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Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. October 1955 |
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Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry,
Volume 79,
Issue October,
1955,
Page 501-544
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摘要:
WHAT MEDICINE OWES TO CHEMISTRY The two technologies of most importance to mankind are surely the two oldest agriculture and medicine. And lest any medical colleague take umbrage at our applying to his calling a word more frequently associated with the building of bridges or the weaving of textiles we would insist that no chemist today would think of using the word technology in a pejorative sense. To him the word itself is in fact ethically neutral, meaning simply the application of much science and some art to practical ends. The virtue of any particular technology will be determined by the nobility of those ends. In the two senior technologies then it map once more be emphasised not only that chemistry is an essential con-stituent but that biology also is indispensable to both of them.Indeed, it seems pretty clear that the greatest advances in each have been just those in which chemistry and biology-of plants as well as of animals, including man-have acted and re-acted on one another as reciprocating stimuli. Each has posed questions to the other and taken the answers, after due metamorphosis into its own special corpus of knowledge. Each has learned from the other’s methods as well as from the other’s achievements and this applies no less to methods of thought than to methods of experiment. This cross-fertilisation with its accompaniment of the phenomenon called heterosis by biologists-but known to simpler mortals as hybrid vigour-passes unrecognised by the biologist no less and probably also no more frequently than by the chemist.There is some consolation to be got from the thought that both of them thus share a human weakness, and each should therefore the more readily be prepared to applaud and to understand and perhaps even to accept when he cannot understand, the results got by the other. When this happens it should be an occasion for satisfaction to both and that is one reason among several why we especially welcome certain passages in the Report of the Medical Research Council 1953-1954 (Cmd. 9506. As has become standard practice during the last few years the Report, after the usual introductory matter puts all its most generally interesting eggs into the first basket. This consists of 32 pages under the general title “Some Aspects of Medical Research,” which to quote the Report’s own words “includes some discussion of general trends in medical research often from a broader standpoint than that of the contributions made by work within the Council’s own programme.” After this review there follow more detailed descriptions of the Council’s own Establish-ments and Committees and Fellowships and Scholarships and of the research for which the Council is wholly or partly responsible as well as the usual index of personal names and of institutions.No attempt is made to provide a subject index and this is a correct decision for subject matter is nearly always implicit in the name of the laboratory where particular lines of research are being followed. The opening pages are meant to be read consecutively not being in any sense provided “for reference” only.They contain fascinating and all too brief accounts of 50 1 H.M. Stationery Office 7s. 6d.) 502 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITCJTE OF CHEMISTRY some recent brilliant achievements in the field of tissue culture in pre-venting the blindness of premature infants and in the treatment and fundamental understanding of pernicious and other forms of megaloblastic anaemia; these are three of the eleven major subjects treated. And of the eleven sections the first is one that chemists will read with most satisfaction-sufficient we hope to cause them to forgive these animad-versions to which it has directly given rise. This section is headed “Modern Trends in Chemotherapy”; more especially are we calling attention to some general observations made at its end (p.8). We cannot we believe do better than quote them in full. “Emphasis has been laid on the biological aspects of modern chemo-therapeutic research but the contribution that is needed from the organic chemist is greater than ever. The chemist is needed now not merely to use his intuition in the supply of new compounds for test but as a full and equal scientific partner in a systematic research. The task of the biologist and biochemist is to provide the clues for new advance; the intellectual approach and special skill of the chemist are required in order that these clues should be followed up to advantage. No greater benefit could accrue to chemotherapy than a fuller realisation by chemists that modern bio-logical research has converted it into a subject worthy of their best endeavours and one from which they may expect to gain true intellectual satisfaction.” Tacitly if not explicitly the Institute is already adapting itself to the state of affairs so generously described by these medical research experts, by an increasing recognition both of the fundamentally chemical basis of biochemistry and of the biochemist’s reasonable claim to achieve during his training the same degree of specialisation as say the chemical engineer or the metallurgical chemist.It is clear that if he is to co-operate with the biologist as effectively as the Medical Research Council’s spokesman obviously thinks he can and should he will more than ever need to have provided for him adequate biological knowledge and sufficient of the “biological approach” for a common understanding of problems to transcend all differences of outlook and technique between him and his biological collaborators.There are clear signs that the current re-orientation of Institute thinking about such matters as admission and qualification are taking into account these new hut now patently emergent trends. A. L. B. DEATH OF MR R. B. PILCHER It is with great regret that we report the death of Mr R. B. Pilcher o.B.E., F.c.I.s. HON. F.R.I.c. formerly Registrar and Secretary at his home in Northwood on 1 October aged 81. An appreciation of Mr Pilcher’s long service to the profession will be included in the November issue SCHOOLS OF CHEMISTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN AND 1RELAND XX-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOUTH WALES AND MONMOUTHSHIRE, CARDIFF By N.M. CULLINANE DSC. PH.D. F.R.I.G. Senior Lecturer in Chemistry In the year 1880 a Departmental Committee was formed by the Government of W. E. Gladstone “to enquire into the present condition of Intermediate and Higher Education in Wales and to recommend measures . . . for improving and supplementing the provision that is now or might be made available for such education in the Principality.” Among other matters the report which was issued in the following year, recommended the establishment of one College in Glamorgan for South Wales but did not specify where it should be located. At once Cardiff and Swansea became rival claimants for the College. A public meeting was held on 11 January 1882 in Cardiff as a result of which a memorial was sent to the Board of Education calling attention to the special claim of the Borough of Cardiff.The Marquis of Bute promised E 10,000 if Cardiff were chosen as the centre and the Corporation agreed to provide a site for the College. After discussion with those who favoured Swansea it was agreed that the choice should be determined by arbitration; on 7 March 1883 by a unanimous decision of the Arbi-tration Committee Cardiff was chosen to be the centre of University education in South Wales. In the event it was not until nearly 40 years later that the University College of Swansea came into being. With the solution of the problem of location events now moved rapidly; the University College was opened on 23 October 1883 just a year before its Charter was granted by Queen Victoria.Lord Aberdare was elected President and John Viriamu Jones a physicist and mathe-matician of distinction was appointed first Principal at 27 years of age. A general holiday was proclaimed and Cardiff was filled with visitors from the surrounding districts including the mining valleys of Aberdare and Rhondda. The miners’ leader W. Abraham M.P. claimed that they all thirsted to drink deep the waters of the Pierian spring and in fact, since that time a large proportion of the students have come from the mining valleys of South Wales. A procession was led by the Mayor from the City Hall to the College which was formerly the Infirmary building; the streets were thronged with people and the windows and balconies crowded with citizens.Almost immediately after its foundation the question of a suitable motto arose. The President’s suggestion of the Lucretian quotation, Juuat integros accedere fontes was accepted and shortly afterwards the 503 The opening day was one of great activity in the town 504 JOURNAL OY ‘IHh ROYAL INS’I’I’I’UTE OF CHEMISTRY LOCI. Welsh motto Nerth gwlad ei gwybodau (the strength of a country is in its learning) was also inscribed on the College seal. Seven professors three lecturers and one demonstrator were appointed, including Claude Metford Thompson in Chemistry. At first students were prepared for the degree examinations of the University of London, and it was not until 1893 that the Charter of the University of Wales was granted by the Queen and it became possible for Wales to confer its own degrees.Accommodation was at first very limited the students being housed partly in the Infirmary building and partly in wooden huts at the rear. Thae are still occupied though fortunately not by the Chemistry Depart-ment. In the College’s first year there were 151 students 50 of whom were taking Chemistry. Thompson had studied at University College, London where he had been a fellow-student and room-mate of Viriamu Jones. Later he had carried out research with Claisen at Bonn and Victor Meyer at Zurich. His heavy departmental duties in Cardiff did not allow him much opportunity for research (he gave most of the lectures in the Department himself) ; nevertheless he devoted muchof his spare time, when not mountaineering (he was a member of the Alpine Club) to the study of the rare earths.Many of his old students will recall the sight in his room in College of large evaporating dishes containing unattractive-looking liquids which had to be replenished with water regularly every morning. He found time however to publish a book on practical chemistry in collaboration with his colleague J. T. Cundall who after-wards went to the Edinburgh Academy. During Viriamu Jones’s last illness Thompson became Acting-Principal and held this post during the interregnum before the new Principal E. H. Griffiths was appointed, Thompson was a member of a well-known and popular Cardiff family; two of his cousins Charles and Herbert Thompson each married to one of his sisters were accorded the honour of being made freemen of the city.A third cousin J. Pyke Thompson was a generous benefactor of the National Museum of Wales to which he bequeathed his house and collection of paintings. Claude Thompson was a man of attractive personality kind-hearted generous and considerate to his colleagues ; his devoted service to the Department College and University was recognised in 1928 when he was awarded the honorary D.SC. of the University of Wales. Thompson’s staff included J. T. Cundall J. W. James G. S. Turpin, who had the distinction of having a reaction named after him viz. the preparation of nitrodiphenylamines by the action of nitrochlorobenzenes on amines in the presence of alkali; and R. D. Abell afterwards Professor of Chemistry at Bradford Technical College.E. P. Perman joined the staff in 1892 coming from University College London where he had worked with Sir William Ramsay. Research was his chief interest and during the 40 years of. his stay in Cardiff he carried out a series of researches with the aid of a long line of student collaborators. His work included a study of the ammonia synthesis and his accurate determination of the density of the gas resulted in the improved value of 14.007 for the atomic weight of nitrogen. Muc 19551 XX-UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CARDIFF 505 of his work consisted of studies of phase equilibria in reciprocal salt pairs, on which he published many papers in the Journal ofthe Chemical Society. Perman was a man of unassuming disposition and seemed at his happiest in the midst of his researches.He was also noted as a popular lecturer, his dry humour being much appreciated on these occasions. He became Assistant Professor in 1904. His chief recreations were music climbing and motoring throughout the Welsh countryside. On Thompson’s retirement in 192 1 William Jacob Jones was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry. As a research student he had collaborated brilliantly with Orton at University College Bangor in his investigations on the halogenation of anilides and he afterwards worked with Lapworth in Manchester on equilibria in esterification and the mechanism of catalytic reactions. His wide knowledge and interest in many branches of chemistry enabled him to pursue research in Cardiff on a variety of topics which included triphenylmethyl (with S.T. Bowden) organo-metallic compounds (with W. Cule Davies and others) viscosity adsorp-tion and vapour pressure. He was a first-class mathematician a keen amateur astronomer and an excellent linguist. Visitors to his room in College were often intrigued to notice in a prominent position on his bookshelves a volume entitled Teach Yourself Chinese. In both wars his academic work was interrupted by military service. In the first war he served with the Expeditionary Force in France and in the second he spent two years in charge of a Bomb Disposal Unit of the Royal Engineers. The staff was small in numbers and the departmental duties were arduous; for in addition to courses for students of pure science chemistry courses for engineering mining medical and pharmacy students were all given in the Department of Chemistry.At the peak period of 1946, when student numbers in the Department were not far short of 450 his staff consisted of four lecturers. Jones though naturally a shy man was affable with his intimates. Slow to reach a decision once he had made up his mind he was very difficult to budge. Like Thompson and Perman he was also keen on the out-door life. Indeed he was often known to set off for the Continent at a moment’s notice accompanied by the minimum of luggage where he wandered for long periods during the summer vacations. H. L1. Bassett came to Cardiff shortly after the first war to take charge of the organic section; during the last war he acted as Senior Gas Adviser for Wales. Soon after the start of the last war accommodation was provided in the Chemistry Department for the College of the Pharmaceutical Society, King’s College of Household Science and a section of the Ministry of Supply evacuated to Cardiff.While this caused considerable congestion and reorganisation of classes friendly relations were at once established with Dr W. H. Linnell Professor C. K. Tinkler and their colleagues as well as the staff of the Ministry and these persisted throughout their stay. Our contacts with our wartime guests were a source of great mutual interest and value. The present lecturing staff consists of Dr A. G. Evans who arrived as Professor from Manchester in 1951 and has continued his research o 506 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY reaction mechanisms in which he is ably assisted by Dr J.H. Thomas and Dr J. W. Bayles whose individual interests lie in gas reactions and equilbrium properties of non-aqueous solutions respectively. Dr S. T. Bowden whose textbook on The Phase Rule is well known was Jones’s first research student. In addition to his work on free radicals he has also studied heats of vaporisation which has led to the development of the lyoparachor. Dr N. M. Cullinane has continued his investigations of heterocyclic systems part of which was carried out in collaboration with H. G. Davey o.B.E. now works general manager of the Plutonium Factory at Sellafield Cumberland and (with S. J. Chard) on the catalytic action ofalumina and titanic chloride in organic synthesis. Dr N. Thorne is engaged upon a study of derivatives of ethylene.More recent arrivals are Dr G. 0. Phillips a Research Fellow from Harwell and Dr J. W. Whittle from Manchester via the University of California. The accommodation available in Thompson’s day had been very meagre and steps were taken shortly after the first war to remedy this situation. William Tatem Lord Glanely became President of the College in 1920 and almost immediately the College Council appealed for funds for a Building Extension Scheme. In a few years sufficient money was raised most of it provided by Lord Glanely himself to enable the Tatem Chemical and Physical Laboratories to be completed in 1928. These were formally opened by the Prince of Wales in the following year. Thus was the congestion in the Chemistry Department greatly relieved, and the benefit was further increased by the erection of the Shandon Extension containing extra laboratories and lecture theatres which was opened in September 1954.The building was named after Lord Glanely’s son who died as a young man. After 70 years the Department of Chemistry is now provided with well-equipped laboratories and lecture rooms with excellent facilities for teaching and research. The author is indebted to present and former colleagues for much relevant information and also to the following works Trow and Brown, A Short History o f the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire; K. Viriamu Jones Li$e of J . Viriamu Jonef; and 1). Emrys Evans The Uninersit? of I.1 ‘nles. Errata (1) G. Popjak Chemistry Biochemistry and Isotojic Tracer Technique.L. M. & R. 1955 No. 2. Certain minor accidents occurred in three of the figures. On p. 24 (11) has slipped from its correct position against the top formula, isooctane. On p. 41 Fig. 17 the methine bridge carbons between rings C and D have been omitted in the first two structures. On p. 46 formula (XLV) has been repeated as formula (LIV). In the latter the side-chains at positions A3 and B3 should have been -CH,-CH and not -CH=CH,. (2) In line 5 of the obituary of William Francis ( J . 495),for 1902 rmd 1892 THE CHEMIST AND HIS WORK XXI-THE UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY By ROBERT SPENCE c.B. D.SC. PH.D. F.R.I.C. Chief Chemist Research Group A.E. R. E. Harwell The Atomic Energy industry as we know it at present is based primarily on the process of nuclear fission discovered in 1939 by Hahn and Strass-man.At first sight it might seem remarkable that a nuclear physical phenomenon of prime importance should be discovered by chemists but when it is remembered that practically all nuclear changes are accom-panied by chemical change it becomes less surprising. The atomic energy project was therefore in the beginning a joint enterprise of nuclear physicists and radiochemists. As it developed on an industrial scale other kinds of physicists and chemists engineers metallurgists and chemical engineers also became involved. Recently some writers have even gone so far as to say that atomic energy technology is now essentially one of chemistry metallurgy and engineering.This is probably an exaggeration but it does draw attention to the importance of chemistry and metallurgy. The Atomic Energy Authority was created to foster research in nuclear science and related subjects to develop civil applications of nuclear energy to produce fissile material for weapons and to develop new and improved weapons. It is controlled by a Board consisting of the Chair-man Sir Edwin Plowden the heads of the constituent Groups the member for Finance and Administration Sir Donald Perrott and three part-time members namely Lord Cherwell Sir Luke Fawcett and Sir Ivan Stedde-ford. The London headquarters is comparatively small and is largely concerned with matters of policy finance and administration. The technical programme of the Authority is carried out in three main Groups.The Research Group under Sir John Cockcroft is centred at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell and there are outstations at Amersham and Woolwich. Most of the basic research work as well as long-range technical development and the production and marketing of radio-isotopes is carried out by the Research Group. Industrial pro-duction of fissile material and the construction of large-scale prototype power reactors is undertaken by the Industrial Group under the direction of Sir Christopher Hinton. The administrative headquarters and design office of this Group are situated at Risley near Warrington and there are outlying factories at Springfields near Preston (uranium metal) Capen-hurst in Cheshire (diffusion plant) and Windscale in Cumberland (plutonium).In addition there are two new sites for reactors that will produce ‘military’ plutonium and at the same time electrical power; one of these is at Calder Hall near Windscale and the other is near Annan in Dumfriesshire; finally there is a site shared jointly with the Research Group at Dounreay near Wick in Caithness where a prototype fast reactor and certain chemical plants are to be built. 50 508 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT The Weapons Group (Director Sir William Penney) is responsible for the production of the essential nuclear portion of atomic weapons and for the development of new types. The main laboratories are at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Aldermaston Berkshire but there are a number of associated laboratories and trials stations elsewhere.I t is difficult to describe adequately the role of the chemist in such a widespread organisation in a short article. In general he is employed as a basic research worker a technologist or an analyst. Most of the chemists in the Research Group and in the Weapons Group are employed in grades almost exactly parallel to the so-called White Paper grades of the Scientific Civil Service and there are only a few in the industrial chemist grades. The situation in the Industrial Group is however, considerably more complicated. Under the former Ministry of Supply organisation analytical services to atomic energy factories were supplied by the Chief Chemical Inspector. Since the formation of the Authority, the analytical laboratories have become part of a Chemical Services Department under the Production Branch of the Industrial Group.The Production Branch also employs considerable numbers of chemists as plant operators and managers in grades corresponding to the industrial chemist grades of the Ministry of Supply. In addition to these tMio fields of employment the Industrial Group has a large and growing Research and Development Branch with laboratories at all the factory sites as well as a large metallurgical laboratory at Culcheth near Warrington. Although most of the staff have been recruited in the White Paper scientific grades the proportion of industrial chemist and engineer grades is con-siderably higher than that prevailing in the Research Group. In all, therefore there are five main channels of employment for chemists, namely Research Group Weapons Group Chemical Services Depart-ment Factory Operations and Research and Development Branch of the Industrial Group.Chemists at Harwell were originally to be found only in the Chemistry Division They were concerned mainly with the development of the chemical process to be applied in the separation of plutonium from irra-diated uranium at Windscale with the chemical methods required for the control and analysis of radioactive effluents with obtaining essential chemical data required for the design of piles and with the production of radio-isotopes from pile-irradiated material by chemical methods. This phase gradually gave place to one of increasing technical and scientific specialisation.The Chemical Engineering Division was formed to carry process development to the pilot plant stage and to carry out basic studies in the chemical engineering field. An Industrial Chemistry Group was set up within the Engineering Division to be responsible for control and disposal of all effluents from the Establishment. Production of radio-isotopes was taken over by a newly-formed Isotope Division and by the Radiochemical Centre Amersham. The Chemistry Division today is consequently more concerned with basic chemical studies and with the early stages of technical development. There are three groups within the Chemistry Division with fairly clear-cut technical objectives and a number of groups with essentiall 19551 THE UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY 509 scientific objectives.This scheme has been in operation for about seven years and has worked out very well. The technical groups consist of the Reactor Chemistry Group the Chemical Processing Group and the Fission Product Technology Group. Nearly all nuclear reactors involve some chemical problems but there are certain kinds notably homo-geneous reactors that are based primarily on fluid chemical systems. The Reactor Chemistry Group is responsible for chemical studies on such systems and is especially concerned with work on the homogeneous aqueous reactor. This consists of a core containing a solution of uranyl sulphate *35U or 233U in heavy water surrounded by a blanket containing, for example a slurry of thoria in heavy water the whole operating at high temperature and pressure.After a reactor has been in operation for some time which may vary greatly with the type of reactor the ‘fuel’ must be withdrawn for chemical processing. The large solvent extraction plant at Windscale was designed to take fuel elements from conventional natural uranium reactors but the new civil power reactors of the future will require the cheapest and simplest form of chemical processing that can be devised. I t is the function of the Chemical Processing Group to explore novel methods, such as slagging liquid metal and fused salt extraction and other high temperature procedures. Finally reactors and associated chemical plants produce enormous quantities of by-product radioactivity in the form of fission-product wastes.It is important to know how to separate the commercially useful fission products such as 137Cs and 90Sr from these wastes and also how to dispose safely of the unwanted residue. Such problems are studied by the Fission Product Technology Group. Naturally all three of these technical groups work in very close colla-boration with the Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy Divisions at Harwell and with the Research and Development laboratories of the Industrial Group. Co-ordination is achieved through innumerable committees and working parties. The scientific groups which generally support the work of the technical chemistry groups comprise the Heavy Elements Chemistry Fission Chemistry General Radiochemistry Radiation Chemistry Organic Chemistry Analytical Chemistry and Emission Spectroscopy Groups.There is in addition a Preparative Group which undertakes special preparations mainly for the Physics Divisions. Certain groups such as the Analytical Group occupy a separate building whereas others occupy laboratories in larger buildings. The laboratories are well equipped with standard types of apparatus and there are many notable pieces of special equipment such as the 2 MV Van de Graaff electrostatic generator the 1,000 curie cobalt source a 21 ft. plane grating spectro-graph a precision calorimeter infra-red and X-ray apparatus including a Guinier type X-ray camera several types of a-ray pulse analysers and y-ray spectrometers automatic counting equipment the original square-wave polarograph and so on. There is also a pneumatic tube “Rabbit” service which delivers samples direct to the radiochemical and analytical laboratories after a timed exposure in BEPO and the cyclotron and linear ac-celerators operated by the Physics Divisions are also accessible to the chemists 510 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT As already mentioned chemists are no longer confined to the Chem-istry Division but are scattered throughout the whole Establishment.The Engineering Services Metallurgy Chemical Engineering and Medical Divisions have their own analytical service sections. There is a Chemical Section in the General Physics Division which forms part of the Electro-magnetic Separator Group; the Health Physics Division has its own radiochemical laboratory; and there is the Industrial Chemistry Group in the Engineering Services Division which as already mentioned, operates the effluent service and also provides chemical control and routine analytical services within the Engineering Divisions.The disposal of radioactive waste is a highly complicated matter calling for the greatest care and efficiency. In spite of the large quantity of radioactive material on the site the purity of the effluent mixing with the Thames water at the weir at Sutton Courtenay is such that a person could safely drink the water coming over the weir for as long as he wished. The chemical aspects of the work of the Metallurgy Chemical Engineering and Isotope Divisions and of the Radiochemical Centre, Amersham constitute together’ an effort considerably greater than that of the Chemistry Division itself.Chemical problems studied in the Metallurgy Division include the production and properties of metals and ceramics corrosion and physical chemistry of the solid state. The Chemical Engineering Division works in close collaboration with the Technical Groups of Chemistry Division developing selected processes on the pilot plant scale besides covering a wider field ranging from basic studies of transfer processes to ore dressing and production of certain raw materials. Most of the chemical processing for the commercial production of radio-isotopes such as 32P and 1311 which until recently was carried out by the Isotope Division at Harwell has now been transferred to the Radiochemical Centre Amersham leaving the Isotope Division free to concentrate on development work.New applications of isotopes are constantly being worked out in collaboration with Industry and with medical and biological research laboratories and new methods of production of the less accessible isotopes are being studied at the same time. The Radiochemical Centre Amersham is principally concerned with the production and marketing of the commercially established iso-topes that require chemical processing and with the synthesis of labelled compounds. The organic laboratory of the Centre has achieved con-siderable success in the production of a wide range of labelled compounds by chemical and bio-synthetic methods and the Isotope Division and the R.C.C. Amersham now supply between them the greater part of the world trade in radio-isotopes.When the Atomic Energy Authority was constituted the former Atomic Energy laboratories of the Chief Chemical Inspector Ministry of Supply were taken over by the Industrial Group with the exception of the Woolwich and Chatham laboratories which ultimately became outstations of Harwell. As part of the Analytical Chemistry Group of the Chemistry Division they now supply a much needed extension to the analytical resources of the Establishment. The Woolwich laboratorie 19551 THE UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY 51 1 are well equipped for radiochemical and spectrographic work and have built up a reputation for excellence in these fields. Parallel with and complementary to the laboratories of the Research Group are similar laboratories belonging to the Research and Develop-ment Branch of the Industrial Group.They are responsible firstly for dealing with problems arising in the operation of existing plants and for exploring possible improvements. Secondly they are responsible for the development work associated with new plants actually under design by the Industrial Group work up to that point usually having been done by the Research Group and thirdly they contribute to many projects still formally with the Research Group either to get early experience of a future design project or because they can contribute special skills or facilities. The different laboratories have tended to develop along individual lines. Chemical investigations at the Metallurgical Labora-tories at Culcheth tend to be on the separation and purification of some of the less common non-radioactive elements.The Springfields labora-tories have extensive experience of solvent extraction methods for the purification of uranium from ores and ore concentrates and of the dry processes leading to uranium metal. The most highly radioactive work is done at Windscale in connection with the development of processes for the extraction and purification of plutonium uranium and fission products from irradiated reactor fuel elements and similar work will be done at the new fast reactor site at Dounreay in the North of Scotland. At Capenhurst the emphasis is on engineering low pressure processes and fluoride chemistry but the laboratory’s activities are by no means restricted to these fields.I t has already been mentioned that the former atomic energy laboratories of the Chemical Inspectorate are now known as factory Chemical Services Laboratories and as such are administered by the Production Branch. The analytical and control problems of atomic energy factories are peculiarly difficult and complex. An extremely large number of analyses are carried out and new methods and improvements are constantly being developed to meet changing require-ments. A very wide range of techniques is employed and the latest physical methods are introduced wherever possible to save manpower. There are many opportunities for Industrial Chemists in the Production Branch either in the factories or at the Risley Headquarters. The plants are all modern and well designed from an operating point of view and new ones are constantly being built.In addition to the normal relations with industrial staff and with the management atomic energy plant operatives usually have close contact with Chemical Services and with Research and Development Staff so that they are able to call on a wide variety of help should difficulties arise. The chemical facilities of the Weapons Group are mostly located at the new Establishment at Aldermaston Berkshire although some work is done at outlying stations. The special requirements of the high explosive charges associated with the weapon have created a need for explosives chemists whilst the other constituents call for radiochemists metallurgical chemists and so on. After a weapon has exploded in a trial it is necessary to carry out many radiochemical analyses of airborne dust and materia 512 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY on the ground in order to determine what took place in the explosion.All in all the chemical field of interest in the Weapons Group is surprisingly wide and it is being widened still further by the encouragement of more basic research and by the introduction of new problems not associated exclusively with weapons. Chemists can enter the Authority at all levels but recruitment is normally at the lower end of the Scientific Officer Experimental Officer, or Chemist grades. Higher posts are advertised in the technical press only when it is not clear that suitable candidates are available within the Authority.In practice this means that there are always many posts for candidates from Universities and Technical Colleges and a rather smaller number of specifically advertised posts open to the older and more experienced candidate. Junior members of the staff who are studying for the National or Higher National Certificate the Associateship of the Royal Institute of Chemistry or the External B.Sc. degree of London University are given time off to attend lectures at local technical colleges and fees are paid by the Authority. Many people have also been able to submit theses for M.Sc. or PH.D. degrees based on work carried out in the Authority’s laboratories. In conclusion it might be said that the Atomic Energy Authority offers many opportunities for the chemist to gain experience to help the community and to create a satisfying personal career.THE NINTH DALTON LECTURE AND EXHIBITION 1955 The Ninth Dalton Lecture entitled ‘‘Chemistry and Crop Nutrition’’ will be given by Sir William Ogg M.A. PH.D. LL.D. at 7.0. p.m. on Friday, 28 October in the Manchester Town Hall by kind permission of the Lord Mayor and Corporation. The Chair will be taken by the President, Dr D. W. Kent-Jones. Tickets for admission are limited in number and immediate application to Dr R. E. Fairbairn Imperial Chemical Industries (Dyestuffs Division) Manchester 9 is recommended. The Dalton Exhibition dealing with “Chemistry and Agriculture” will be held in the Gas Showrooms Manchester Town Hall Extension, on Thursday 27 October (12.0 noon-8.0 p.m.) and Friday 28 October (10 a.m.-10 p.m.) and will include a film show on related topics PETROL ADDITIVES By C.B. DAVIES M.A. PH.D. F.R.I.C. Manager Thornton Research Centre ‘ ‘Shell” Research Ltd. For prime movers liquid fuels are infinitely more convenient than solids in all those aspects which are of importance in providing a com-bustible fuel/air mixture namely ease of fuelling pumping to the engine, metering and atomising. Crude petroleum provides an economically unrivalled source of liquids which being mainly hydrocarbons are of high calorific value essentially inert and stable in transportation and which through abundance in different molecular homologues offer a wide choice of physical properties and combustion characteristics. Petrol for the motor-car or aviation reciprocating engine is one such choice and represents a major proportion of the refined petroleum consumed in the world.This petroleum fraction consists almost entirely of mixed hydro-carbons with boiling points ranging from about 30°C to somewhat over 200°C. One of the main reasons for the success of the petrol engine is the simplicity and cheapness of the fuel system and this determines the physical properties required of the fuel so that it can be freely stored and handled without excessive vaporisation and yet readily aspirated to supply the combustible fuellair mixture under all atmospheric conditions encountered. The higher the pressure of this mixture in the cylinder immediately before ignition the higher is the proportion of useful work subsequently extracted provided two distinct combustion complications are avoided.Both of these are influenced by the chemical constitution of the petrol as well as by engine design and the cleanliness of the combustion chamber. This involves combustion which is started as designed by the timed spark and initially proceeds with a flame speed of the order of feet per second but instead of reaching completion in this desired manner exhibits a spontaneous transition to an extremely rapid type of combustion resulting in steep-fronted pressure waves which cannot be utilised by the power section and are damaging and noisy. Most of the repeatable and reproducible noise and power loss called ‘knock’ or ‘pinking’ has in the past undoubtedly arisen in this way, but as engine compression ratios continue to rise the second factor viz.abnormal ignition is playing a progressively bigger part in promoting erratic noise roughness and power loss. The most frequently discussed fbrm of abnormal ignition has been pre-ignition which properly means initiation of combustion before the occurrence of the time spark. This process which used to be troublesome in high-duty aero-engines with overheated components such a? exhaust valves was overcome by design modifications to reduce the temperature and it is now rare. A more frequently encountered form of abnormal ignition in auto-motive engines involves the production of one or more flame fronts 513 The more familiar of these complications is ‘knock’ 514 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT additional to the normal flame front.They may be started before or after the normal flame. There is strong evidence that this behaviour is due to glowing carbonaceous particles. The two distinct problems of knock and of deposit ignition provide the main chemical interest in a discussion of petrol additives. Knock This arises spontaneously in the last part of the mixture to burn as a result of a freely propagating chain reaction. Resistance to knock is low for straight-chain alkanes and much higher in branched-chain and cyclic alkanes olefins and aromatics. These facts form the basis of refining to produce petrol of high anti-knock value but the chain mechanism of ‘knock’ implies susceptibility to inhibition by low concentrations of the right additives.The virtually universal adoption of such additives confirms the supposition on chemical grounds that this would be an economically attractive way to maximum quality and quantity production. The outstanding anti-knock additive is tetraethyl lead which remains unchallenged after more than 30 years during which experiments to find alternatives have been in progress although not particularly actively in view of the comprehensive nature of the original research leading to the selection of tetraethyl lead. This additive is effective when it is used in a concentration of about 0.5 g/l. of petrol. I t has some disadvantages which provided the incentive for the search for alterna-tive anti-knock agents. Any metal additive including lead produces undesirable inorganic residues such as the sulphate and oxide which interfere with the performance of components like spark plugs and valves.Non-metallic alternatives have therefore been tried notably amines e.g. monomethyl aniline and the xylidines as well as simple primary alcohols. These materials have the disadvantage of being required in relatively high concentration (the primary alcohols being blending components rather than additives) and alcohols are sensitive to water contamination which is liable to occur in certain fuel handling operations. Apart from these facts the non-metallic anti-knocks are not at present competitive economically with tetraethyl lead. Accordingly considerable effort has been devoted to overcoming the engine problems due to lead residues &om combustion.It has proved impossible to arrange for these to be converted to volatile organic lead compounds since prospective reagents for this purpose do not survive the combustion process. Scavenging of the residues has therefore been brought about through the use of additives which result in the formation of the most volatile inorganic lead compounds namely the halides. This is achieved by including organic halogen compounds such as ethylene dibromide and dichloride with the tetraethyl lead in the original fuel blend. Ethylene dibromide may be used alone in the exact proportions calculated as necessary eventually to convert all lead to bromide; the dichloride being cheaper may also be used but since it is less effective, a slight excess of the halides is employed over that theoretically necessary to convert all the lead into lead bromide and chloride.In addition to the halogen scavengers small amounts of petrol-solubl 19551 PETROL ADDITIVES 515 dye are included mainly to call attention to the toxicity of leaded fuel. These dyes are based on materials such as substituted anthraquinones and azobenzene derivatives. In practice the lead halides are neither volatile nor stable enough to ensure their complete removal from the combustion chamber. The inorganic chemistry of the lead residues adhering to various parts of the combustion chamber has been studied in detail by means of X-ray diffraction. A range of complex compounds some of them not previously recognised in inorganic Chemistry has been identified including the following types of molecule : 4Pb0.5PbBr2 2Pb0.PbBr2 3PbO.PbBrZ PbO.PbSO, 4PbO.PbS0,.The chlorine analogues of the foregoing bromine compounds are found when both halogens are present in the scavenger as well as complex halide compounds of varying chlorine and bromine content. The problems introduced by the presence of these residues may be intensified through maldistribu tion of the tetraethyl lead with respect to its halogen scavenger during the passage of the fuel from the carburettor through the induction manifold to the individual cylinders of the engine. This arises from the appreciably higher boiling point of tetraethyl lead as compared with the above-named scavengers and the average hydrocarbon constituents of the petrol. When manifold temperatures are low and the manifold design encourages unfavourable flow patterns fractionation of the mixture may occur so that one or more cylinders may get more lead and less scavenger than was intended whilst in others the condition is reversed.hlaldistribution can be overcome by using more volatile lead anti-knock compounds such as tetramethyl lead. Alternatively a halogen scavenger can be selected which has a volatility nearer to that of tetraethyl lead and tetrabromoethane is acceptable in this respect. During the recent war such changes in the constitution of the anti-knock mixture were seriously contemplated on account of the very high lead contents of the fuels used and resulting lead deposit problems then encountered in military aircraft engines.Eventually it was concluded that mechanical expedients such as re-designed induction systems were preferable. Even without maldistribution lead deposit problems remain serious. The lead o i y-bromides and -chlorides are electrical semi-conductors and their conductivity increases rapidly with rising temperature. Metallic lead may also be deposited and all these can impair the surface resistance of spark-plug insulators. This can cause intermittent or permanent failure during take-off or cruising of an aircraft or during normal use of a car. Cars having high compression ratio engines especially in the larger engine sizes are particularly prone to such temporary plug trouble after idling through traffic which promotes poor lead scavenging. Considerable reduction in the electrical conductivity of the deposits is achieved when certain chemicals are used as further additives in leaded petrol.Organic phosphates are convenient and effective deposit modifiers and aromatic phosphates such as tri-tolyl phosphate and cresyl diphenyl phosphate, which are available in quantity are successfully applied. Aromati 516 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT phosphates do not interfere with the performance of tetraethyl lead as an anti-knock agent whereas certain aliphatic phosphates reduce its effective-ness slightly the magnitude of this interaction increasing with concen-tration of the alkyl phosphate. Nevertheless certain halo-alkyl thiono-phosphates are used as gasoline additives in low concentration. In the optimum exploitation of any phosphorus additive the concentration has to be carefully adjusted to a fraction of that required to convert all the lead to orthophosphate.Deposit ignition Tetraethyl lead is effective in controlling homogeneous reaction chain propagation in the burning mixture and increases resistance of fuel/air mixtures to ignition by external agencies. On the other hand in common with other inorganic lead compounds it catalytically reduces by more than 100°C the temperature required for initiation of surface combustion of carbon and thereby must increase the incidence of glowing particles in the combustion chamber. This catalytic effect can be poisoned and phosphorus compounds are particularly effective in this respect. This is reflected in a decrease in erratic deposit ignition manifestations such as a sporadic noise-termed ‘Wild Ping’ in America-lacking the regularity and the repeatability of knock but also associated with engine roughness and power loss.Aromatic and aliphatic phosphates as petrol additives are beneficial in this way and in addition to the ones already mentioned, a mixture of mono- and di-lauryl phosphates has been used. But as previously mentioned the aliphatic phosphates are less attractive than the aromatic ones owing to their adverse effect on the octane rating of leaded fuels. A petrol containing a boron additive has recently been put on the market in the United States but the choice of boron compounds, both resistant to hydrolysis and sufficiently soluble in petrol to provide for flexibility in adjusting concentration to lead content is much more limited than is that of phosphorus additives.Fuel system problems Although optimum behaviour of the fuel during combustion is of paramount importance in relation to performance of the consumer’s vehicle many other attributes are required in a premium petrol. Some of these are achieved by judicious selection and blending of the hydro-carbon constituents. For example volatility must be carefully specified to promote easy starting and rapid warm-up without causing vapour lock that is blockage of petrol pipes by bubbles of vapour. Other desirable characteristics are provided for by the use of further additives. Storage stability of petrol must be considered despite the inherently satisfactory properties of saturated hydrocarbons in this respect.There may however be organic compounds present in trace quantities which, by oxidation-polymerisation reactions lead to gum formation. Such reactions are again chain processes and responsive to small amounts of hydrocarbon-soluble inhibitors. The most widely used anti-oxidants are substituted phenols and aromatic amines such as 2 6-di-tert.-butyl-4-methylphenol and N N’-di-sec.-butyl-p-phenylenediamine respectively 19551 PETROL ADDJTIVES 517 Hydrocarbon oxidation is powerfully catalysed by soluble copper compounds which may be formed by reaction between traces of organic acidity (developed in the fuel in the early stages of oxidation) and metallic copper commonly used for vehicle fuel lines. Accordingly a copper deactivator is sometimes included in petrol-for example a substance such as disalicylal ethylene diimine which reacts with the copper salts to give an innocuous copper derivative.The oxidative formation of acidity and polymeric solids must not only be prevented during reasonable periods of storage in all climates but also under the conditions of much shorter duration but thermally more severe, prevailing in the engine inlet system if inlet valve stem and seat deposits, in particular are to be avoided. Ideally the hydrocarbon constitution of the petrol should be such that with skilful inhibiting practically no deposits are formed. If they are or as an additional safeguard the presence in the petrol of less than 1 per cent of a light lubricating oil will act as a palliative by coating the critical surfaces and impairing the bond to any deposit or possibly by other means.Another method of prevention is to add a similar percentage of a powerful deposit solvent, such as acetone. However the more conventional spindle oil additive is also claimed to possess ‘ ‘upper cylinder lubricating properties” through condensing in the region of the top piston ring travel and so supplementing the normal lubrication. In fact to reinforce this function colloidal graphite is sometimes included or ‘fatty’ substances such as isopropyl oleate or chlorinated organic compounds alleged perhaps to increase solvent power for induction system deposits as well as providing ‘extreme pressure’ lubrication in the top piston ring zone Such lubrication is postulated to depend on the chemical formation of thin layers of the iron chlorides which have layer lattice crystal structure analogous to that of graphite.However despite protracted experimental study the pro-nouncements on upper cylinder lubrication remain much more speculative than those on the other subjects discussed here. A further set of problems arises from the association of water with fuel or with the engine’s intake air. Hydrocarbons in the petrol range dissolve about 0.01 per cent volume of water and free water may also be present, for example as a result of atmospheric temperature changes. In very cold climates this may lead to the blocking of fuel system filters by ice, but more commonly there will be a rusting problem and where this is likely hydrocarbon-soluble surface-active anti-rust agents such as octadecenylsuccinic acid may be effective.Apart from any problem due to water in the fuel aspirated air of relatively low temperature and high humidity may be refrigerated at the carburettor owing to latent heat absorption by evaporating fuel so that ice forms on fuel/air mixing tubes and the throttle plate causing stalling during warm-up poor idling or even severe power loss at speed. This can be overcome by the addition of about 1 per cent of an alcohol to the petrol and there is evidently a sensitive compromise between factors such as volatility and gravimetric effectiveness as an antifreeze since isopropyl alcohol is better than methyl or ethyl alcohol on a weight basis. An alternative antifreeze additive effective at lower concentrations is ethylen 518 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT glycol monomethyl ether.Such antifreeze additives also solve any problems of fuel system filter icing encountered under arctic conditions. I t is clear that any water-soluble additives will be susceptible to depletion where the petrol comes in contact with a water phase and due allowance for such contingencies must be made in prescribing additive concentration. I t is evident that the petrol engine requires a chemically specialised fuel and the development of the engine and of the fuel have been inter-dependent. In aviation the spark ignition reciprocating engine has already been surpassed by the gas turbine as it has (in Europe) by the diesel engine in heavy vehicles and light commercial cars (including taxis), and these challenges now extend even into the private car field.Both these types of alternative power plant are much less sensitive to the chemical constitution of the fuel but this is certainly not the reason for their success; this is attributable in the case of the gas turbine to its high power-to-weight and power-to-frontal-area ratios and to the advantages of pure rotational motion and of a wide speed range and in the case of the diesel to better fuel economy and longer life between overhauls. In fact to compete with the light high-speed diesel the petrol engines of future years will have to use much higher compression ratios than at present and will therefore become even more discriminating with regard to petrol which as technical and economic considerations suggest will be kept in step by changes in constituent hydrocarbon types; also both the range and quantities of additives incorporated may be increased.BIBLIOGRAPHY From the many papers published on petrol additives a short selection is given below designed to cover most of the aspects mentioned in this article. “Gasoline additives.” C. 0. Tongberg N. V. Hakala L. E. Moody and J. B. Patberg. SOC. automot. Engrs Preprint No. 236a Jan. 1954 (22 pp. + 13 ref.; discusses harmful effects of combustion chamber deposits and additives for con-trolling them). “Anti-knock antagonists.” H. K. Livingstone. Industr. Engng Chem. 195 1, “Anti-knock effectiveness of T.E.L. in various pure hydrocarbons.” W.I. Zang W. G. Lovell. 6 6 An experimental investigation into preignition in the spark-ignition engine.” D. Downs J. H. Pigneguy. Proc. Instn mech. Engrs (Auto. Div.) 1950-51 (4), 125-1 39 (includes results obtained on additives). D. Downs J. C. Street and R. W. Wheeler. Fuel July 1953 32 (3) 279 (30 pp.; mentions tests made with monomethylaniline and T.E.L.) . J. R. Sabina J. J. Mikita and M. H. Campbell. Quality and performance characteristics.” J. F. Kunc Jr. W. C. Howell Jr. and C. E. Stan- Jr, “The mode of formation of lead deposits in gasoline engines.” J. C. Street. SOC. automot. Engrs Preprint No. 859 Nov. 1952 (8 pp.) ; Trans. SOC. automot. Engrs, “Possible mechanisms by which combustion chamber deposits accumulate and influence knock.” L.F. Dumont. SOC. automot. Engrs Prefirint No. 623, June 1951 (14 pp.); Trans. SOC. automot. Engrs Oct. 1951 5 (4) 565 (discusses effect of T.E.L. and sulphur content of fuel). “Tetraethyl radiolead studies of combustion chamber deposit formation,” 43 663-671. Industr. Engng Chem. Dec. 1951 43 (12) 2826. “Cool flame formation in a motored engine.” “Preignition in automotive engines.” ‘ ‘Production of xylidines by high pressure hydrogenation. Proc. Anzer. Petrol. Inst. Sect. 111-Refining 1953 137. Industr. Engng Chem. Aug. 1948 40 (8) 1530 (8 pp.). 1953 61 442-452 19551 SOME RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMISTRY 519 H. P. Landerl B. M. Sturgis. Industr. Engng Chem. Aug. 1953 45 (B) 1744 “Spark plug fouling studies.” R. J. Greenshields. SOL automot. Engrs Preprint No.741 March 1952 (9 pp.) . “Fuel deposits and spark plug fouling.” Nat. Petrol. Ass. Paper 16-18 April 1952 (8 pp.). “Improved gasoline performance with phosphorus additives.” R. E. Jeffrey, L. W. Griffith and E. Dunning. Nut. Petrol. Ass. Paper Cleveland Ohio 16 April 1954. “Gasoline combustion. Effect of boron or silicon compounds.” E. C. Hughes S. M. Darling J. D. Bartleson and A. R. Klingel Jr. Indecstr. Engng Chern., Dec. 1951 43 (12) 2841 (3 pp.). R. H. Rosenwald J. R. Hoatson and J. A. Chenicek. M. C. K. Jones A. R. Jones and B. R. Strickland. Industr. Engng Chem. Nov. 1952,44 (1 l), 272 1 (4& pp.). “The effect of upper cylinder lubrication on cylinder wear during cold starting.” R. Poppinga. Auto.-tech. Z. July 1952 54 ( 7 ) 158 (4 pp.-in German).M.I.R.A. translation No. 4/54. “Suppression of metal catalysts in gasoline gum formation.” F. B. Dowding, R. G. Clarkson and C. J. Pedersen. “Alcohol motor fuels. Production and use.” S. J. M‘. Pleeth. J. Inst. Petrol. Oct. 1952 38 (346) 805. (44 PP4. T. B. Rendel. “Alkyl phenols as anti-oxidants.” “2 6-ditert.buty1-4-methyl phenol as a gasoline anti-oxidant.” Industr. Engng Chem. Jan. 1950 42 ( l ) 162 (4 pp.). Oil Gas J. 1939 38 (1 l) 97. SOME RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMISTRY By SIR CHARLES DODDS M.v.o. D.SC. M.D. F.R.I.c. F.R.S. (London Section at King’s College 16 February 1955) Several of the major recent advances in biochemistry may be con-(1) (2) cytochemistry ; (3) the steroid field. sidered under the headings : techniques as applied to biochemistry; Techniques The introduction of flame photometry into clinical biochemistry has produced a new era.Previously the determinations of sodium and potassium in the serum presented such great technical difficulty that for ordinary purposes they were of no practical value. The marketing of reliable and relatively cheap flame photometers enables relatively junior technicians of experience to make many determinations per hour of serum sodium and potassium content with a speed and accuracy almost unbelievable. This new service to the clinician has revolutionised the post-operative care of surgical patients in whom electrolyte and water balance has been upset by vomiting intestinal disturbance and so forth. Before the introduction of flame photometry these cases were treated by expectant means and transfusions of saline and similar fluids were given on purely clinical judgment.There can be no doubt that many patient 520 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT were embarrassed by this treatment and we know now the great im-portance of the serum potassium level in relation to cardiac activity. This has brought a whole new series of conditions into the realm of clinical chemical pathology. Again the increasing number of patients who have had both supra-renals removed as part of the treatment of inoperable malignant disease, can only be maintained in health by attention to their mineral balance and here again flame photometry has been of the greatest use. Infra-red Spectrophotometry.-The use of this instrument in the identifica-tion of organic compounds is so well known as to require only mention.Its application to the identification of urinary steroids is now a standard procedure. One of the most fascinating developments was published in 1952 by Stevenson and Bolduan. These workers examined the infrared absorption spectrum of pure cultures of bacteria and made the astonishing claim that there was a demonstrable difference in the spectra of different cultures. This work has been extended and confirmed in this country. The differences are slight but experienced workers claim not only to be able to distinguish one bacterial culture from another but also to be able to pick out mutants of the same bacterial organ. This work is extremely difficult it must not be supposed that the infrared spectrometer can be used as an instrument for the routine identification of micro-organisms.Paper EZectrophoresis.-The introduction of this technique has solved the problem that has dogged workers in routine clinical biochemical laboratories for many years namely the quantitative determination of the different types of proteins found in the serum in various conditions. The old classical method consisted of salting out the fractions and then determining the proteins by the hjeldahl method. This was not only laborious but extremely tricky. The advent of paper electrophoresis enables a pattern of distribution of serum proteins to be determined with the greatest of ease by the use of dyes and a densitometer the results can be recorded quantitatively.Cytochemistry Great advances have been made recently in this subject and the combination of cytochemical observations with cytological study under the microscope is producing new knowledge of the functions of component parts of the cells. One of the most important aspects of this work is the study of the distribution of enzymes in relation to known cell constitution. Dr S. J. Holt in the Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry has recently developed an ingenious series of reactions in which the familiar oxidation of indoxyl to indigo is employed. The indoxyl compounds used are themnelves not oxidisable but after the action of tissue enzymes they can be oxidised to indigo. The method has been shown to be capable of producing clear-cut pictures of the distribution of such enzymes as cholinesterase and other ferments in the cell.The method has the advantage that the dye is deposited in an insoluble and indiffusable form with the result that no blurring occurs. The work is being closely pursued and it is hoped i 19551 SOME RECENT ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMISTRY 52 1 the course of time to map out the distribution of intracellular enzymes in both normal and abnormal tissues. A further development of the cytochemical method has resulted in the ability to study the sex of an animal by examining the nuclei of its tissues. Thus Murray Barr in 1949 called attention to the small chromatome body that is a nucleolar satellite and is present only in the nuclei of the cells of the female. Later this has been termed the sex chromosome: it stains in the same way as deoxynucleic acid by the Feulgen method.This work has been adequately confirmed in a number of laboratories in this country and America and its application to the study of herma-phrodites has proved to be of very great value. Steroids In the field of steroid chemistry there has been a continuous series of developments during the last 20 years and it would appear that we shall never come to the end of the wonders that are still to be found in this Aladdin’s Cave. I t will be remembered that shortly after the determination of the constitution of the sex hormones in the early 193Os two groups of workers began to tackle the constitution of the active principle of the suprarenal cortex. In America Kendall and his associates described a number of crystalline substances whose constitution they determined and under Reichstein in Basle an active school also began to pour out a series of important papers on the same subject.I t became apparent that there were many closely related substances of the steroid type but differing from the then known steroids in having a hydroxyl or ketone group in the 11 position. The principal of these corticosteroids were corticosterone and dehydrocorticosterone. These substances were capable of maintaining the life of an adrenalectomised animal and were also capable of maintaining the life of a patient with Addison’s disease. This however was of purely theoretical interest as the simple extract of Swingle and Pfiffner was adequate for this purpose.Amongst the compounds characterised by Kendall was one known as ‘Compound E’ or corticosterone with a hydroxyl in the 17 position. This was a curiosity in that it was shown by Hench and his colleagues to possess strong anti-rheumatic qualities. From this momentous dis-covery was born the cortisone therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and Compound E which had been prepared at great labour in milligrammes, was now required in quantities measured in tons. The synthesis of cortisone with deoxycholic acid as a starting-point represents the greatest achievement to date of the fine pharmaceutical chemical industry, An entirely new cortico-hormone has been isolated by Simpson and Tait. Together with Reichstein and his colleagues they have identified this as aldosterone.This interesting substance possesses intense activity on mineral compounds of the body and its investigation is proceeding apace BOOK REVIEWS Methoden der organischen Chemie (Houben-Weyl). Edited by Eugen Muller. Fourth Edition. Volume 111. Physical Research Techniques in Organic Chemistry. Part 2. Pp. xxviii+ 1078. (Stuttgart Georg Thieme Verlag 1955.) DM. 186. The use of physical methods in the determination of the structure of organic compounds has greatly developed in the 25 years since the previous edition of “Houben-Weyl” was published. In this new edition a discussion of these methods requires two large tomes. Part 1 of volume 111 which is to appear at the end of this year will deal with chemical microscopy the mass spectrometer and isotopic tracer techniques.Part 2 which is now under review relates to the application in organic chemistry of electrical optical magnetic and acoustical methods. The heads of the treatment are conductivity measurement pH determination, indicators and test papers potentiometric and conductometric titrations electro-phoresis electrochemical (redox) potentials polarography dielectric properties, magnetochemical methods ultrasonics refractometry polarimetry dispersion, fluorescence and phosphorescence electron diffraction electron microscopy, spectroscopy (X-ray visible and ultra-violet infra-red Raman and microwave). This list does not constitute the total of physical methods described in “Houben-Weyl.” Methods of preparative value e.g. dialysis and preparative electro-phoresis are discussed in volume I and photochemical and electrochemical preparative methods are included in volume IV.It is of course impossible even in a volume of over 1,000 pages to treat exhaustively the many physical research techniques involved. The aim has been to discuss the theoretical basis of each method the type of apparatus used and the way in which the technique is applied to solve organic problems. As an example of the mode of treatment the section on absorption spectroscopy in the visible and ultra-violet begins with an account (14 pages) of the experimental methods used and of the underlying theory of light absorption. There follows a detailed exposi-tion (137 pages) with numerous examples of the relation between structure and ultra-violet absorption spectra.Applications of the method to analytical problems are also described (12 pages). There is a short section on colorimetry (2 pages) and a bibliography of important works (38 references). The section on infra-red spectroscopy (102 pages) is of great interest in view of the rapidly increasing use of this powerful method of structure determination. Accounts are given of instruments now available commercially (Leitz Perkin-Elmer Unicam) . The theory of the infra-red spectrum is discussed qualitatively; references are provided to the exact theory. The application of the results of infra-red spectroscopy to structure determination is shown by numerous tables. Microwave spectroscopy deals with that region of the electromagnetic spectrum between a few millimetres and about 10 cm.During the last 10 years it has been developed as a powerful method for studying molecular structure. It is briefly discussed (12 pages) for it is still the province of the physicist but it may be that commercial instruments will be developed so that applications of the technique will become a matter of twiddling knobs and it will thus fall within the competency of the organic chemist. It is likely however that X-ray spectroscopy electron microscopy and electron diffraction techniques will always have to be left to the specialist. It is said that doctors are in danger of ceasing to be clinicians and becoming merely interpreters of results for which they have no responsibility since they are obtained by workers in X-ray biochemistry and pathology laboratories.Glancing through this volume one wonders if chemistry may not be travelling the same road and if the organic chemist of the future will not be one who studies natural products using results on a substance isolated by a paper chromatographist and reported on by an electron diffractionist a dipole momentist and by X-ray, ultra-violet infra-red and microwave spectroscopists. More and more human activity including research seems to culminate in remote control by a being 52 BOOK REVIEWS 523 sitting at a desk on top of a pyramid correlating reports from slaves on the slopes. It is perhaps not such a good thing to be young. Needless to say the book is up to the high standard one associates with “Houben-Weyl.” Care and thought in writing and production are evident throughout.Every chemistry library should possess the book and every organic chemist should at least glance through it SO that at the least he may be aware of the many physical methods now available for the determination of structure. T. S. WHEELER New Methods in Analytical Chemistry. R. Belcher and C. L. Wilson. (London Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1955.) Some years ago in 1932 Dr A. D. Mitchell and Dr A. M. Ward published a very sound book under the title “Modern Methods in Quantitative Chemical Analysis.” In this volume they drew attention to many useful methods of inorganic analysis that had been developed in the interval between the first world war and 1932. The present volume by Dr Belcher and Dr Wilson has a similar object except that the period covered is from 1932 to the present day.The emphasis through-out is on classical gravimetric and volumetric methods of inorganic analysis and particular attention has been paid to new methods developed since the second world war. A thorough search of the literature has been made as is indicated by the bibliography and analysts should be grateful for the spade work which has been done. In a short review it is possible to mention only a few of the topics dealt with, so as to give some idea of the scope of the book; e.g. the precipitation of thorium as its rn-nitrobenzoate the use of di-isopropyl ether for the extraction of ferric chloride the precipitation of mercury as the iodate and of nitrate with di-cyclo-hexyl thallium-I11 sulphate. The analytical uses of ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid are described and there is a useful chapter on new acid-base Redox iodo-metric adsorption and miscellaneous indicators.The many uses of mercurous nitrate as a titrating agent the titrimetric deter-mination of silicon after precipitation as quinoline silicomolybdate and the determination of potassium as potassium tetraphenylboron all find a place. The mode of presentation is very sound; useful information is given about a particular reagent and its properties as well as the optimum conditions for its use. Interfering substances are described and a recommended experimental procedure is usually indicated. Analysts will be able to test these procedures and thus to decide whether a particular method ultimately finds its way into the analytical textbooks or remains in an original paper.A great deal of ground has been covered and the index may prove to be insufficiently detailed. Analysts who have to deal with inorganic problems will be well advised to study this book from cover to cover; they will almost certainly discover lines of attack that have escaped their notice. Errors and misprints are remarkably few; the least satisfactory feature is the title which is altogether too wide. Theoretical Structural Metallurgy. A. H. Cottrell. Second Edition. 25s. Cottrell’s “Theoretical Structural Metallurgy” was one of the outstanding books of recent years. Written primarily for the university student it introduced the reader to a wide range of subjects and adopted an approach different from that of any books existing at the time.In particular the introduction to the ideas of statistical thermodynamics was of the greatest value to readers of many classes. The book was first published in 1948 and after two reprints the author has produced an almost completely re-written second edition. The general plan of the book remains unaltered the first 14 chapters having titles nearly or exactly the same as those of the original edition whilst a new chapter on “Shear Processeq Pp. xii + 287. 30s. net. J. HASLAM Pp. viii + 251. net. (London Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. 1955. 524 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT in Metal Crystals” has been added containing 23 pages with 21 diagrams most of which refer to dislocation theory.At the same time the total length of the book has been reduced from 278 to 244 pages (excluding the index) so that the addition of the new chapter has necessitated slight abbreviation of several of the earlier chapters in spite of the inclusion of some new subject matter. The desire of the author to avoid an undue increase iri length is one with which many readers will sympathise. At the same time if subjects are to be explained in a simple and elementary way there is a limit to which condensation is possible, and it seems to me that parts of the book have now lost their previous attraction. The later chapters were always the best and from chapter 7 onwards most of the book remains an outstanding example of clear scientific writing and will be of the greatest help to students of metallurgy and many others.Chapter 13 on “Order-Disorder Changes” is the least satisfactory of these later chapters and is sometimes confusing whilst strangely enough the final chapter dealing with dislocation is not as helpful as might be expected. Here the author’s expert knowledge seems to have led him to include more than was desirable in the space available and there is a curious contrast between the compressed account of a difficult subject such as the formation of martensite from austenite and the simple and elementary description of some other subjects in earlier chapters. To the reviewer it seems that the elementary reader will often find sections of the author’s review articles in the series Progress in Metal Physics a more helpful introduction to dislocations.The book remains an outstanding contribution but it is to be hoped that the author will consider a slightly expanded reprint because the addition of a mere 20 to 30 pages would enable the elementary student to obtain the simple help which made the original book so attractive. W. HUME-ROTHERY Metallurgy of the Rarer Metals. No. 3. Manganese. A. H. Sully. Pp. xiv + 305. (London Butterworths Scientific Publications 1955.) 40s. net. The general plan follows that of the two earlier volumes on Chromium and Zirconium. The introductory chapter is a review of the occurrence and classi-fication of manganese ores and this is followed by an account of the production of pure manganese and its ferro alloys. The main emphasis is on commercial methods as i t is in the next chapter on the recovery of manganese from slags and low grade ores.All the data on the physical properties of the metal are then collected together after which the author deals exhaustively with the binary and ternary alloys of the element. This section which comprises almost half the text, is admirable as an up-to-date review of the field and is well illustrated by diagrams and furnished with a good bibliography. The final very brief chapter deals with the workability of the metal its electroplating and its surface reactions at high temperatures The book will appeal chiefly to metallurgists for whom it may be added pure manganese still ranks as a rare metal. Though the chemical interest is on the whole rather small there are some sections such as the one on low grade ores that offer considerable scope for a purely chemical approach.The production of the book is excellent. H. J. EMEL~US Elizabethan Copper The History of the Company of Mines Royal 1568-Pp. viii + 405 with a frontispiece in colour and In the 1560’s the threat to England from Philip I1 of Spain began to assume serious dimensions and that a heavy naval attack on these islands was being prepared could not be doubted. William Cecil Elizabeth 1’s secretary ofstate, thus fully appreciated the necessity of building up the country’s defences to as high a state of efficiency as possible and particularly of enlarging and equipping the navy. For this purpose he encouraged various industries by the issue of Letters Patent so that the supply of metal for ordnance saltpetre for gunpowder ropes and canvas for ships and vital goods of other kinds should be assured.Copper, for the making of cannon stood high on the list of priorities and in the present 1605. 9 plates. (London Pergamon Press Limited 1955.) 60s. net. M. B. Donald 19551 BOOK REVIEWS 525 book Professor M. B. Donald has told the involved but most interesting story of the copper-mining efforts that helped to defeat the Spanish Armada. At this time the most expert miners of copper ore and smelters of copper were the Germans who possessed “a marvellous company of cunning pioneers iron smiths copper smiths in all kinds of work very skilful to melt and work any kind of metal to the proportion and frame of any instrument to serve in war to the hurt of their enemies.” Copper ores occurred in workable quantities in various parts of England especially Cumberland and Cornwall and both English and German assayers had satisfied themselves that the ores were suitable for smelting.It was therefore decided to call in German technical advisers and to float a com-pany with a capital of L5000 in order to get the copper industry going. At first, there was some thought of raising the capital by a “Peter’s pence” levy which would in effect have resulted in a nationalised undertaking but Parliament rejected this proposal and the Company of Mines Royal was formed under capita-list control and management. After some preliminary haggling Letters Patent were granted in 1564 to Thomas Thurland and Daniel Hochstetter and the Company was formed in due course.Thurland was a spendthrift parson who owed money right and left and who had even gone so far as to pawn some plate handed over to him for safe-keeping after a fire at St Paul’s; Professor Donald’s account of his various shifts makes entertaining reading. Hochstetter on the other hand was a member of a mining family at Augsburg of the same standing as the wealthy Fuggers; he became managing director of the company. The governor was Leone11 Duckett who helped to finance Hawkins’s first slaving expedition from Guinea to the Caribbean in 1562 and the deputy governor was Daniel Ulstat another German. Professor Donald’s industry has also discovered the list of shareholders in the company and the early difficulties lawsuits and disappointments are described in a way that compels the reader to read on.Success was achieved in 1567 when Thurland and the Germans were able to announce proudly to the Queen that at last copper had been extracted On a commercial scale in England and soon they were sending a load of 109 cwt to William Pelham Lieutenant of the Queen’s Ordnance in the Tower of London. Space does not allow more than a mere mention of the rest of the book in which details of the smelting-processes are given as well as the subsequent history of the company but in 1588 the Armada was defeated. Professor Donald and his publishers are to be congratulated on having made available a fascinating sidelight on Elizabethan history and the history of metallurgy alike. This is an excellent book the fruit of much patient research.E. J. HOLMYARD Corrosion in Packaging. First series of lectures delivered at Northampton Polytechnic. Pp. 92. (London Printing Packaging and Allied Trades Research Association Leatherhead and the Institute of Packaging 1954.) 21s. net. Those of us who saw the documentary film show at the S.C.I. Corrosion Group Exhibition at Battersea Polytechnic in January will probably remember an entertaining film called “Handle With Care.” This described the export journey of some metal parts to a remote tropical destination difficult of access. It illustrated various trying conditions that might be expected en route including loading and unloading with only primitive equipment transit across rivers and bumpy travel along bad roads and jungle paths in all sorts ofweather.The moral was that if you want your goods to survive the hazards of transport and storage you must pack them suitably. This course of five lectures discusses the particular hazard of corrosion and how to protect against it. It opens with a first-class survey of the “General Principles of Corrosion” by Dr W. H. J. Vernon. Dr Vernon succeeds in presenting in only 24 pages an account of his subject that is both lucid and comprehensive. The four subsequent lecturers deal with aspects of corrosion particularl 526 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY related to packaging viz. “General Principles of Packaging of Corrodible Articles” ; ‘‘Corrosion Prevention in Packaging” ; “Barriers and Dessicated Packs” ; and “The Selection of the Packaging Method.” There are several indications of careless editing in Lecture 11 but on the whole these lectures give a connected and readable account both of the conditions favouring spoilage by corrosion and the various methods available for protection against it.They also indicate how to select particular protective treatments to suit given purposes. Some costs must of course be allocated for proper protective packaging but, with a knowledge of the established principles of good practice in the art it is possible to avoid over-elaboration and excessive expenditure. The method selected for treating a given consignment should be related to the conditions it will have to survive in transport and the storage period expected in a particular environment.It is obviously not good practice to confer a protection intended to last 10 years on an article that is not expected to be stored for more than 10 days. The aim of the packer or his chemical advisers is to devise a suitable treatment for a given article that is to be subjected to a given set of circumstances. This course of lectures will help considerably towards achieving this aim. M. BARENT BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RECEIVED British Standards 2621-5 1955. Glycerine (Glycerol). Pp. 58. 10s. net. (Obtainable from B.S.I. 2 Park Street London W. 1 .) National Bureau of Standards Handbook 44. Second Edition. Speci-fications Tolerances and Regulations for Commercial Weighing and Measuring Devices. Pp. vi + 196. (Washington U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955.) Modem Apparatus for Sterilisation.J. H. Bowie. An Address given to an Evening Meeting of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in Edin-burgh on 16 February 1955. (London The Pharmaceutical Press, 1955.) 2s. 6d. post free. Services for the Disabled. An Account of the Services provided for the Disabled by Government Departments Local Authorities and Voluntary Organi-sations in the United Kingdom. Prepared by the Standing Committee on the Rehabilitation and Resettlement of Disabled Persons. (London : H.M.S.O. 1955.) 4s. 6d. net. Catalogue des Publications Scientifiques d’Israell948-1955. Prepared for an Exhibition in Paris with foreword (by Louis de Broglie) and classifications in French. Pp. 164. Compiled in London by the Scientific Office of the Israel Embassy.Edited by Helen K. Middleton. N.B.S. Misc. Publication 2 15. (Washington U.S. Government Printing Office 1955.) $1.25. Patent Law in the Research Laboratory. J. K. Wise. Pp. 145. Reinhold Pilot Books. (New York Reinhold Publishing Corp.; London : Chapman & Hall Ltd. 1955.) Volume XXXIX: 1954. Pp. 1125. (London Society of Chemical Industry 1955.) British Electricity Authority. Seventh Report and Accounts 1954-55. Pp. viii + 242. (London H.M.S.O. 1955.) 10s. net. Contains photographs of a model of the type of nuclear power station to come into operation in 1960 part of the analytical chemistry laboratory at Leatherhead etc. Buckram $2 loose leaf $1. Pp. 24. Pp. v + 88. Hydraulic Research in the United States 1955. 24s. net.Reports on the Progress of Applied Chemistry INSTITUTE AFFAIRS EXAMINATIONS Examinations will be held in January 1956 as follows :-For the Associateship : Theoretical papers in London and at various local centres on Monday and Tuesday 16 and 17 January. Practical exercises in London on Wednesday to Saturday 18 to 21 January inclusive and Tuesday to Friday 24 to 27 January inclusive. The last date for the receipt of Applications was Monday 10 October 1955. The last date for the receipt of Entry Forms will be Monday 7 November. For the Fellowship : In the week beginning Monday 9 January in London or elsewhere at the discretion of the Council. The last date for the receipt of Entries is the same as for the Associateship, except for Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to a particular field of work for which the closing date was 10 October.MEDALS AND PRIZES The Meldola Medal.-This medal is the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans and is normally awarded annually. The next award will be made early in 1956 to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 31 December 1955 shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published chemical work brought to the notice of the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry before 3 1 December 1955. No restrictions are placed upon the kind of chemical work or the place in which it is conducted. The merits of the work may be brought to the notice of the Council either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself by letter addressed to The President The Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square London W.C.1 the envelope being marked ‘‘Meldola Medal.” The letter should be accompanied by six copies of a short statement on the candidate’s career (date of birth; education and experience degrees and other qualifications special awards etc.with dates) and a list of references to papers or other works published by the candidate independently or jointly. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the Administrators representing the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards are made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished work.Preference is given to investigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy. The awards are made not on the result of any competition but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in science and practice. In general awards are not applicable to workers of established repute but are granted as an encouragement to younger men who have done original independent work of exceptional merit over a period of years. The Administrators are empowered to make more than one award in a given year if work of sufficient merit by several candidates is brought to their notice.For 1954 two awards were made of 150 guineas each to Dr H. K. Hardy and Dr J. W. Menter. Consideration will be given to the making of an award or awards from the Fund early in 1956. Outstanding work of the nature indicated may be brought to the notice of the Administrators either by persons who desire to recommend the candidate or by the candidate himself not later than 31 December 1955, 52 528 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT by letter addressed to The Convener of the Administrators Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund The Royal Institute of Chemistry 30 Russell Square, London W.C. 1. The letter should be accompanied by nine copies of a short statement on the candidate’s career (date of birth; education and experience degrees and other qualifications special awards etc.with dates) and of a list of references to papers or other works published by the candidate independently or jointly. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize.-The conditions of the competi-tion for the Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize are being reconsidered by the Council and it is not proposed to hold any competition this year. REGISTER OF FELLOWS AND ASSOCIATES 1954 Corrigenda and Addenda ASKEW Frederic Anderton. BAKER Julian Levett. BARNES Thomas Edward. CHILPALKATTI Vasant Bhimrao. CLELAND David Picken. COATES Hector William. EVANS David Joshua. KEMBALL Charles. KIRKBY William Anthony. MACKENZIE Kenneth Morrison. MARTIN William George. MITCHELL Sidney Charles. PHILIP George Gilmour. RYDON Henry Norman.SMITH Alexander Martin. SMITH Victor. THORPE Dawson. TRENOUGH Frank Wyatt. WEEDON Basil Charles Leicester. WOLFE Kenneth Jack Wheeler. Food and Drugs Adulteration Acts Add to the list on p. 533 the following : KIRKBY Norman 1953; MCGINN Colin James Patrick 1953 ; RAMASAMY Murugesu 1953. For Eastern Street read Easton Street. For 97 The Drive read 96 The Drive. For A 1921 F 1932 read A 1894 F 1897. For CHILPALKATTI read CHIPALKATTI. For A 1950 read A 1923. For COATES read COATS. For A 1923 read A 1933. Add [Meldola Medal 1951). For Hartingdon Road read Hartington Road. For A 1921 read A 1929. For Corebridge read Gorebridge. For Dinetown read Pinetown. For A 1920 read A 1931. Add [Meldola Medal 19391. For College Square read George Square.For A 1921 read A 1925. For THORPE read THORP. For TRENOUGH read TRENOUTH. Add [Meldola Medal 19521. For A 1923 read A 1936. PERSONAL NOTES Degrees and Awards Dr P. B. D. de la Mare Associate has been awarded the degree of Doctor of Science by the University of London for his work on the mechanisms of organic reactions with special reference to aromatic substitution additions of halogens to olefinic substances and anionotropic rearrangements. Mr Cecil Waller Fellow chief emulsion chemist Ilford Ltd. together with Dr R. Berriman is to receive the Edward Longstreth Medal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania at the annual Medal Day Ceremonies on 19 October. The award is a recognition of Mr Waller’s contributions to the development of photographic emulsions especially designed for the study of nuclear particles and events which have made possible important new advances in this field including the discovery of new nuclear particles and a better under-standing of cosmic rays.In 1952 Mr Waller received the 29th Duddell Medal of the Physical Society. Dr B. C. L. Weedon Fellow has been awarded the degree of Doctor of Science by the University of London for work in the field of organic chemistry his main contributions being to the chemistry of carotenoids and other polyenes fatty acids and acetylenes 19551 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 529 Educational Dr S. K. Bhattacharyya Fellow has been appointed Professor and Head of the Department of Chemistry the Indian Institute of Technology. Dr D.F. Evered Associate having completed his postdoctoral studies in Zurich, has been appointed University Demonstrator in Animal Nutrition at the School of Agriculture University of Cambridge. Mr S. Z. Haider Associate has been awarded a scholarship under the Colombo Plan and will carry out studies and research in analytical inorganic chemistry at Imperial College London. Dr F. L. Hudson Fellow has been appointed Senior Lecturer in Paper Making Technology in the College of Technology Manchester and the Faculty of Technology University of Manchester. Research Institutions Mr D. C . Soul Fellow has been appointed Director of Whiting Research by the Research Council of the British Whiting Federation. Dr R. L. M. Synge F.R.s. Fellow together with his fellow Nobel Prize winner, Dr A.J. P. Martin F.R.s. visited Australia in August to attend the International Wool Textile Research Conference in Sydney. Discussions with scientists of the C.S.I.R.O. Wool Textile Research Laboratories were also arranged. Public and Industrial Dr A. B. Anderson Fellow has been appointed Chemical Pathologist St Bartholomew’s Hospital London as from 1 October. Dr J. B. Armitage Associate is taking up a research appointment in the Polychemicals Department of E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, Delaware. Mr J. A. R. Bates Associate has been appointed Specialist Officer Chemist (Agricultural) Federation of Nigeria. Mr E. M. Bavin Fellow has been appointed a director of Smith & Nephew Research Ltd. Mr Roland Finch Fellow who left for the U.S.A.in April is now manager of Barvend Foods Escondido Southern California. Dr F. L. Gilbert Fellow has been appointed managing director of the Durham Chemicals group of companies. Dr R. F. Goldstein Fellow general manager of the Chemicals Division The British Oxygen Co. Ltd. has been appointed a director of the new British Oxygen Chemicals Ltd. Mr P. D. Liddiard Fellow formerly works manager Sintering Unit Glacier Metal Co. Ltd. has been appointed general manager Metals and Alloys (Birmingham) Ltd. Dr J. T. McCombie Associate has been appointed general sales manager, British Industrial Solvents a division of The Distillers’ Company Ltd. Dr A. R. Natarajan Associate has been appointed Chemical Examiner to the Government of Madras. Mr B. D. J.Osment Fellow has terminated his appointment with the Ministry of Fuel and Power and has been appointed P.S.O. Mechanical Engineering Research Laboratory Glasgow. Mr H. V. Potter Fellow chairman and managing director of Bakelite Ltd., will retire as managing director at the end of this month. Dr E. C. Rhodes Fellow has been appointed assistant to the manager of the Development and Research Department Mond Nickel Co. He will remain responsible for the Precious Metals Division’s activities at Acton 530 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT Mr F. J. Robinson M.B.E. Associate will vacate the position of deputy managing director Bakelite Ltd. at the end of this month. Dr T. Shedden Associate has been appointed works manager J. & G Cox Ltd., Gelatine and Glue Manufacturers Edinburgh.Mr A. T. S. Zealley Associate has succeeded Sir Robert Burrows as chairman of Remploy but will not be able to take on the duties of this post until some time next year. New Institute Monograph.-It is hoped to distribute with this issue of the Journal copies of Dr Harold Barnes’s lecture on “Chemical Aspects of Oceano-graphy” to a joint meeting of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section and the Scottish Section of the Society for Analytical Chemistry. I t is written especially for those without special knowledge of oceanography and in the hope that more chemists will be attracted to this fascinating subject. After considering the nature of the oceans and the concept of ‘salinity,’ Dr Barnes discusses ionic composition and the nutrient elements essential to the growth and multiplication of the primary producers-the diatoms.The nutrient cycle and its chemical aspects are next discussed and a final section deals with the economic aspects of sea-water thought of as an immense natural reserve of dissolved salts together with an illustrated account of successful extractions now being undertaken on a large scale. Additional copies can be obtained from the Institute price 4s. 6d. Reprinted Journal Articles.-Permission to reprint articles from this Journal has been given to the editors of certain periodicals in this country and the Commonwealth. The articles are N. F. Rapps “Civil Defence and the Chemist,” J. 1954 555; G. Broughton “Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View,” J. 113; and G.Taylor “Food Standards and the Protection of the Public,” J. 239. Chemistry in American High Schools.-A somewhat modified account of “American High Schools and the Teaching of Chemistry” by Mr 0. J. Simpson (see J. 4-8,55-61) laying greater emphasis on details of teaching methods, has been published in School Science Review .June 1955 pp. 339-354. LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS Liverpool and North-Western.-Once again a new session has been heralded by the Syllabus of the Liverpool Joint Chemistry Committee. This shows a full and interesting programme of activities and the booklet has been compiled by Mr C. J. H. Wylie hon. secretary of the British Association of Chemists Liverpool Section. Mr C. A. McDowell who has just completed his three years on our Section Committee will leave some time in November for Vancouver Canada.As previously announced (J. 484) he has been appointed Professor and Head of the Department of Chemistry at the University of British Columbia. Since the war, he has held the position of Lecturer in Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Liverpool. Section members may recall his lecture on “Mass Spectrometry” (J. 1954,Zl) and his work on reaction kinetics! photochemistry and the electronic structure of molecules. London.-The last event of the summer programme was held at Kingston-upon-Thames on 28 September when a small but enthusiastic group of golfers met at the Home Park Golf Club for a very pleasant day’s sport. The course was in excellent condition and the hospitality was of the best. The winner of the medal round in the morning was Mr F.Nisbett and in the afternoon the bogey foursomes competition was won by Mr J. A. Woolley and Mr H. L. Bolton. Our best wishes go wlth him in his new sphere 19551 LOCAL SECTION AFFAIRS 53 1 Another full lecture programme has been arranged for the coming session. Following upon the inauguration of lectures at Kingston last year two new centres are being introduced one at Enfield and the other at Harwell. The latter meeting will be combined with an afternoon visit to the Atomic Energy Research Establishment following which Dr L. H. Ahrens will describe the determination of the age of materials from their radioactivity. A talk on a related subject will be given both at Cambridge and in London by Dr H. J. Plenderleith who will be speaking on the services rendered by other branches of science to the study of archaeology.The Annual Meeting in November will be followed by a discussion on the new Regulations. A symposium on the presentation of science to the public will be held in London jointly with the Institutes of Physics and Biology in March next. At the other central London meetings Professor H. C. Longuet-Higgins will speak on physical organic chemistry and Dr B. C. Saunders will describe some interesting new work on peroxidase. In addition some thirty scientific meetings will be held during the session at colleges and other centres in the counties around London. Sheffield South Yorkshire and North Midlands.-On Saturday 23 April a party of Section members made a visit to the large works at Huddersfield of I.C.I.Ltd. Dyestuffs Division. On arriving at the works the party was given an indication of the layout and some idea of the great variety of chemicals made in this modern plant. The party was shown over the more interesting units in particular the ammonia oxidation the nitration and reduction plants for the production of aniline. As well as the purely chemical units the members were much interested in the refrigeration house the power house and so on. The various problems connected with starting materials and disposal of the large quantities of waste products were fully dealt with. At the end of a very enjoyable afternoon the party was entertained to tea in the Staff Canteen. We are indebted to I.C.I. Ltd. for the privilege of making this visit and to those members of the Staff who gave up a Saturday afternoon to provide us with a most instructive and enjoyable tour.Tees-Side.-A party of members of the Section very much enjoyed a trip down the River Tees on the evening of 7 September through the kindness of the Tees Conservancy Commission. The Commission equipped one of their tugs with loud speakers and a running commentary drew attention to many surprising facts about the business and the development of the river. Eastern India.-The Second Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Lecture Theatre of the School of Tropical Medicine Calcutta on 28 June. The principal business comprised the adoption of the report of the Hon. Secretary together with the audited statements of accounts for the year 1954-55 and the election of Committee members three members being due to retire.Messrs Pal & Roy were re-elected Hon. Auditors. The Chairman thanked the Hon. Auditors for their past services. At the conclusion of the formal business the Chairman read a paper on “Progress of Acharya Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray’s Indian School of Chemistry.” He recalled the days when he worked in the laboratories of Sir P. C. Ray. Ray’s researches on a few nitrogen compounds were briefly described and their signi-ficance in the study of the constitution of natural bases pointed out. Ray’s students were grouped into (1) original investigators and founders of research laboratories (2) research workers who applied their knowledge for the development of chemical and allied industries (3) founders of laboratories for testing and analytical purposes (4) other scientists although not his students but who received inspiration from him and contributed largely to the development of scientific education and of the country’s industries.Mr J. N. Rakshit presided. All three were re-elected 532 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT Describing Sir P. C. Ray’s pioneering work in the pharmaceutical industry of India Mr Rakshit mentioned some of the difficulties encountered by the industry today. Although a considerable amount of research work was being carried out by the scientists employed in industry as well as in scientific institutions in India (as an example he cited that out of 13 new alkaloids extracted from Rauwolju Ser-entinaBenth 8 were isolated by Indian scientists) a good deal more was required to place the industry on a sound footing.The right type of personnel had to be recruited; it was suggested that directors of laboratories should be appointed primarily on the basis of their research abilities and that the holding of such posts should also depend on the continuity of researches. He discouraged the tendency to rush into print and to give publicity to results based on insufficient data. Dr K. N. Bagchi was elected Chairman and Mr K. B. Sen re-elected as Hon. Secretary. Mr J. N. Rakshit becomes a Vice-chairman. A meeting of the Section Committee was also held on 28 June. Northern India.-At the fifth Annual General Meeting of the Section held on 13 August under the Chairmanship of Dr B.V. Nath the following office-bearers were elected unanimously President Dr B. V. Nath; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Dr G. S. Saharia; Members of Committee Dr B. V. Nath Professor T. R. Seshadri Dr S. P. Raychowdhry Dr K. B. L. Mathur Mr N. G. Mitra and Dr V. B. Chipalkatti; Hon. Auditor Mr B. N. Sastri. In presenting the Annual Report of the Section Dr G. S. Saharia the Hon. Secretary noted that ten meetings had been held during 1954-55 including two extraordinary meetings at which the Section was addressed by Professor Kathleen Lonsdale F.R.s. on “The Location of Hydrogen Atoms in the Nucleus” and by Professor Linus Pauling who gave a talk on “The Structure of Proteins.” Western India.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 27 August when the following committee was elected for the coming year: Chairman Professor S.M. Mehta; Vice-chairman Dr J. N. Ray; Hon. Secretary-Treasurer Dr J. R. Merchant; Members of Committee Dr K. A. Hamied Dr S. K. K. Jatkar Mr D. S. Sastry (Hon. Secretary Poona Sub-section) Mr W. R. Thompson and Dr A. M. Tyabji. One other member remains to be nominated from Poona. The sub-committee drafting proposals for changes in chemical education will carry on with Dr Tyabji as secretary. NEWS AND NOTES COURSES AND FELLOWSHIPS British College of Technology.-The Department of Chemistry and Bio-logy has arranged a two-day intensive course on Atmospheric Pollution on 30-31 December. The course will deal with the analysis causes prevention and toxicology of atmospheric pollution the legal aspects of the problem and possible legislation.It is hoped to secure hostel accommodation in Bristol for those attending. Fee 2 Is. (excluding accommodation). Further details may be obtained from the Department of Chemistry and Biology The College of Technology Bristol 1. Norwood Technical College.-A short course of 12 lectures and appropriate practical work on Micro- and Semimicro-chemical Methods has been arranged by the Department of Chemistry and Biology for January-April 1956, on Saturday mornings 9.15 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. Applications for admission should be made to the Secretary L.C.C. Norwood Technical College Knight’s Hill West Norwood S.E. 27. Fee 20s. for London residents (single lecture 5s.) 19551 NEWS AND NOTES 533 Regent Street Polytechnic.-A course of six lectures on Aromatic Sub-stitution has been arranged by the Department of Chemistry and Biology and will begin on 28 October at 7 p.m.Enrolment forms may be obtained on application to the Head of the Department of Chemistry and Biology The Polytechnic 307-3 1 1 Regent Street London W. 1. Fee 20s. University of Birmingham Department of Mining.-A number of posts for chemists and physical chemists are now available in the Department. (1) One or possibly two chemistry honours graduates are required for work on coal constitution-starting salary E350 per annum. (2) Two or three scholarships of the same value as D.S.I.R. scholarships for physicists physical chemists and possibly mathematicians for work on suspensions froth flotation and contact potential and electrical properties of coal.(3) One research fellowship in any of the above topics or possibly in a wider field at a salary of E600 per annum. Applicants should have a M.SC. degree or equivalent research experience. Enquiries and applications should be made to the Department of Mining The University, Edgbaston Birmingham 15. University of Glasgow Extension Course.-The Department of Extra-Mural Studies has arranged an Extension Course on Valency consisting of six lectures beginning on 9 November at 7.30 p.m. All lectures will be given at the University and will be followed by discussion. Fee for the course 10s. Enquiries and applications should be addressed to The Director of Extra-Mural Studies 9 1 Oakfield Avenue Glasgow W.2.Commonwealth Fund Fellowships.-Among the Fellowships for Advanced Study and Travel in the United States offered for 1956 are those shown below :-General. Twenty Fellowships are offered to degree graduates of a university in the United Kingdom. Candidates must be available in London for inter-view in March 1956. Tenure twelve to twenty-one months. Closing date for applications 15 December 1955. Home Civil Service. Five Fellowships are offered to permanent members in the higher ranks of the Civil Service in Great Britain three for the Adminis-trative grades and two for the scientific and professional grades. Age: preferably under 40. Closing date of applications 10 December 1955 to the Treasury. Journalism. Three Fellowships are offered to journalists practising in the United Kingdom and engaged on the opinion-making or broadly editorial side of their profession.Tenure nine to fifteen months. Closing date of applications 31 December 1955. Conditions of eligibility award and tenure and the emoluments offered for each category of the Fellowships are published in separate memoranda which may be obtained together with the appropriate aplication form through British universities or Government departments or from the Warden Harkness House 35 Portman Square London W.l. The Committee of Award and the Fund must be satisfied that the candidate’s proposed programme of study research or enquiries can be advantageously pursued in the United States. King George M Memorial Fellowships.-To commemorate the con-tribution to Anglo-American understanding made by His Late Majesty King George VI the English-Speaking Union of the United States has raised a sum of money to enable between 25 and 35 young British men and women to continue their scientific and technical education in American institutions.The stipend of each Fellowship will be $2,500 plus the cost of tuition and the minimum cost of travel between the candidate’s home and the educational institution which he is to attend. The work attached to all these posts should lead to higher degrees. Age 23 to 32. Tenure nine to twelve months. Age 23 to 35 534 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT All candidates must be (u) citizens of the United Kingdom or Northern Ireland either by birth or by naturalisation ( b ) holders of a British university degree or candidates for such a degree in the summer of 1956 (Category 1); holders of a Higher National Certificate or candidates for such a Certificate in the summer of 1956 (Category 2) (c) not less than 18 nor more than 30 on 31 August 1956 and (d) unmarried.Application forms and full particulars can be obtained from Mrs D. R. Dalton B.A. King George VI Memorial Fellowship Committee 37 Charles Street Berkeley Square London W.l to whom the completed forms with all supporting documents must be sent not later than 12 November. No application arriving after this date can be considered. MEETINGS AND SYMPOSIA Chemical Society Centenary Lecture.-Professor M. Calvin of the University of California will deliver the Chemical Society Centenary Lecture, entitled “The Photosynthetic Carbon Cycle,” at 7.30 p.m.on 20 October in the Lecture Theatre of the Institution of Civil Engineers Gt George Street, London S.W. 1. Hatfield Technical College.-A one-day Symposium on Chromato-graphy will be held in the College Hall on 4 November Seginning at 10 a.m. Chairmen for the morning and afternoon sessions will be Professor F. Bergel and Dr J. Haslam. Speakers will include Dr A. J. P. Martin Dr F. H. Pollard, Dr A. B. Foster and H. N. Wilson. Meals will be provided on a subscription basis in the College Refectory. Members graduates and senior laboratory assistants are invited to attend but admission is by ticket only. Applications should be addressed to Head of the Science Department Hatfield College, Roe Green Hatfield Herts.Institute of Petroleum.-The Hydrocarbon Research Group of the Institute is arranging a three-day Symposium on Vapour-Phase Chromatography in London on 30 May-1 June 1956 in two main sections theoretical aspects and practical techniques. Further information may be obtained from the organising secretaries Messrs D. M. Desty and H. C. Rampton c/o The Research Station, British Petroleum Co. Ltd. Sunbury-on-Thames Middlesex. mstitute of Metals.-The Institute’s Metal Physics Committee has arranged for a Symposium on “The Mechanism of Phase Transformations in Metals” to be held in the Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution Albemarle Street, London W.l on 9 November. Interested members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry are cordially invited to attend.Many oversea scientists are expected to be present. Programmes and registration forms can be obtained from The Secretary The Institute of Metals 4 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W. 1. The registration fee of 10s. includes the cost of advance copies of the papers. International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry.-This Symposium will be held under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the Weizmann Institute of Science on 3-9 April 1956, at Rehovot Israel. There will be three sections :-( 1) General Behaviour of Polymers in Solution; (2) General Behaviour of Biocolloids and Polyelectrolytes in Aqueous Solution; (3) Special Polymeric Systems in Solution. Those who wish to present papers should submit a full abstract before 1 December to the Central Office of the Symposium The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel.This should be followed before 1 February 1956 by two copies of the manuscript. A number of tours including visits to biblical sites have been arranged and a special programme of tours and activities is being prepared for the ladies of delegates 19551 NEWS AND NOTES 535 London Special University Lecture in Chemistry.-The University of London has arranged for a lecture on “The Morphology of Large Chain Mole-c u l e ~ ~ ~ to be given by Charles Sadron Professor of Physics in the University of Strasbourg and Director of the Macromolecule Research Centre Strasbourg at 5.30 p.m. on Monday 7 November at King’s College Strand W.C.2. The Chair will be taken by Professor D.H. Hey F.R.S. The lecture is addressed to students of the University and others interested in the subject. Admission is free, without ticket. of on Pope Memorial Lecture.-The last issue of the Journal of the Royal Society Arts contains the Pope Memorial Lecture by Sir Alexander Todd F.R.s., “Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Nucleic Acids.” The meeting was held on 18 May with Sir Robert Robinson o.M. F.R.s. in the chair and the vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Sir John Simonsen, F.R.S. SCI Corrosion Group.-A Symposium on The Protection of Cable Sheathing has been arranged to take place on 18 November at the Institution of Electrical Engineers Savoy Place London W.C.2. Non-members of the Society who wish to take part are requested to register before 14 November and will be required to pay a Conference Fee of ~ O S .which will cover the supply of a set of preprints. No charge will be made to members who should however register their intention to attend. A Symposium dinner will be held on the preceding evening in the Connaught Rooms Great Queen Street London, W.C.2 at 7 p.m. for 7.30 p.m. Full details and registration forms may be obtained from The Assistant Secretary Society of Chemical Industry 56 Victoria Street London S.W. 1. The Royal Society of Health.-A London Sessional Meeting will be held on Monday 17 October at 2.30 p.m. in Caxton Hall Westminster when a discussion on The Clean Air Bill will take place. The opening speakers are Sir Hugh Beaver Chairman of the Government Committee on Air Pollution and Dr J.A. Scott o.B.E. Medical Officer of Health to the L.C.C. Dr A. Parker, c.B.E. Director Fuel Research D.S.I.R. will be in the Chair. Tickets 20s. (excluding wines). PEACEFUL USES OF ATOMIC ENERGY Through the eyes of the daily Press the public has seen a glimpse of future possibilities in the reports of the first International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy and International Atom Trade Fair held at Geneva from 7 to 20 August. As one newspaper put it all who were present including the largest and most international gathering of Nobel Prize winners ever to be assembled in one place are agreed that a page of industrial and scientific history has been turned. Much of what was previously regarded as national property has been changed into trade secrets now guarded more for their value in the competition for world trade than for their potential use in the production of weapons.Today more than 50 nuclear reactors are already in operation throughout the world. At least 25 others are under construction and at least 60 more are being planned. Of the last more than 80 per cent are intended for research purposes or power production. As the demand for nuclear fuel in the near future is likely to become much greater than has hitherto been expected special interest was shown in the description of the successful operation of the British breeder reactor Zephyr at Harwell. The possibilities of self-controlling reactors also became manifest in the American description of what happened when the controls were withdrawn in a “boiling water’’ type of reactor which automatically stopped, owing to the immediate ejection of the water in the form of steam; in the Dutch account of an experimental reactor system in which powdered uranium is used; and in the American experiments on the use of uranium dispersed in molten bis-muth.Such methods could permit the removal of fuel and its replacement without shutting down the plant 536 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT Before the end of the meetings at least 14 serious enquiries some amounting to tentative orders for atomic power stations had been received by the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority and groups of companies pioneering in this field such as English Electric-Babcock and Wilcox-Taylor Woodrow General Electric-Simon Carves the Associated Electrical Industries-John Thompson Industrial Nuclear Energy Group and the Nuclear Power Plant Company.Despite the appearance of reality given to this subject at the Geneva meetings, the line and the pace of future developments cannot yet be foreseen. As Sir John Cockcroft remarked if Rutherford in 1936 could not predict nuclear fission and atomic power he himself could not be expected to predict progress in the nuclear energy field even as far ahead as 1957. An important point stressed by Dr E. W. R. Steacie at the Couchiching Conference on 13 August (see Chemistry in Canada, September p. 64) was that atomic power is essentially mobile and that power stations can now be set up in areas poor in power or remote from civilisation.Recent developments have shown that there will be many openings for chemists on both the research and production sides in the future. The time therefore seems opportune to add two further topics to the series of articles on “The Chemist and his Work.’’ In this issue (p. 507) Dr Robert Spence c.B., of the A.E.R.E. Harwell deals with careers in chemistry under the Atomic Energy Authority and in a subsequent issue the openings for chemists in the electricity supply industry will be described by two other members of the Institute engaged respectively in the production and research sides of the work. OVERSEA NEWS Commonwealth Visitors t o the U.K.-Among recent arrivals are : Australia Mr G. Rose C.S.I.R.O. Research Student (Entomology) who will carry out postgraduate training at the Department of Colloid Science University of Cambridge; Mr J.P. Hogan C.S.I.R.O. Research Student who will undertake postgraduate study at the Rowett Research Institute Aberdeen; Mr R. G. Thomas Senior Principal Research Officer C.S.I.R.O. Division of Industrial Chemistry who was the Australian delegate to the Geneva Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy; Mr D. Willis C.S.I.R.O. Research Student, for postgraduate work at the Dyson Perrins Laboratory University of Oxford. New Zealand Dr A . J o h e Chief Chemist Grasslands Division D.S.I.R. (N.Z.) who will visit Research Institutions and so on after the completion of a Commonwealth Fund Civil Service Fellowship in U.S.A. Department of Chemistry Singapore.-In the Report for 1954 mention is made of the creation of an Inspectorate of Dangerous and Hazardous Materials, the outcome of discussions lasting over several years.For the time being the Inspectorate will function as a section of the Department of Chemistry and will be housed in the Singapore Laboratory. Dr M. Jamieson a former Director of Chemistry Malaya was appointed Chief Inspector. Two graduates of the University of Malaya have been appointed Inspectors. The bulk of the official work is carried out for the Customs Medical and Police Departments. Non-official work may be statutory e.g. inspection of petroleum-carrying vessels and testing of petroleum or in the form of advice e.g. to the Governments of Borneo and Sarawak H.M. Forces firms and individuals.Fees are charged for non-official work and these amounted to more than 40 per cent of the estimated cost of running the Department (excluding headquarters) during the year. The number of chandu and opium exhibits has now fallen off to less than half that in 1953 whereas there have been considerable increases in the numbers of criminal investigation exhibits medical and public health samples toxicology specimens and ship inspections the last presumably being the result of improved docking facilities at Singapore 19551 LABORATORY RISKS AND SAFEGUARDS 537 CENTENARY OF C. B. MANSFIELD In the August issue of Discovery Dr E. R. Ward gives an interesting account of Charles Blachford Mansfield ( 18 19-55) who “laid the whole foundations of the benzene industry.” We do not wish to deprive those who have not seen the article of the pleasure of reading it and will therefore give only a short extract.“On 17 February 1855 in a room in St John’s Wood London a chemist and his assistant were engaged in distilling coaltar naphtha to obtain specimens of liquid aromatic hydrocarbons for the Paris Exhibition of that year. Suddenly the still ignited and with thought only for the safety of others the chemist endeavoured to move the blazing still into the street. In so doing he was severely burnt and injured. Nine days later he died in the Middlesex Hospital. So perished Charles Mansfield in a manner characteristic of his whole life; a life devoted to the progress of science and the amelioration of the lot of his fellow men.His death at the age of 35 was a serious loss to science since many of his con-temporaries believed that so outstanding was his talent that he would succeed Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution.” LABORATORY RISKS AND SAFEGUARDS FUME CUPBOARDS FOR PERCHLORIC ACID Referring to your member’s query in the September issue (p. 492) concerning the design and construction of fxne cupboards for perchloric acid digestions, it must be fairly clear that considerable risks are being run in carrying on such operations in a wooden cupboard whether or not frequent ,washing down is resorted to. Modern practice consists in the complete substitution of an impervious non-flammable substance such as a ceramic with the use of an inert cement for joints for the construction of the whole cupboard and its exhaust ducting.The latter should consist of short lengths of vertical ducting only without elbows or turns which can be then readily taken down and washed frequently. Better still in several recent installations in the U.S.A. the exhaust system has built-in piping and spray nozzles for daily or continuous flushing in the latter case in the form of a “waterfall,” to remove all fumes before they enter the exhaust system. A further refinement to avoid all possible metallic corrosion would be the generation of the air flow in the ducting by means of a water aspirator. Your enquirer would find most of the above points summarised in “Industrial Data Sheet D-Chem. 44,” in the December 1947 issue of National SaJety News (U.S.A.).H. E. HUDSON Intelligence Section, Factory Department, Ministry of Labour & National Service Director I have had occasion to employ perchloric acid fairly regularly during two prolonged periods and during both periods I have used fume cupboards with wooden frames and with a fan draught of low efficiency. The first period extended over three years and the second has extended over eight years to date. One fume cupboard was used for the first period and another for the second. No wet cleaning was given to either cupboard and in neither case was any untoward effect observed upon the woodwork. I have no information upon the nature of the wood used in the first fume cupboard but the second cupboard is of pitch pine. I have tested small slivers of wood from various parts of this cupboard by holding them in a flame and I find that they do not even burn fiercely let alone explode.Many litres of perchloric acid must by now have been volatilised in this fume cupboard and it appears that little danger is likely to arise from the presence of woodwork 538 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT As perchloric acid in the form of its 72 per cent azeotrope is not an oxidising agent at room temperature this is not surprising. The small amount of acid settling on the woodwork would probably become converted to ammonium per-chlorate which is used with safety in pyrotechnic compositions containing organic powders that would be expected to be far more reactive than massive wood. It is however advisable to ensure that there is no possibility of dust and finely divided perchloric acid or perchlorates accumulating in the fume ducts connected with the cupboard.Such a mixture would be very susceptible to chance ignition and I have in fact observed one explosion in a duct which may, although there was no direct evidence have beer caused in this manner. Shirley Institute, Didsbury, Manches ter A letter has also been received from Messrs Baird & Tatlock (London) Ltd., giving details of construction of fume cupboards recently installed for use with perchloric and hydrofluoric acids. Enquiries should be addressed to the firm at Freshwater Road Chadwell Heath Essex and not to the Institute. A. G. HAMLIN OXIDATION OF THIODIGLYCOL I read in the Journal (p. 493) of an explosion which took place when thio-diglycol had been oxidised with hydrogen peroxide using acetone as solvent.This would seem to be due to the formation of unstable acetone peroxide. In 1952 while attempting to oxidise divinyl sulphide with 25 volume hydrogen peroxide in a medium of acetone I isolated a white crystalline product which could also be obtained from acetone and hydrogen peroxide at room temperature. A few test-tube reactions suggested that the substance which exploded on gentle heating was an acetone peroxide. When a quantity (about 0-5 g.) of the sub-stance exploded flying glass caused minor injuries to my face and eyes. One piece of glass was propelled with such force that it pierced a window pane. Acetone is a most unsuitable solvent for reaction mixtures which include hydrogen peroxide.Richmond Road, Leeds G. F. CRAWSHAW OBITUARY Frederick George Braithwaite. B. 3 1.1.1886. Ed. Holt Technical School, Birkenhead and Central Technical School Liverpool. In 1907 he was awarded the Norman Tate Memorial Prize at Liverpool. He was apprenticed in 1900 to Lever Bros. I,td. and became successively junior assistant research laboratory assistant and assistant manager in the glycerine refinery. He left England in 1910 to take up the appointment of chief chemist at the newly established Durban factory of Lever Bros. Ltd. In 1922 he became chemist and technical manager to C. and E. Morton (S.A.) Ltd. Rossburgh Natal. Keenly interested in tech-nical education and in local affairs he served for many years on the Councils of the South African Chemical Institute? the South African Association for the Ad-vancement of Science and the Natal Technical College.(A. 1935 F. 1939.) D. 21.5.55. John Brebner. B. 1881. Ed. Aberdeen Grammar School and University of Aberdeen 1900-05. M.A. B.Sc. In 1908 he was appointed head chemist with J. and J. Cunningham Ltd. of Leith (later incorporated with Scottish Agri-cultural Industries Ltd.) becoming works manager in 19 12. He was transferred in 1937 to Aberdeen to become general works manager a post that he retained until his retirement in 1947 owing to ill-health. In 1948 he was appointed M.B.E. ( A . 1908 F. 1912.) D. 14.12.54 19551 OBITUARY 539 Herbert Bradley Briggs. B. 4.10.1896. Ed. Pannal Ash College Harrogate and the University of Leeds 1915 1919-21.M.Sc. Taught chemistry and physics at Pannal Ash College 1922-23 when he was appointed assistant chemist to the Calico Printers’ Association Ltd. Chemist and assistant manager 1925. Joined I.C.I. (Dyestuffs) Ltd. in 1930 and was at first in charge of the Textile Printing Section Dyehouse Dept. afterwards becoming dyestuffs technician, I.C.I. Ltd. (Dyestuffs Division) and latterly technical officer ( A . 192 1 .) D. 14.5.55. Thomas Henry Byrom. B. 4.6.1867. Ed. Wigan Grammar School and Wigan Bolton and Manchester Technical Colleges. Lecturer on Chemistry and Metallurgy and Chemistry applied to Mining at the Wigan Technical College 1895 onwards. After some years experience in general and analytical work he became in 1898 chief chemist to Wigan Coal and Iron Co.Ltd. where he remained for a number of years. He was chief of the research department 1924-1931. Author of Physics and Chemistry of Mining (1912) and joint author of Modern Coking Practice (1910). (F. 1908.) D. 29.12.54. Ronald Cuthill. B. 22.4.1903. Ed. Hanson Boys’ Secondary School Bradford, and University of Leeds 1920-25. M.Sc. Ph.D. Research physical chemist at the British Silk Research Association 1926-29. In 1929 appointed Lecturer in Physical Chemistry at Bradford Technical College. In 1938 became head of the Chemistry Department of Burnley Municipal College and in 1939 was appointed to a similar position at Bolton Municipal Technical College. Principal of Keighley Technical College in 1947. Published papers in J.S.C.I. and J. Textile Inst.( A . 1938 F. 1941.) D. 2.5.55. Albert Green. B. 20.4.1895. Ed. Lewis’s County School Pengam and University College of Wales Aberystwyth 1918-21. M.Sc. 1923 Ph.D. 1927. Several papers in J . Chem. SOC. Before qualifying he had seen considerable service in the first world war being commissioned in the Welch Regiment. Became Adjutant of the 52nd Battalion the South Wales Borderers. Wounded and sent home in 1916; M.C. and discharged 1917. Returning to Aberystwyth he was appointed Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in Chemistry. Appointed Research and Deputy Chief Chemist Kemball Bishop and Co. Ltd. Chemical Manufacturers London 1927. In June 1929 he was appointed chief chemist of Spillers Limited which appointment he held up to the time of his death. “Dr Green was known and loved throughout the milling industry.A man of the highest integrity he had a very keen and agile brain. He was possessed of a peculiarly fine streak of dry humour and on occasions he would display somewhat caustic wit. As an industrial scientist of the first order he never forgot that he was employed in industry and whilst maintaining his integrity never let pure science preponderate over the necessary commercial outlook.’’ (A. 1921 F. 1929.) D. 27.4.55. He was excellent company. Eric Hector Haden. B. 7.3.1903. Ed. King Edward VI Grammar School Stourbridge and Birmingham Municipal Technical School 19 13-23. B.Sc. 1924. During part of 1919 he was engaged as a junior chemist at Round Oak Steel Works Brierley Hill and from 1920 to 1923 was an articled pupil of A.E. Tucker Public Analyst for Birmingham. In 1923 was appointed chemist in the Gas Department of Birmingham Corporation (now West Midlands Gas Board) later becoming head of their special gas laboratories. ( A . 1925 F. 1949.) D. 4.3.55. Stanley Ridings Jackson. Ed. Bury Grammar School King Edward VII School Lytham and the University of Manchester 1916-19. B.Sc.Tech. A.C.G.I. Assistant research chemist at British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd. 1919-21. Took up an appointment as chemist with the Bradford Dyers’ Association in 192 1 and two years later became attached to T. Robinson & Go., B. 3 1.10.1899 540 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [OCT a branch of the Bradford Dyers’ Association. During 1932-33 he held a post in Canada with Montreal Cottons Ltd.After his return to England he was employed by the Calico Printers’ Association Ltd. first as dyes manager and later as works manager. (A. 1921 F. 1927.) D. 9.3.55. Ernest William Mann. B. 29.8.1876. Ed. King Edward’s School Mason’s College and Municipal Technical College Birmingham. B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.C. In 1892 he joined the analytical department of Southall Bros. and Barclay Ltd., of Birmingham becoming chief chemist in 1903. In 1916 he was appointed to the Board and continued in that position until his retirement in 1940. External examiner to the University of Birmingham in Materia Medica 1903. In 1948 became an honorary Associate of Birmingham Technical College and was elected to its governing body two years later. President of the Birmingham Pharmaceu-tical Association for three periods.Author of a textbook on Materia Medica and a number of reports mainly on drugs published by his firm. D. 21.3.55. (F. 1913.) Charles William Martin. B. 15.3.1884. Ed. Latymer Upper School, Hammersmith and Finsbury Technical College 1895- 1902 and Sir John Cass Technical Institute 191 2-14. Became assistant chemist at Johnson and Sons’ smelting works and afterwards chemist to Wolff’s pencil works. For most of his working life he was chief assistant to the Counties Public Health Laboratories, London. (A. 1921 F. 1925.) D. 30.3.55. Alfred Miller. B. 1870. Ed. King’s College London 1905-07. M.B., M.R.C.S. L.R.C.P. During 1903-04 he held an appointment in the Chemical Laboratory Madras later becoming Chemical Examiner.Also Professor of Chemistry and Physics in the Medical College. In 1904 was placed in charge of the Lahore Chemical Laboratory and was also Professor of Chemistry and Physics. He returned to England in 1905 and worked at King’s College London. In 1908 he again took charge of the Madras Laboratory and.acted as Professor of the Medical College in Chemistry and Physics. During his service with the Indian Medical Service he reached the rank of Lieut.-Col. After his retirement he lived at Ealing. (F. 1911.) D. 21.7.55. Andrew Kirkwood Montgomerie. B. 27.9.191 2. Ed. Clydebank High School and the University of Glasgow 1930-34. In 1935 he became a chemist to the Burmah Oil Co. Ltd. on the petroleum production side serving in India and Burma. With South African Explosives and Industries Ltd.1939-44, on the manufacture of dynamite. Became works chemist I.C.I. Ltd. (Nobel Division) 1944 and later works manager until the time of his sudden death. (A. 1938.) D. 1.6.55. B.Sc. Thomas William Moore. B. 6.7.1884. Ed. Darlington Grammar School and University of Edinburgh 1902-08. M.A. B.Sc. For several years was manager of Cookson & Co. Howdon-on-Tyne. In 1919 he became research chemist with the Newcastle Alloy Co. Ltd. but left in 192 1. In 1922 he went into partnership with Dr J. H. Paterson and,founded the consulting practice now known as Dunford Smith & Moore from which he retired in 1949. ( A . 1918.) D. 14.4.55. Leonard William Ragg. B. 22.4.05. Ed. Monkseaton High School ; Univer-sity College London Pharmaceutical Society and Chelsea Polytechnic 1928-34.Ph.C. He was apprenticed to a pharmacist 1921-26 and in 1930 became analyst and assistant to the works manager Stafford Allen & Sons Ltd. becoming technical manager of the Stafford Works Long Melford. He remained with the firm until the time of his death. ( A . 1937.) D. 12.12.54. Percy Hans Anton Wirth. Gymnasium and the University Munich. B. 4.12.1904. Ed. Alleyn’s School and Real Ph.D. with honours 1934 M.P.S 19551 CORRESPONDENCE 54 1 Also graduated BSc. (California) in 1954 and passed the licensing State examina-tion in pharmacy. Joined the Hoffman-La Roche organisation in 1935 serving first at Basle Grenzach and London and then becoming (1938-46) production manager at the new factory at Welwyn Garden City.From 1946 to 1948 was production manager to William R. Warner Ltd. and associated companies. Then left for South Africa becoming manager of the East London factory of R. Owen Jones manufacturing and wholesale chemists. In 1950 he was appointed production manager Petersens Ltd. Cape Town. Left for Toronto in 1951 where he held an appointment with Fine Chemicals of Canada Ltd., and set up as a consultant. Translated from German “Phantastica the Use and Abuse of Drugs,” by L. Lewin (1931). ( A . 1936 F. 1949.) Published paper in Archiu derpharmazie. D. 9.3.55. CORRESPONDENCE WOMEN IN CHEMISTRY SIR,-I much appreciated Dr Stern’s letter in the September number of the Journal (p. 494). It is rare to find a man taking up the cudgels on behalf of his women colleagues.Being one of the victims it has been easy to see that women chemists are often employed as cheap labour. Biochemists employed by the National Health Service are entitled to the same salaries whether they be male or female but it is galling to find women chemists in many other fields of employ-ment being paid less than men when performing identical work. In the House of Commons debate on scientific and technical manpower (J. 455) Sir David Eccles said that we have to discover how every year tens of thousands of young men and women can be persuaded to teach or study the subjects demanded and “we cannot afford to waste a single boy or girl.” (Italics mine.) As Mr Henry Brooke commented the only possible solution to present shortages “is that our schools and universities shall be able to turn out more and more men and women-and I stress the word ‘women’-with a scientific training.” Surely the time is ripe for the Institute to take active interest in our plight and thereby benefit both country and individual ? Chalfont Lane, Chorleywood, Herts.MARGARET I. STERN [Not related to Dr Stern] EDSER’S TEXTBOOKS SrR,-In Mr R. Clark Chirnside’s most interesting article on the history of the Woolwich Polytechnic there is a reference to Edwin Edser (p. 470) which I feel needs some correction. Edser was a very fine teacher and the author of three most successful textbooks published by Macmillan in their “Advanced Science’’ series. They were entitled, respectively Heat ( 1899) Light (1502) and General Physics (191 1).I do not recollect any book of his on Magnetism and Electricity; this subject was covered in the Macmillan series mentioned above by H. E. Hadley a former colleague of mine at Kidderminster in 1905. Langley Hill, Kings Langley, Herts. H. HOULSTON MORGAN BHATNACAR AND INDIAN SCIENCE SIR,-In reading the obituary notice of the late Sir Shanti Swarupa Bhatnagar (J. p. 450) I noticed a small error in line 12 of the synopsis of his career. Bhatnagar was not the first Indian to be elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society but he was the first and I believe so far the only Indian chemist to receive that coveted distinction 542 I knew him intimately as he was first my pupil and later from 1924 to 1939, my colleague on the professorial staff of the Punjab University.Two Viceroys visited the University Laboratories of which he was Director Lord Irwin and Lord Linlithgow. Shortly after he left Lahore in 1940 to take up his appointment as Director of Scientific and Industrial Research at Delhi he was made an honorary Professor and later was elected an Emeritus Professor of Chemistry of the Punjab University, an honour enjoyed by only one other person. He was also an honorary D.Sc. of the Universities of Oxford Patna Allahabad and Delhi. To his initiative and energy as D.S.I.R. three National Laboratories (Physics, Chemistry and Metallurgy) were built and staffed and also no less than nine Central Research Institutes some details of which may be found in the Asian Reuiezo for July 1955. He was a most cheerful colleague and friend a good mixer and an inexhaustible worker.One of his most notable achievements was the initiation of the Punjab (Chemical) Research Fund the successful objective of which was to provide subsistance allowances for selected post-MSc. students to enable them to continue research until they obtained suitable appointments-a scheme which enabled us to arrange for better starting salaries than those usually obtainable by ordinary recruitment through advertisement. He took little interest in sports or games either as a player or a spectator but he enjoyed dinner functions and garden parties and frequently entertained numerous guests at his residence where he also provided free quarters for a few necessitous students. In spite of the onerous duties he undertook I never knew him to be absent from his work through illness and his sudden death from cardiac asthma was the greater shock.Scientific India will always owe Bhatnagar a great debt of gratitude; his National Memorial will be the chain of splendid Laboratories which he created for posterity. 97 Ridgmount Gardens, London W.C. 1. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY His scientific and administrative activities were his hobby. H. B. DUNNICLIFF INFORMATION WANTED Source of Quotation on Boy1e.-A member is anxious to obtain the original source of the statement in which Robert Boyle is called “the father of chymistry and brother of the earl of Cork.” Charles Blachford Mansfield.-Dr E. R. Ward of the College of Tech-nology Leicester would be glad to hear from any reader who knows of manuscript or other sources of information about the life and work of C.B. Mansfield. THE REGISTER [Bracketed letters indicate Local Sections. For key see page 544.1 DEATHS Fellows EWAN Thomas M.SC. (MANC.) PH.D. (I?) SCOTT Arthur William A.C.G.I. (MUNICH). Died 4 September Died 17 August 1955 aged 67. 1955 aged 87. F. 1918. A. 1909 F. 1919. SAGE Charles Edward. Died 4 (C) SMITH Henry Edgar M.SC.(BIRM.) September 1955 aged 85. F. A. 1917 F. 1921. 1909. Associates BRIMLEY John Edmund B.SC. (LOND.) (0) Cox Charles Beresford BSC. (LOND.) Died 1 1 July 1954 aged 44. Died 27 August 1955 aged 50. A. 1917. A. 1927. COCHRANE Lewis M.INST.F. Died 18 (P) WRIGHT Charles B.SC. (LEEDS). Died May 1955 aged 44.A. 1946. 2 September 1955 aged 64. A. 1918 LOCAL SECTIONS DIARY Sections are glad to welcome members of other Sections to their meetings and social functions except when numben are restricted as for works visits. Those wishing to attend meetings outside their own area are advised to write to the Hon. Secretary of the Section concerned as the Institute cannot accept responsi-bility for any alterations or cancellations. All times are p.m. except where otherwise stated. Aberdeen. 28 Oct. 7.30. Electron Transfer Reactions. Prof. C. E. H. Bawn. Marischal Acton. 10 Nov. 7. The Extraction and Refining of Precious Metals. C Johnson. The Technical Birmingham. 15 N&! 6.30. The Polymerisation of the Vinyl Ethers. Prof. D. D. Eley. Blackburn. 17 Nov. 7.30. Semi-Micro Analysis.H. Holness. The Technical College. Bolton. 17 Nov. 7.30. Recent Advances in the Study of Organic Reactions. Dr G. Baddeley. Brighton. 27 Oct. 7. Antibiotics-Past Present and Future. A. L. Bacharach. Technical Bristol. 20 Oct. 7. Organic Inclusion Compounds and Their Uses. Prof. W. Baker. Chemistry - 10 Nov. 7. Social Evening. Senior Common Room The University. Cambridge. 25 Nov. 8.30. Science in the Service of. Archaeology. Dr H. J. Plenderleith. Cardiff. 21 Oct. 7.30. Annual Dinner and Dance. Park Hotel. - 25 Nov. 7. Crime Detection. Dr F. D. M. Hocking. University College. Joint S.C.I. Chatham. 21 Nov. 7.30. The Mechanics of Steric Hindrance. Prof. C. K. Ingold. Medway Chester. 4 Nov. 7.30. Annual Dinner. Blossoms Hotel. Cleethorpes. 3 Nov. 7. The Extraction Properties and Uses of Titanium.A. Carter. Electri-Dublin. 16 Nov. 7.45. Detection of Extraneous Materials in Foods. W. H. Templeton. Dundee. 21 Oct. 7. Science in the Detection of Crime. Dr 1. B. Firth. Chemistry Lecture College. Joint C.S. and S.C.I. College High Street Regent House St Philip’s Place. Municipal Technical College. College. Joint College Chemical Society. Department The University. University Chemical Laboratory. oint College Scientific Society. Joint C.S. and S.C.I. Joint University Chem. SOC. College of Technology Maidstone Road. city Service Centre Grimsby Road. Joint Scunthorpe Group Inst. Chem. Eng. Science Buildings Upper Merrion Street. Theatre Queen’s College. - 18 Nov. 7. Corrosion Theorv in Practice. Dr T. P. Hoar.Chemistrv Lecture Theatre. Queen’s College. North British Hotel. Joint C.S. and S.C.I. College. Chemistry Department The University. Edinburgh. 20 Oct. 7.30. Some Fatty Acids of Recent Description. Dr F. D. Gunstone. - 10 Nov. 7.30. Hydrogen Transfer Reactions. Prof. E. A. Braude. North British Hotel. Glasgow. 11 Nov. 7.15. Hydrogen Transfer Reactions. Dr E. A. Braude. Royal Technical Hull. 24 Nov. 6.30. The Direct Hydroxylation of Organic Compounds. Prof. W. Bradley. Joint C.S. Ipswich. 18 Nov. Buffet Dance. White Horse Hotel. - 29 Nov. 7.30. Gaseous Explosions. Dr J. H. Burgoyne. Oriental Cafe. Kingston. 3 Nov. 7. Fibreglass. A. de Dani. Technical College Fassett Road. Leeds. 25 Oct. 6.30. The Chemistry of Petroleum Refining. Dr S. F. Birch. Chemistry Liverpool.3 Nov. 7. Studies in the Chemistry of Flavones. Prof. T. S. Wheeler. Chemistry London. 16 Nov. 6.30. Annual General Meeting. Institute of Metals Grosvenor Gardens, Maidenhead. 11 Nov. 6.30. Properties of Polymer Solutions. (1) Rheology. Dr B. A. Toms. Manchester. 28 Oct. 7. Dalton Lecture. Chemistry and Crop Nutrition. Sir William Ogg. Norwich. 3 Nov. 7.30. Firework Making. A. St. H. Brock. City College. Nonvood. 7 Nov. 7. Film Display. Technical College Knights Hill. Nottingham. 9 Nov. 7.30. Annual Dinner. Victoria Station Hotel. Joint S.C.I. Plymouth. 11 Nov. 5.30. Chemotherapy. Dr F. L. Rose. Technical College. Joint S.C.I. Poole. 28 Oct. 7.30. Air Pollution. Dr G. F. Foxwell. Guildha!l. Joint Poole and Dist. Salisbury. 27 Oct. 3.20. Applications of Chemistry in the Detection of Crime.L. C. Nickolls. Seascale. 14 Nov. Film-Rocket Flight. B. F. Warner. Windscale Club. Stockport. 24 Nov. 7.30. How Surface Active Agents Work. Dr J. L. Moilliet. College for Stockton on Tees. 2 Nov. 7.30. The Tin Research Institute and its Work. Dr J. W. Price. - 23 Nov. 7.30. The Brewing Industry Research Foundation. Dr A. H. Cook. William Swansea. 28 Oct. 6.30. Chairman’s Address. Dr Islwyn Jones. University College. - 18 Nov. 6.30. Film Show. University College. Ulvereton. 25 Nov. 6.30. New Methods and New Ideas in Structural Chemistry. Prof. E. G. Walthamstow. 30 Nov. 7. Fluorocarbons and their Future. Dr R. N. Haszeldine. South-Whitehaven. 27 Oct. Explosives in the Services of Man. D. Hardie. College of Further Joint C.S. and S.C.I.Lecture Theatre The University. Lecture Theatre The University. s.w.l. (2) Liquid Chrystals. Town Hall. Joint University Chem. SOC. Dr Conmar Robinson Courtauld’s Research Laboratory. Tech. Group. M. of S. Establishment Porton. Further Education Wellington Road South. William Newton School Junction Road Norton. Newton School. Cox. Glaxo Social Club. West Essex Technical College Forest Road. Joint College Chem. SOC. Ediiratinn. - - - _- __ Woolwich. 14 Nov. 7.30. Ion Exchange Resins. Dr T. V. Arden. The Polytechnic. Joint, - 29 Nov. 6.30. Gas-Liquid Chromatography. Dr A. J. P. Martin. Sir John Cass College, The Polytechnic Scientific Society. 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ISSN:0368-3958
DOI:10.1039/JI9557900501
出版商:RSC
年代:1955
数据来源: RSC
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