers were read and discussions took place on many aspects of information work. Mr E. Martindale of the Scottish Office of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research spoke on “Lines of Communication,” outlining the factors that influence the flow of scientific and technical information to industry; Dr R. E. Fairbairn of I.C.I. Ltd. (Dyestuffs Division) discussed the planning and growth of information services and Mr B.H. P. Rivett Head of Field Investigation of the National Coal Board considered ways of applying work measurement techniques in information service. There was also a short progress report on the plans for a ‘‘National Lending Library for Science and Technology. [JUNE 472 Physical Society Colour Group.-The 100th Science Meeting of the Group was held on 1 May at Imperial College London. At this meeting papers were given by Mr M. Gadsden on Colorimetry and Colour Photography as Applied to Natural Phenomena; Mr F. J. J. Clarke on Properties of Extra-Foveal Vision; and Mr K. J. McCree on Effects of Steady Fixation on Colour Matching. Members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry are reminded that special facilities are offered by the Physical Society to those wishing to join the Colour Group.Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretary of the Society at 1 Lowther Gardens Prince Consort Road London S. W.7. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY Society for Visiting Scientists.-A discussion meeting on ‘‘Taste and Smell” took place at the Society’s Headquarters 5 Old Burlington Street London W.l on 21 May under the Chairmanship of Professor H. D. Kay c.B.E. F.R.S. NEW AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS Girls and Women in Science and Technology.--The increasing demand for technologists over the past few years has drawn attention to the relatively small number of girls compared with boys who take up scientific careers. Undoubtedly lack of information on such careers affects the attitude of many parents and teachers and the girls themselves; any attempt to make good this deficiency therefore is to be welcomed.The British Federation of University Women has published a 60-page pamphlet (obtainable from the Federation at 17a Kings Road London, S.W.3 price 2s. per copy) entitled “Opportunities for Girls and Women in Science and Technology,”) which indicates the positions at both technician and professional levels open to women in the various sciences. In addition the training and qualifications needed for such positions are outlined. Another asset of this publication is that the names and addresses of suitable authorities from which more detailed information can be obtained are given in the various sections. Since the pamphlet covers an extensive field and contains information in a concentrated form it is likely to be of considerable value to all those concerned with advising girls on the choice of careers.Indeed the contents may be considered too condensed to stimulate directly the interest of the girls themselves but the references which are given to the relevant publications of the various professional organisations should meet this important requirement. MAMIE OLLIVER Imperial College Jubilee of Royal Charter.-A special publica-tion has been issued (April) to mark the Jubilee of the Royal Charter of the Imperial College of Science and Technology by which three flourish-ing Colleges were federated-the Royal College of Science the Royal School of Mines and the City and Guilds College. It has particular interest at the present time for as the introduction says “The problem of 1957 is the problem of 1907 writ larger and with more pressing urgency.” Industrial Screen.-This new Journal is devoted to the use of the film medium in industry.It aims to promote a better understanding of the uses to which films can be put in industry and to remove the feeling of suspicion with which many still view this medium. The first issue (March-April) contains articles on “Counting the Cost,” “Cartoo 19571 LABORATORY RISKS AND SAFEGUARDS 473 Commercials,” “Who Sees Industrial Films,” “Camera Angels” and “Automation and the Atom.” The subscription for six issues is 15s. post free payable to Robin Publications Ltd 136 Grand Buildings, Trafalgar Square London W.C.2. ICSU Year Book.-The 1957 Year Book of the International Council of Scientific Unions contains a Calendar for the year and lists of adminis-trative officers members of the Bureau Executive Board and Council, together with detailed information including a short history statutes, rules and so on.The Year Book may be obtained from the Secretary-General of ICSU 29 Tavistock Square London W.C.1 price 5s. Monsanto Chemicals Limited.-In the 1956 Report of the Directors of Monsanto Chemicals Limited mention is made of the completion during the year of seve‘ral manufacturing projects. These included plants for the manufacture of toughened polystyrene for the manufacture of oil additives by a continuous process and for producing sodium pentachlorophenate in pelleted form. A plant for the manufacture of cyclohexylamine and another for maleic anhydride are also in production.Plans for the manufacture of chemicals including polyethy-lene from petroleum have made good progress and the first plant should be completed by mid- 1959. LABORATORY RISKS AND SAFEGUARDS REACTION BETWEEN PHOSPHORUS AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE The following statement has been prepared in reply to a request for information on the reactions between phosphorus and hydrogen peroxide, details of which are omitted from the generality of textbooks. Experiments involving reactions between any strong reducing and oxidising agents should always be carried out with great care because of the pronounced exothermic character of such reactions. This is par-ticularly important in the case of phosphorus and hydrogen peroxide in view of the ready inflammability of yellow phosphorus and also of the dangerous nature of the burns which can arise from contact between molten phosphorus and the skin.If either red or yellow phosphorus is fully immersedin hydrogen peroxide in any strength up to 145 volumes (38 per cent) no violent reaction occurs, and the phosphorus slowly dissolves on heating up to about 70°C. In such an experiment however if the phosphorus is not fully immersed and, therefore not completely wetted sufficient heat can be generated by the reaction to raise the phosphorus to its ignition point when it will burn in the air. The heat of the ensuing combustion can then cause local decomposition of the peroxide so enhancing the fierceness of the com-bustion and possibly leading to a violent reaction.Such behaviour has been observed in experiments with 110 volumes (30 per cent) peroxide, but has not been reported as occurring with hydrogen peroxide strengths below 100 volumes (27 per cent). While the ignition point of yellow phosphorus is much lower than that of the red variety it must be remembered that the latter is much more finely divided and can therefore be more dangerous in this kind of reaction than the yellow simply because of the greater specific surface exposed t 474 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE the peroxide. Because of the potential ignition danger it is emphasised that experiments of this nature should only be carried out with a few milligrams of the phosphorus. Concentrations of hydrogen peroxide greater than 145 volumes (38 per cent) are now available.I t cannot be too strongly emphasised that experiments with the stronger reagents must not be carried out except under closely controlled conditions and with adequate supervision. For ordinary laboratory work undertaken by students it is recommended that any hydrogen peroxide used should be of strength less than 100 volumes. We wish to thank the Admiralty and Laporte Chemicals Ltd for their assistance in the matter. LABORATORY EXPLOSION PROBABLE PEROXIDATION OF AN ACETAL An explosion recently occurred in these laboratories during the working up of a reaction mixture involving the oxidation of an organic sulphide to a sulphone with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid. The molecule also contained an acetal group.The circumstances were as follows : A solution of 6.6 g of the sulphur-containing acetal in 33 cc of glacial acetic acid had been treated with 33 cc of 30 per cent hydrogen peroxide at 40°C for 3 hours. After being kept overnight at room temperature, the dilute acetic acid was distilled off in U ~ C U O from a bath at 50-60°C. When this was completed air was admitted to the apparatus and the flask was being removed from the bath when a violent explosion occurred. The flask and condenser were completely shattered and the chemist and another standing by him received severe eye injuries from flying glass. The cause of the explosion is unknown but it was very probably due to a peroxide formed by either the original acetal or the sulphone-acetal, or perhaps by some free aldehyde liberated by the dilute acetic acid (or peracetic acid ?).I t was considered unlikely that the acetal would be hydrolysed under the conditions of the experiment but this possibility cannot be ruled out. I t is well known that aliphatic aldehydes readily form peroxides but it was not obvious that an acetal might do the same. A reference in a recent patent specification may have a bearing on this. In this specification1 it is claimed that presence of a small amount of triethanolamine in chlorodimethylacetal “prepared as a highly pure, practically anhydrous product of substantially less than 1 per cent water content and packed as such in steel drums for shipment” will prevent formation of acidity and thus reduce the corrosion of the drums and inhibit the formation of peroxides in the chloroacetal.Here again the peroxide formation may be a property of the acetal itself or it may be due to the presence of free aldehyde resulting from the hydrolysis of the acetal by the. hydrochloric acid developed therein. The tendency for ethers and aldehydes to form explosive peroxides is well known but we believe that it may not be so widely known that acetals and ketals may also give peroxides. While there is no proof that this present explosion was due to such a peroxide we suggest that suitable precautions should be taken whenever acetals or ketals have been exposed to oxidative conditions. This and the lithiurn aluminium hydride explosion recently reportedY2 once again underlines the absolute necessity for chemists to wear protective spectacles goggles or visors whenever there is a risk however remote of explosive reactions.Indeed the uncertainty and unpredictability o 19571 CORRESPONDENCE 475 organic reactions when new compounds or conditions are involved again raises the question ofwhether all workers should wear safety glass spectacles at all times in organic research laboratories. The minor inconvenience to those who do not normally wear.glasses might be a small price to pay for the great protection to the eyes when these rare but distressing accidents occur. J. N. ASHLEY H. J. BARBER The Research Laboratories, May & Baker Ltd., Dagenham Essex. 1. B.P. 645680 1950. 2. Chern. 33 I n d 1957 432; J. 324. REFERENCES CORRESPONDENCE SPONSORED AND CONSULTATION RESEARCH SIR,-About the year 191 7 the late Arthur D.Little a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology visited this country and said to a well-known British Consulting Chemist “You and your colleagues should get together to form a larger organisation with a more complete range of technological experience and services.” Years later the British Consultant still regarded this idea as a dream although it was by no means forgotten. Then at the end of the last war the Fulmer Research Institute, devoted to metallurgical research was created by the late Col. Devereaux of High Duty Alloys Ltd. About the same time the late Frank Mac-taggart a graduate of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, secured the backing of Steel Brothers & Go.Ltd for the conversion of his consulting practice into the Sondes Place Research Institute. Opened by Sir William Larke in 1948 Sondes Place Dorking together with the Fulmer Institute Slough remained Britain’s sole examples of sponsored research institutes. Announcements have appeared more recently regarding further facilities for sponsored research in the United Kingdom the latest reports concerning the well-known firm of Arthur D. Little Inc. and the Stanford Research Institute of California. The peaceful penetration of American organisations in this field (vide appendix) deserves examination in the light of the apparent unawareness of a substantial part of British industry of the availability of the already existing facilities and of the possibilities of sponsored and consultation research generally as emphasised for instance in Industry and Science (Manchester Joint Research Council 1954).The activities of the industrial research associations of the D.S.I.R. represent of course a partial development of sponsored research.. These Government-plus-industry organisations perform a useful function, especially as centralising and correlating research agencies for individual industries. Generally they will undertake a certain amount of sponsored research for their members but this is believed to be a limited side of their activities. Primarily they exist to serve whole industries. This service is the only basis for their public subsidy JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY WurJE 476 The very wide range of specialist services and research facilities available are made clear by the subject index of the Directory o f Independent Consultants in Chemistry and relatedsubjects published by the Royal Insitute of Chemistry, which embodies the titles of 189 jrm.However how many British industrialists could say as did one American Research Director addressing the Federation of British Industries some years ago “The payments which we make to outside consultants amount to a little more than 2 per cent of the total salaries of our technical and professional staff” ? This might seem a low figure but is it ? The fact is that in this country the use made of technical and research services outside industry’s own laboratories appears to be inadequate.Consider the claim made by the Association of Consulting Chemists and Chemical Engineers of New York City that today the United States of America offers consulting services on a more vast scale and by more consultants than any other country (“The Con-sulting Chemist and Chemical Engineer in a World Economy”). Although in point of fact there are more firms entered in the R.I.C. Directory than in the Association’s handbook Consulting Seruices a reading of their quarterly broadsheet Your Consultant and the experience of U.K. consultants operating abroad confirm the extensive development of American organisations in this field. Inevitably emphasis on American ‘know-how’ and plant follows the submission of American project reports. Recent announcements of U.S.sponsored research organisations’ establish-ment of offices and laboratories in the U.K. are further straws in the wind. Unlike the United States where the principle of sponsored research is already accepted this country still has many people who ask the reasons for using sponsored and consultation research services. Here are some : Independent research and advisory services can be used to augment company facilities for temporary or long-term projects as required or where they do not exist. Overhead liabilities can be reduced. Independent research and advisory services can frequently bring an independent approach to a problem. They see the wood in spite of the trees. Independent specialised research services can be consulted by industrial manufacturers and developers regarding industrial technologies other than their own.Available U.K. independent research and advisory services are extremely diverse varying from mainly business or industrial matters e.g. marketing patents and so on to pure science and the complete range of industrial technology. Many variants of the above of course obtain. Then there are the facilities offered by the consulting fraternity, Why inadequate? (1) (2) (3) (4) ( 5 ) I t should be unnecessary nowadays to refer at any length to the need for more and ever more research to maintain this country in its customary position in the world and to support its large population with an ever-increasing standard of living but we may conclude that we should be doing more to utilise the sponsored research system and especially the utilisation of the independent British facilities which already exist and are certainly capable of economical expansion.Is it too much to expect British industry to spend a sum equivalent to at least 2 per cent of the tota 19571 OBITUARY 477 salaries of its technical and professional personnel on sponsored and consultant research or has this 9-year-old American figure been reached by now ? Finally may one express the hope that at least some portion of the currently enlarged fipancial resources of the Institute may be employed in furtherance of the joint interests of British Industry and the members concerned in this field of the British research effort. 15 Hawthorne Road, Bickley Bromley Kent. W. Hi. STEVENS APPENDIX SPONSORED RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND CONSULTANT ORGANISATIONS IN THE U.K.AND U.S.A. U.K. Fulmer Research Institute Slough Bucks. Sondes Place Research Institute Dorking Surrey. Arthur D. Little Research Institute Edinburgh.l 189 Consulting firms with corporate members of the R.I.C. as principals, R.I.C. Directory of Independent Consultants in Chemistry and Related subjects. U.S.A. Mellon Research Institute. Bat telle Research Institute. Stanford Research Institute etc. 110 Member firms,3 Association of Consulting Chemists and Chemical Engineers New York City U.S.A. including Arthur D. Little Inc. Occupying the former laboratories of the Seaweed Research Institute. Office in U.K. Some member firms are large e.g. Arthur D. Little Inc. has a staff of about Laboratories in Germany and Switzerland.750 and Foster D. Snell Inc. about 125. SIR,-In the News and Notes Section of the Journal (May 403) the inauguration of the Arthur D. Little Research Institute is described. The article contains the words “The Institute was unique within the United Kingdom in undertaking sponsored research in broad fields of applied science.’’ This statement is incorrect. The Sondes Place Research Institute was established in 1947 with the precise object of undertaking sponsored research in broad fields of applied science and it has been operating with increasing success ever since. As the impression given is undoubtedly most damaging to us pro-fessionally we should be grateful if you would correct it in your next issue by publishing this letter.Sondes Place Research Institute Secretary Dorking, Surrey. P. W. NASH, OBITUARY Donald Alfred Copeman. B. 14.5.00. Ed. Victoria High School, Grahamstown South Africa ; George Watson’s Boys’ College Edinburgh ; University of Edinburgh 19 19-2 1. B.Sc. Appointed assistant chemist at African Explosives & Industries Ltd Modderfontein South Africa, in 1922. He later became chief chemist and remained with the same firm until his death. (A. 1927.) D. November 1956 [JUNE 478 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY Percival Harman Cutting. B. 6.6.1887. Ed. King’s Lynn Technical School. Obtained a post at the West Norfolk Farmers’ Manure & Chemical Co. Ltd King’s Lynn in 1902 and later became first assistant. Appointed chief chemist to the Goole Tillage Co.Ltd (later absorbed in Fisons Ltd) in 1914 where he remained until his retirement to Grange-over-Sands in 1952. He was keenly interested in music and an enthusiastic gardener. For a number of years he served on the Council of the Hull and Leeds Sections of the Institute. (A. 1922 F. 1925.) D. 23.1.56. Arthur Thomas Etheridge. B. 25.10.1879. Ed. King Edward’s Grammar School Aston Birmingham; Mason College (now the Uni-versity) Birmingham 1896-99. B.Sc. (Lond.) . Priestley research scholar 1899- 1901. Became assistant laboratory chemist at Kynochs Ltd in 1901 and chief chemist in 1905. He entered the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich as a research chemist in 1910 and remained until his retirement in 1949. M.B.E. (A. 1901 F. 1905.) D.19.12.56. David Vincent Hollingworth. B. 24.3.1876. Ed. Royal Technical Institute Salford 1900-04. On completing his studies he was appointed lecturer in gas engineering and coal-tar products. Later he took an appointment as chemist to the Stretford Gas Co. and left after four years to become chemist to the Corporation Gas Committee Salford. Appointed manager to the Birchenwood Colliery CO.’S coke oven and by-products works in 1912. Later he became manager of the coke ovens and by-products works of the Ministry of Fuel and Power at Blaenavon Mon. where he remained until his retirement. He was awarded the M.B.E. (F. 1918.) D. 23.9.56. George Ingham. B. 28.1.187 1. Ed. Bradford Grammar School; Merton College Oxford 1889-93. M.A. He went to South Africa in 1896 and was appointed lecturer in chemistry and physics at Dale College King Williamstown in 1898.Became Principal of Thaba Nchu Public School in 1901 where he remained until 1905 when he took up farming. He joined Kynocks Ltd (now African Explosives & Chemical Industries Ltd) as an assistant chemist in 1915. He was promoted to acting chief chemist in 1919 and remained with the same firm until his retirement. (A. 1921.) D. 22.1.1957. Hugh Trefor Jones. B. 25.9.1896. Ed. Towyn County School; University College of Wales Aberystwyth 19 15-20. His college career was interrupted by more than 3 years military service. Under-took postgraduate research until 1924. M.Sc. Appointed assistant lecturer in agricultural chemistry in 1924 and lecturer in 1928 at the University of Leeds as well as advisory chemist under the Ministry of Agriculture’s scheme for advice to farmers.Became Provincial Soil Chemist National Advisory Agricultural Service Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries where he remained until the time of his death having reached the rank of Provincial Director. Joint author of An Introduction to Agricultural Chemistry. (A. 1922 F. 1948.) D. 5.1.57. B.Sc. Thomas Macara. B. 11.9.1873. Ed. Govan Board School; Allen Glen’s School (Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College) 1886-88. Served three years as a student in the laboratories of Drs Wallace an 19571 OBITUARY 479 Clark City Analysts Glasgow and in 1891 became the assistant of Dr John Clark in the same laboratory. Appointed works chemist at James Robertson & Sons Paisley in 1904.Some time later he was associated with Lipton Ltd before he became Director of Research of the Confectionery and Food Research Association later known as the British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association where he remained until his retirement. ( A . 1922 F. 1948 Council 1925-28.) D. 16.1.57. William Herbert Miles. B. 11.5.1881. Ed. Ashford House School, Birkenhead. Became a pupil of Dr George Tate Liverpool in 1898. Appointed assistant in the Drug Department of Evans Sons Lescher SE. Webb Ltd in 1902. Took a post as analytical chemist at the Mersey Oil & Cake Mills Co. Ltd in 1907. Set up a practice as a consultant in Faints cements and feeding stuffs in 1920. Joined the J. D. Insulating Co. Ltd as an analyst in 1927 and remained with this firm for the remainder of his working life.Inventor of a composition for coating the interiors of tanks. ( A . 1918 F. 1944.) D. 8.12.56. Herbert Samuel Newman B. 7.3.1891. Ed. Manchester Municipal Secondary School; Manchester College of Technology 1907-1 0. M.Sc.Tech. Appointed assistant to F. Scudder analytical and consulting chemist in 1910. Joined Crace-Calvert and Thomson as an assistant in 1914 and became chief assistant in 1923. He remained until 1939 and thereafter worked privately. ( A . 192 1 .) D. 28.1.57. Herbert Cecil Seabrooke B. 1874. Ed. Finsbury Technical College, 1890-94. Entered the laboratories of Drs E. R. Moritz and C. H. Morris London in 1895 as a student for six months and then as research assistant. Appointed analytical chemist to H.& G. Simmonds Ltd, Brewers Reading in 1896. Several years later he set up a laboratory at the Thurrock Brewery of Seabrooke & Sons Grays and joined the brewing staff eventually becoming head brewer and director. He retired in 1929 on the amalgamation of the firm with Charrington & Co. Ltd. ( A . 1895 F. 1898.) D. 28.9.56. George Elliott Shaw. B. 4.3.1872. Ed. Finsbury Technical College, 1887-89. B.Sc. (Lond.). Appointed to the analytical staff of Howards & Sons Ltd in 1890. He left in 1904 to take a post in the Research Laboratories Woolwich and the following year he was appointed Government Quinologist to the Government of Bengal a post which he held until his retirement in 1932. Alexej Slansky. €3. 24.8.22.German secondary schools Drayton Manor School London Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Hexham ; King’s College University of Durham Newcastle 1941-43. B.Sc. Engaged on postgraduate research until 1946. Ph.D. Appointed Technical Officer (Chemist) Production and Research at Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd in 1946 ; became section manager Production, in 1953; and at the time of his death was senior technologist Technical Department. (A. 1955.) D. 28.11.56. Wilfred Wall Southwood. B. 3.3.01. Ed. Durban Boys’ High School; University of Cape Town 1922-24 26-27. MSc. Ph.D. Employed as chemist’s assistant Kynoch Ltd Umbogintwini 19 18-22. (A. 1894 F. 1897.) D. 27.2.56 480 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE Engaged as assistant chemist African Explosives and Industries Ltd, 1925.Appointed demonstrator in chemistry at the University of Cape Town 1926. Became chemist to Royal Baking Powder (Pty) Ltd about 1930 and was later successively works manager and chemist, and director and factory manager. He was subsequently factory manager of 0. Bakke & Co. (Pty) Ltd and was later associated with Donkergat Whaling Co. Ltd. (A. 1928.) D. 5.12.56. Archibald Steele Wharnond. B. 13.2.189 1. Ed. Geo. Watson’s College Edinburgh; Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh 1907- 14. Became apprentice analytical chemist with Readman and Gemmell in 1907. Appointed assistant analyst to Wm. McEwan & Co. Ltd Brewers in 1914 where he remained (interrupted by war service) until 1923. In that year he became chief chemist to Geo. Younger & Son Ltd in 1930 chief research chemist to ManbrC & Garton Ltd and in 1932 chief chemist to Phillips Yeast Products Ltd.He remained in the last port until his retirement in 1956. ( A . 1945.) D. 27.12.56. Leonard Whinyates. B. 4.4.1892. Ed. Runcorn County Secondary School; Manchester College of Technology 1908-1 1. Employed as an analyst by Crace Calvert & Thomson 191 1 ; W. Gossage & Sons 1912; and Levinstein Ltd 1913. He proceeded to Canada in 1924 to take up a post at the Dye & Chemical Co. of Canada Ltd Kingston where he remained until 1933. On returning to this country he was employed as a chemist by Swallow Coal Distillation (Welbeck) Ltd. Appointed technical assistant at the War Office Supply Board Technical Estab-lishment 1935.He was later transferred to the Ministry of Supply and at the time of his death was a chemist in the Directorate of Explosives and Chemical Production. (A. 1919.) D. 7.1.57. Hector Muir Dawson Wilson. B. 7.5.06. Ed. Queens Park School, Glasgow ; Royal Technical College Glasgow 1924-33 (part-time). Engaged as a junior chemist at Campbell Achnach & Co. Ltd Glasgoiv, in 1924 where he later became senior chemist. Joined the senior staff as chemist of Dunlop Rubber Co. Ltd Manchester in 1933 where he remained until 1936 when he was engaged as a chemist by Strathclyde Paint Co. Ltd Dalmarnock later becoming chief chemist and finally works manager. He went to New Zealand in 1949 to join the staff of James Wren & Co. Ltd Dunedin as chemist and works manager. He took a keen interest in the activities of the Otago Branch of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry and served for several years on the Committee of that body.“He not only earned great respect for his technical knowledge and experience but also he was known by his colleagues for his warm personality his sincerity his ready humour and all those rich human qualities which make his loss so deeply felt.” ( A . 1938.) D. 7.10.56. Arnold Wolf. B. 6.5.05. Ed. Universities of Gottingen (1923), Frankfurt ( 1924-25 1927-29) Freiburg ( 1926) and Stockholm ( 1930). Dr phil. nat. (Frankfurt). Appointed chief chemist and works manager, Victor Wolf Soap Factory Steinau Germany in 1931. Took a similar post at Cussons Sons & Go. Ltd Manchester in 1935. Became chief chemist works manager and technical director of Victor Wolf Ltd, Clayton Manchester in 1937 a position which he held until the time ofhis death.(A. 1946.) D. 13.2.57 19573 THE REGISTER 48 1 Wilfi4d Hatherley Wraight. B. 15.8.08. Ed. Dulwich College, London; Royal School of Mines London 1926-28. B.Sc. He went to India during 1925-26 and gained practical experience in the works of the Tata Iron & Steel Co. He returned to India in 1930 and shortly after was appointed technical representative to Vickers (India) Ltd. Became assistant inspector Inspectorate of Metal and Steel Ishapore, Bengal in 1941. He returned to this country in 1946 and the following year took a post at Vickers and Metropolitan Carriage (S.A.) Ltd, Johannesburg as the technical representative in South Africa of the English Steel Corporation Ltd.At the time of his death he was com-mercial manager of McKechnie Bros. (S.A.) Pty Ltd Germiston, (A. 1930.) D. 9.1 1.56. Douglas Arnold Yoxall. B. 26.2.05. Ed. City and County School, Chester; Sir John Cass Technical Institute 1929-33. BSc. Took a post as laboratory assistant at Monsanto Chemical Works 1924. Ap-pointed assistant chemist at Howards & Sons Ltd in 1929 and later became works production chemist. His next post was chief chemist to John Richardson & Co. (Leicester) Ltd whom he joined in 1954. At the time of his death he was assistant lecturer in chemistry at Leicester Technical College. (A. 1949.) D. 15.12.56. Sylvester Solomon Zilva. B. 14.10.1884. Ed. Berlin Halle and Giessen Universities.Ph.D. (Giessen) D.Sc. (Lond.) . Entered the Lister Institute as a research chemist in 1913 and remained there until his retirement when he had reached the position of head of the medical research unit in nutrition. ( A . 1916 F. 1920.) D. 29.11.1956. THE REGISTER [Bracketed letters indicate Local Sections. For key see page 3523 NEW FELLOWS COOPER Alfred F.I.R.I. F.P.I. (P) NEUBERGER Professor Albert M.D, A.M.I.I.A. (WURZBURG) PH.D. (LOND.) F.R.S. GOODMAN Samuel B.SC. (ENG.) (OG) PURI Balwant Rai B.SC. (LAHORE), (RAND.) M.SC. PH.D. (PANJ.) LUBRAN Myer B.SC. PH.D. M.B. VARADARAJAN Srinivasa M.A. B.SC, B.S. (LOND.) M.R.c.s. L.R.C.P. (MADR.),M.SC. (AND.) PH.D. (DELHI), MAHADEVAN Arumugamangalam PH.D. (CANTAB.) Padmanabha Iyer M.A. B.SC. (MADR.) B.SC.TECH.(BOM.) PH.D. (LOND.) D.I.C. ASSOCIATES ELECTED TO THE FELLOWSHIP ANDERSON Hugh David M.A. B.SC. (OXON.) D.I.C. (LOND.) M.I.CHEM.E. BAKER Brian Patrick B.SC. (LOND.) BELL Douglas Herbert B.SC. (LOND.) BOND Geoffrey Colin B.SC. PH.D. BRADBURN Ernest A.M.c.T., CARMICHAEL Nathaniel B.SC. (MCG.), DRUCE Edward M.SC.TECH. (MANC.), DUCK Edward William M.SC. (LOND.), DR.SC.NAT. (AACHEN) A.F.INST.PET. DURAISAMY Samuel Jayasothy B.SC. (CEYL.) M.SC. (LOND.) D.I.C. (BIRM.) A.M.1NST.F. M.SC. (w. ONT.) A.M.C.T. (OJ) GODIER Alec Leonard B.SC. (LOND.), (P) GODIN George William B.SC. (LOND.) (P) HARVEY Alfred Arthur Bernard, M.SC. (LOND.) Barrister-at-Law (S) HESLOP Richard Beautyman MSC. ( DUNELM.) (J) HUTCHISON Thomas (K) HUTCHISON William Chalmers B.SC., PH.D.(EDIN.) (S) JACKSON Alan B.SC. (DUNELM.) (K) JAMIESON George Rumbold BSC. (LOND.) (Y) JENKINS Aubrey Dennis B.SC. PH.D, (LOND.) (P) JOBLING Alan B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.), A.R.C.S. D.I.C JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY C.JUNE JOHNSON Eric Ian M.SC. (LOND.) JONES Idwal George M.SC. (WALES) KANE Philip Francis B.SC. (LOND.) LAPPERT Michael Franz B.SC. PH.D. LEWIS John Bryn B.SC. (WALES) LOCKE Ronald Stanley B.SC. (BRIST.) LONG Sidney George MULLIN John BSC. (LOND.) PAYNE John Blunden B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) A.R.c.s. M.P.S. PHILLIPS Anthony Rhys B.SC. (WALES) SAYER Frederick George B.SC. (LOND.) (LOND.) SKIDMORE Sydney BSC. PH.D. SMART Jack B.SC. (BIRM.) TAWN Alec Richard Hornsey TAYLOR Reginald David UNWIN David James Douglas B.SC.WALTON Arthur B.SC. PH.D. (LIV.) WATSON Derek B.SC. (LOND.) WEBB Harold William WELCH Geoffrey Arthur BSC. PH.D. (LOND.) A.R.c.s. D.I.C. WYLIE John B.SC. (GLAS.) YOUNG Geoffrey Tyndale M.A. (OXON.) B.SC. (BIRM.) PH.D. (BRIST.) (LOND.) (LOND.) NEW ASSOCIATES ADKINS John Malcolm B.SC. ( LOND.) ALLEN Albert Derrick B.SC. PH.D. BURNS Duncan Thorburn B.SC. DAVIES Noel Hugh B.SC. PH.D. DESAI Surendra Hiralal B.SC., GARNETT Percy Hubert GEORGES Ronald James B.SC. (BRIST.) GHATAK Satyendra Nath M.SC. (AGRA) GOODYEAR Frank Haigh B.SC. (LOND.) GOPALKRISHNAN Bharthur Nara-simha B.SC. (MYS.) M.SC. (BOM.) HAYES Ernest Brian B.SC. (DUNELM.) HOPE Derek Arnold Lewis B.SC., PH.D. (R’DG) HOWE Ralph B.SC. PH.D. (DUNELM.) JONES Anthony Hamilton B.SC.(WALES) (LOND.) ( LEEDS) (WALES) B .SC.TECH. ( BOM .) KEIR William Frame B.SC. (GLAS.) KHAMBATA Banco Scrabji BSC. LLOYD Gordon B.SC. PH.D. (LIV.) LOHANI Basant Kumar B.SC. (AGRA) MATZ Rudolph B.SC. (RAND) MINHAJ Fatima M.SC. ( ALIG.) MITAL Virendra Kumar B.SC., B.PHARM. (RAJPUT.) PH.D. (BERN) PYBUS Mary Bruford B.SC. (LOND.) RAMARRISHNAN Gomaralingam Ven-katraman M.SC. PH.D. (Bonf.) SCHEINMANN Feodor hf.A. (OHIO), B.SC. (LOND.) SHAEI Praftdchandra Chimanlal, M.SC. (BOM.) PH.D. (LIV.) SHUKLA Janardan Prasad xsc. SUBBA RAO Bookinkere Channa-keshavaiah M.SC. (Mys.) PH.D. ( PURDUE) (BOM.) PH.D. (LOND.) (-4LLD.) THOMAS Alan Jeffery BSC. (MANC.) WILLIAMS David John B.SC. (SHEFF.) NEW GRADUATE MEMBERS AUBREY Derek W‘ilfred B.SC.(SHEFF.) BLACKLER Felicia Ann B.SC. (LOND.) DAVIES William Richard B.SC. (WALES) FREEGARDE Michael B.SC. (SHEFF.) GENGE John Arthur Rene MSC. GLOVER Meredith John B.SC. GOURLAY Rachel Hall B.SC. (GLAS.) ( LOND. ) (R’DG) (0) HUGLIN hlalcolm Bernard B.SC., (B) LESLIE James B.SC. (Q.u.B.) (E) MIDDLETON Ronald David B.A. (D) SINCLAIR ROSE Ann Jane Margaret, (F) SMYTH Francis Thomas Bartholo-PH.D. (LIV.) (OXON.) B.SC. (T.c.D.) mew B.SC. (N.u.I.) DEATHS Fellows March 1957 aged 88. F. 1908. 1957 aged 62. F. 1942. DUPRE Louis William. Died 13 (P) HARVEY Arthur. Died 27 April, THOMAS John Sidney Gordon D.SC. (LOND. and WALES) A.R.C.S. Died 11 March 1957 aged 73. A . 1918 F. 1943. (D) Associates BAXTER Andrew A.H.-W.C.Died (P) WOOTTON Fred M.SC. (LONT).). Died 4 March 1957 aged 38. A . 1948. 3 May 1957 aged 74. A . 1919 1957) OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 1957-58 OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 1957-58 483 President WILLIAM WARDLAW c.B.E. D.SC. Vice-Presidem ts HENRY VINCENT AIRD BRISCOE D.SC. A.R.c.s. D.I.c. P.INST.P. RALPH CLARK CHIRNSIDE JOHN IDRIS JONES D.SC. DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES B.SC. PH.D. RONALD GEORGE WREYFORD NORRISH B.A. PH.D. SC.D. F.R,S, ROY BROWN STRATHDEE o.B.E. T.D. M.A. B.SC. PH.D. F.R.S.E. SIR ALEXANDER ROBERTUS TODD M.A. D.PHIL. D.SC. HON. LL.D. F.R.S. Hon. Treasurer HAROLD BURTON PH.D. D.SC. General and District Members of the Council VALENTINE ARMSTRONG B.SC. PH.D, D.I.c. F.INST.F. A.N.Z.I.C. Ouerseas HAROLD FIRTH BAMFORD M.A.London; East Anglia; Thames Valley (1) HAROLD HAYDEN BARBER B.SC. PH.D. East Midlands KENNETH CHARLES BARRACLOUGH B.SC. A.MET. F.I.M. Shefield South Yorkshire and North Midlands ; VINCENT CHRISTOPHER BARRY D.SC. M.R.I.A. F.I.C.I. Dublin and District JAMES BELL PH.D. DSC. Glasgow and West of Scotland NORMAN BOOTH B.SC. PH.D. WILLIAM GORDON CAREY FREDERICK CHALLENGER PH.D. D.SC. F.INST.PET. ERNEST GORDON Cox T.D. D.SC. F.INST.P. F.R.S. SIR ALFRED CHARLES GLYN EGERTON M.A. D.SC. D.TECH. F.INST.P. M.I.CHEM.E. F.R.S. IRVINE JOHN FAULKNER B.SC. PH.D. ROBERT ALBERT ERNEST GALLEY B.SC. PH.D. A.R.c.s. D.I.C. CECIL CHARLES HALL M.SC. PH.D. London; Eat Anglia; Thames Valley (2) THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF HALSBURY EX. F.INST.P. WILLIAM EDWARD HAMER M.SC.North Wales FRANK HARTLEY BSC. PH.D. F.P.S. LEONARD JOHN HAYNES B.SC. PH.D. A.R ERNEST LE QUEsNE HERBERT B.SC. M.I.CHEM.E. M.INST.F. F.IXST.PET. CLIFFORD WALTER HERD B.SC. PH.D. DOUGLAS WILLIAM HILL PH.D. DSC. RONALD HENRY JONES South Wales Cardif and District CHARLES KEMBALL M.A. PH.D. Belfust and District ERIC WILLIAM MILLS R.SC. PH.D. Newcastle upon Tyne and hrorth-East Coast; Tees-side BERNARD WHITLEY ELLIOTT MINIFIE Bristol and District; Mid-Southern Counties; South- Western THOMAS JOHN MORRISON B.SC. PH.D. Aberdeen and North of Scotland; Dundee and District RICHARD ALAN MORTON PH.D. DSC. F.R.S. GEOFFREY OSGOOD M.A. c.1.hmcH.E. Manchester and District GEORGE ROWNTREE RAMAGE PH.D. DSC. F.S.D.C. STANLEY ARTHUR RAY BSC. Birrnincham and Midlands FRED ROBINSON M.SC.Leeds Area; Huddersfield FRANK ROFFEY B.SC. PH.D. HENRY NORMAN RYDON PH.D. D.PHIL. D.SC. A.R.C.S. ROBERT SPENCE c.B. PH.D. DSC. MAURICE STACEY PH.D. DSC. F.R.S. PERCY FREDERICK RONALD VENABLES BSC. PH.D. HARRY WEATHERALL Liverpool and North Western; Cumberland and District; North Lancashire Hull and District WILLIAM MURDOCH GUMMING O.B.E. D.SC. M.I.CHEM.E. F.INST.PET. F.R.S.E. D.I.C. Edinburgh and East of Scotland; Stirlingfhire and District Counties DAVID TRAILL B.SC. PH.D. F.T.I. (District Members of Council are indicated by references in italics to the Local Section(s) within their Districts. 484 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY CJWE CENSORS 1957-58 THE PRESIDENT ex-oficio. SIR HARRY JEPHCOTT KT. GERALD ROCHE LYNCH O.B.E.GEORGE TAYLOR O.B.E. DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES EXAMINERS 1957-58 Examiners for Graduate MembershiP Part I C. C. ADDISON PH.D. DSC. (DUNELM.) F.INST.P.; D. J. G. IVES, PH.D. DSC. (LOND.) A.R.c.s. D.I.c.; F. G. MA" SC.D. (CANTAB.) DSC. (LOND.) F.R.S. Part I1 C. W. DAVIES D.SC. (WALES) ; H. M. N. H. IRVING M.A. D.PHIL. (OXON.); E. E. TURNER, M.A. (CANTAB.) D.SC. (LOND.) F.R.S. Examiners for Diplomas in Applied Chemistry : Branch A.-GENERAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY R. C. CHIRNSIDE; J. HASLAM D.SC. (VIGT.). Branch B.-APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY R. A. MORTON PH.D. D.SC. (LIV.) F.R.S. Branch C.-AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY C. TYLER B.SC. PH.D. (LEEDS). Branch D.-CLINICAL CHEMISTRY E. J. KING M.A. PH.D. (TORONTO) D.SC. (LOND.) ; W. KLYNE, Branch E.-THE CHEMISTRY INCLUDING MICROSCOPY OF FOOD DRUGS AND WATER; D.C. GARRATT, Branch F.-THE CHEMISTRY OF WATER SUPPLIES AND THE TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AND TRADE Branch G.-~NDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY W. PRESTON MSC. PH.D. (LOND.) M,I.CHEM.E. Examiners in M.A. B.SC. (OXON.) PH.D. (EDIN.). B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.); H. E. ARCHER M.R.C.S. (ENG.) L.R.C.P. (LOND.) PH.C. EFFLUENTS; J. G. SHERRATT BSC. (MANC.). the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required. Assistant Examiners A. D. MITCHELL DSC. (LOND.); E. A. W. HEBDON B.SC. (LOND.). Oral Examiners H. V. A. BRISCOE M.SC. (DUNELM.) D.SC. (LOND.) A.R.c.s. D.I.c.; J. R. NICHOLLS, c.B.E. DSC. (LOND.). HON. AUDITORS 1957-58 DENYS IRVINE COOMBER B.SC. PH.D. CHARLES SIMONS B.SC. PH.D. A.R.c.s. D.I.c. Barrister-at-Law. AUDITORS 1957-58 MESSRS.J. Y. FINLAY ROBERTSON & CO. Chartered Accountants. ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS SECRETARY AND REGISTRAR HAROLD JoHANN THOMAS ELLINGHAM B.SC. PH.D. A.R.C.S. M.I.cHEM.E. F.I.M. F.R.I.C. ASSISTANT SECRETARY (ADMINISTRATIVE) DENIS ALEN ARNOLD F.C.I.S. ASSISTANT SECRETARY (SCIENTIF'IC) FREDERICK WILLIAM GIBBS PH.D. D.SC., F.R.I.C. ASSISTANT REGISTRAR LEONARD WILTON WINDER Finance Officer JOHN FREDERICK HARDING A.C.I.S 19571 COMMITTEE AND REPRESENTATIVES FOR 195 7- 58 485 COMMITTEES FOR 1957-58 (Committees and Sub-Committees for membership of which only present Members of the Council are eligible are marked with an arterisk.) *Finance and House Committee THE PRESIDENT THE HON. TREASURER (CHAIRMAN) DR N. BOOTH DR I. J. FAULKNER THE EARL OF HALSBURY DR F.HARTLEY MR E. LE Q. HERBERT DR C. W. HERD DR J. IDRIS JONES DR D. W. KENT-JONES MR G. OSGOOD, WITH MR D. A. ARNOLD AS SECRETARY. Benevolent Fund Committee THE PRESIDENT THE HON. TREASURER (CHAIRMAN) MISS E A M BRADFORD MRD M FREELAND PROFESSORC H GRAY MRE M HAWKINS DR H. J. T. ELLINGHAM (HoN. SECRETARY OF THE FUND) WITH MR D. A. ARNOLD AS SECRETARY. DX A. J.' v. UNDERWOOD THE MEMBERS bF THE FINANC~ AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: *Professional Status Committee THE PRESIDENT (CHAIRMAN) DR J. BELL DR N. BOOTH, DR W. M. GUMMING o B E. DR I J FAULKNER DR R A E GALLEY DR C C HALL, GOOD WITH MR D. A. ARNOLD AS SECRETARY. DR F. HARTLEY DR d. W.* HERD '~1; J. IDRIS J O ~ E S DK D'. w. KENT-J~NES 'MA G. os-H. v. A. BRISCOE (VICE-CHAIRMAN) THE &HER HON.OFFICERS AND MEMBEI~ OF THE *Membership Committee THE PRESIDENT MR R C CHIRNSIDE (CHAIRMAN) PROFESSOR COUNCIL WITH MR L. W. WINDER AS SECRETARY. Sub-Committees reporting to the Membership Committee :-*Examinations Board THE CHAIRMAN OF THE MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE PROFESSOR W. WARDLAW (CHAIR~N) DR N BOOTH PROFESSOR H. V A. BRISCOE DR F. HARTLEY AS SECRETARY. Sub-committee on Indian and Pakistani Applications THE CHAIRMAN OF THE MEMBER-SHIP COMMITTEE MR H. KRALL (CHAIRMAN) MR A. A. ELDRIDGE DR C. FORRESTER K-I-H. DR SRI KRISHNA c.I.E. WITH MR L. W. WINDER AS SECRETARY. Sub-Committee for Oral Examinations PROFESSOR H. V. A. BRISCOE (CHAIRMAN) DR J. R. NICHOLLS C.B.E. (VICE-CHAIRMAN) ONE OR MORE MEMBERS OF THE MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE WITH MR L. W. WINDER AS SECRETARY.Sub-committee on Exempting Qualifications PROFESSOR H. V. A. BRISCOE (CHAIRMAN), PROFESSOR H. BURTON MR H. H. CAMPBELL MR R. C. CHIRNSIDE DR J. F. J. DIPPY, PROFESSOR W. WARDLAW c.B.E. DR G. E. WATTS WITH MR L. W. WINDER AS SECRETARY. DR E. w. MILLS ~RoFkssoR R. G. w. ~VORRISH F.R.S.. DR G. R. AMAGE ~RoFEssorl H. N. RYDON DR P. F. R. VENABLES WITII THE EXAMINERS AND WITH MR L. W. WINDER Institutions Committee THE PRESIDENT PROFESSOR H. V. A. BRISCOE (CHAIRMAN) DR H. H. BARBER DR J. BELL PROFESSOR H. BURTON DR J. F. J. DIPPY DR I. J. FAULKNER DR C. C. HALL DR G. R. RAMAGE DR R. B. STRATHDEE o.B.E. MR E. J. VAUGHAN DR P. F. R. VENABLES WITH MR L. W. WINDER AS SECRETARY. Education Trust Fund Committee THE PRESIDENT (ALSO AS CHAIRMAN OF THE EDUCATION COMMIT-TEE) DR D.W. KENT-JONES (CHAIRMAN) THE HON. TREASURER DR I. J. FAULKNER, DR F. HARTLEY MR E. LE Q. HERBERT DR C. W. HERD (AS CHAIRMAN OF THE PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE) DR D. TRAILL WITH DR H. J. T. ELLINGHAM AS SECRETARY. *Publications Committee THE PRESIDENT DR C. W. HERD (CHAIRMAN) DR V. C. BARRY, MR W. G. CAREY PROFESSOR F. CHALLENGER DR W. M. GUMMING o.B.E. PROFESSOR SIR ALFRED EGERTON F.R.s. DR D. W. HILL DR J. IDRIS JONES PROFESSOR C. KEMBALL, PROFESSOR R. A. MORTON F.R.s. PROFESSOR R. G. W. NORRISH F.R.s. DR R.B STRATHDEE, Education Committee THE PRESIDENT (CHAIRMAN) MR K. C. BARRACLOUGH PROFESSOR H V A BRISCOE PROFESSOR F CHALLENGER DR H CORDINGLEY PROFESSOR E. G. COX DR. E. W. MILLS MR G. H. MOORE MISS M. OLLIVER DR J. H. SKELLON DR R. B. STRATH-DEE o.B.E. MR E.J. VAUGHAN DR P. F. R. VENABLES WITH CO-OPTED SCIENCE MASTERS AND SCIENCE MISTRESSES AND WITH DR F. W. GIBBS AS SECRETARY. o.B.E. DR P. F. R. VENABLES WITH DR F. W. GIBBS AS SECRETARY. F.& D R W. M. CGMMING A . E . DR J. F. J. ~IPPY,'MR w. E. HAMI~R MR R. H. JONES: REPRESENTATIVES ON JOINT COMMITTEES The Chemical Council (for 1957) THE HON TREASURER DR J. IDRIS JONES MR L. M. MIALL, The Joint Library Committee (for 1957) MR A. L. BACHARACH MR H. W. CREMER c.B.E., The Joint Council of Professional Scientists THE HON. TREASURER MR E. J. VAUGHAN, Joint Committees on National Certificates: MR E. J. VAUGIIAN. DR J. H. SKELLON MR E. J. VAUGHAN. THE SECRETARY. (a) With the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) PROFESSOR H. V. A. BRISCOE. MR R. C. CHIRNSIDE DR J.F. J. DIPPY MR E. J. VAUGHAN PROFESSOR W. WARDLAW, (b) With the Scottish Education Department DR J. BELL DR W. A. CALDWELL DR J. K. GRANT DR D. TRAILL (DR R. B. STRATHDEE o.B.E. IS CHAIRMAN). ( c ) With the Ministry of Edmcation (Northern Ireland) DR T. CAUGHEY PROFESSOR C. KEMBALL. C.B.E 486 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY Joint Committee of the Institute and the Association of Public Analysts DR C. W. HERD, DR J. IDRIS JONES DR J. R. NICHOLLS c.B.E. DR K. A. WILLIAMS THE SECRETARY. Joint Committee of the Institute and the Association of Clinical Biochemists DR A. J. AMOS Joint Consultative Committee of the Institute and the British Association of Chemists MEM-BERS OF THE PROFESSIONAL STATUS COMMITTEE TO BE APPOINTED AS AND WHEN REQUIRED., Joint Committee on Films as Aids in the Teaching of Chemistry DR H. CORDINGLEY DR J. H. SKELLON. PROFESSOR C. H. GRAY PROFESSOR R. A. MORTON F.R.s. THE SECRETARY. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES Parliamentary and Scientific Committee THE PRESIDENT THE SECRETARY. The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1953) Statutory Appointment DR G. ROCHE The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act Northern Ireland 1955) DR C. L. WILSON. Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act 1925 PROFESSOR D. H. Ministry of Health Technical Committee on Sewage and Sewage Efiiuents MR W. G. CAREY. British National Committee for Biochemistry (Royal Society) PROFESSOR C. H. GRAY. British National Committee for Chemistry (Royal Society) MR R. C. CHIRNSIDE. British National Committee of the World Power Conference DR J. G. KING O.B.E. Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution MR H. W. CREMER C.B.E. British Biological Stains Commission PROFESSOR W. BRADLEY. Corday-Morgan Memorial Executive THE PRESIDENT THE IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT. The Court of the University of Exeter DR F. D. M. HOCKING. The Court of the University of Hull MR R. S. HOWARD. The Court of the University of Nottingham MR C. F. WARD. The Court of the Manchester College of Science and Technology DR M. BARAK. National Council for Awards in Technology Board of Studies in Technologies other than Governing Body of the National College of Food Technology MISS M. OLLIVER. Governing Body of the National College for Leather DR E. H. RODD. Governing Body of the Brunel College of Technology (Acton) MR R. C. CHIRNSIDE. Governing Body of Darlington Technical College DR A. R. MARTIN, Governing Body of the Hackney Technical College MR H. W. VERNON. Governing Body of the Norwood Technical College MR S. G. E. STEVENS. Governing Body of the Welsh College of Advanced Technology (Cardiff) DR. N. B. DYSON. Advisory Committee of the City and Guilds of London Institute:-LYNCH O.B.E. HEY F.R.S. Engineering DR J W. COOK F.R.S. Oils Fats and Waxes MR W. H. SIMMONS. Dyeing of Textiles DR H. H. HODGSON. Laboratory Technicians Work MR R. C. ROGERS MR R. F. W. SELMAN DR J. H. SKELLON. Chemical Trades Advisory Committee and the Chemical Trades Examination Board of the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes DR D. W. HILL. East Anglian Regional Advisory Committee for Further Education Science Sub-committee: DR J. W. CORRAN. Merseyside District Science Advisory Committee MR H. WEATHERALL. Regional Advisory Council for the Organisation of Further Education in the East Midlands, Advisory Panel for the Chemical Industry MR S. W. ATHERLEY MR R. BETTERIDGE. Regional Advisory Council for Further Education for the South-West Science Advisory Com-mittee MR E. G. WHITTLE. Regional Advisory Council for Higher Technological Education London and Home Counties, Advisory Committee for Applied Chemistry DR N. BOOTH. Southern Regional Council for Further Education Science Advisory Committee MR H. L. G. BOOT MR L. C. THOMAS. West Midlands Advisory Council for Technical Commercial and Art Education Advisory Committee for Applied Chemistry MR E. G. K. PRITCHETT. Yorkshire Council for Further Education County Advisory Committee for Chemistry DR W. CULE DAVIES MR E. J. MILES MK J. N. SIBSON DR W. B. WADDINGTON. Scientsc Film Association Appraisals Committee DR H. I. STONEHILL; Science Committee, Associated Examining Boards DR N. BOOTH. L.C.C. Youth Employment Service Careers Advisory Section Advisory Sub-Committee: Crossways Trust Ltd THE HON. TREASURER AND THE SECRETARY. Professional Classes Aid Council THE SECRETARY, committees of the British Standards Institution are not included in the above list. MR D. M. FREELAND. DR F. W. GIBBS. Representatives on advisory committees for science of individual technical colleges and on technica

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JI9578100413

出版商:RSC    

年代:1957

数据来源: RSC