摘要:

ANNUAL CONFERENCE-LONDON 12-14 April Five years have passed since the Annual Conference of the Institute was last held in London (during the first week of April 1957). As on that occasion the normal time for the meetings-the end of the third week of the month-proved impossible this year owing to the inci-dence of Easter. For some time before 1957 it had become customary to hold the meetings in London in alternate years but the mounting number of requests from the other Local Sections and the success of oat-of-town meetings made it necessary to stipulate that the Conference should take place in London at intervals of not more than five years. On this occasion the Institute was fortunate in being able to use the new building of the School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Square for the meetings and to take ad-vantage of several of its amenities including the Refec-tory.A reception office and information centre were also set up at the School of Pharmacy. This time it was possible for some visitors to be given accommodation at Connaught Hall a hostel of the University. I t was again decided to restrict the programme of meetings and visits to two days instead of the three usually allowed for out-of-town conferences the only meeting arranged for the Saturday being the Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections which was held in the Institute’s building (see p. 239). THURSDAY I2 APRIL The programme opened on the Thursday morning with the Symposium on Chemistry in the Service of Agriculture held in the Main Lecture Theatre of the School of Pharmacy.This topic had been suggested by Sir William Slater who decided to make the opening lecture of the Symposium his Presidential Address (pub-lished in J. 121-6). He was followed by Professor Helen Porter F.R.s. who considered certain aspects of the plant side of agriculture and in the afternoon by Dr S. K. Kon speaking on aspects of animal nutrition. A summary of the papers follows on p. 219. Alternative events arranged for those not taking part in the Symposium included an all-day visit to the National Chemical Laboratory Teddington. In the morning other parties went to the Design Centre Hay-market and the Building Centre in Store Street. After-noon visits were paid by other groups to the Royal Mint the laboratories of the Nestle Company Ltd at St George’s House E.C.2 (this party also inspected the Hall of the Pewterers’ Company) and the Whitefriars Glassworks of James Powell & Sons Ltd Wealdstone.In the evening the Annual Dinner was held at The Dorchester Hotel Park Lane where members and guests were received by The President and Lady Slater. A record number-more than 500-attended this function, at which the principal guest was The Rt Hon. The Viscount Hailsham Q.c. Minister for Science. After the Loyal Toast had been honoured Lord Hailsham proposed the toast of The Institute. The Minister began by mentioning that in the previous week he had proposed the toast of the Chemical Society. There was no duplication in this he said. Chemistry was not merely a science; in its applications and practice it had given rise to a group of professional practitioners whose natural professional organization is the Institute.In all walks of life he continued the difference between the academic and the professional is both deep and real. In our academic teaching we must be careful not to harm ‘the originality the creative artistry of the pupil without which he can never be a good professional.’ He went on to point to the necessity of design in the practical affairs of life and suggested that the ability to correlate a factual situation with the basic science was the keynote of the professional outlook. In the sciences he thought there was need for a closer partner-ship; the universities and industry cannot be allowed to grow remote from one another.There were advantages in university specialists from time to time being employed as consultants for it would help them to appreciate industrial reality. So also the universities might employ industrial scientists as visiting lecturers. As Lord President of the Council he had been asked to allow by-laws introducing new letters-L.R.I.C. I t was not an easy decision to take he said. ‘When I consider the whole alphabet of letters the practitioners of one or more [branches of science and technology] habitually place after their names-each representing different degrees of qualification in differ-ent institutions I cannot help asking myself if the time is not fast coming when some sort of rationalization should be undertaken.’ He suggested that the pro-fessional bodies themselves should organize some kind of inquiry.These letters he felt sure would ‘convey more status and prestige if they were intelligible and represented comparable ranks of skill knowledge and proficiency. ’ In his allegorical reply the President found resem-blances between Cinderella’s experiences and their happy outcome on the one hand and the relations of science and the government since the first world war, on the other. The Prince Charming duly rescued Cinderella and married her and for some time every-thing she did seemed marvellous. But eventually the Prince became concerned at the cost of housekeeping. 21 218 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE He began to develop a conscience and to realize that sometimes he must be content with sausage-and-mashed.The world of science was fortunate in having Lord Hailsham as its conscience-and advocate-in these matters. In recent decades the professional bodies had greatly increased in size and influence and were now in a position by their wide representation to assist the government with information and advice within their special competence. As for the Institute there would always be a great readiness to put its experience and that of its individual members at the disposal of the government for the benefit not only of the chemistry profession but also of the community as a whole. The toast of the Guests was proposed by Sir Harry Jephcott Past Preszdent and the response was made by Mr Austen H. Albu M.P. Chairman of the Parliamen-tary and Scientific Committee.Sir Harry’s difficult task in view of the large number of other societies and institutions represented was enlivened with several humorous and sincere personal touches. He particu-larly mentioned the pleasure it gave those who knew the late Professor W. Wardlaw Past President to see Mrs Wardlaw among the guests. Mr Albu an engineer by profession emphasized the advantages of mutual exchange of ideas and information that occurred on the Committee he represented and that an appreciation of the impact of science and technology on the life of the nation would be increasingly demanded of politicians. Dr H. J. T. Ellingham Secretary and Registrar (right) with Mr J. R. Ruck Keene In addition to those already mentioned the Institute was pleased to have as guests His Grace the Duke of Northumberland K.G.Chairman of the Agricultural Research Council and Dr E. G. Cox T.D. F.R.s. the Council’s Secretary with Mrs Cox; Sir Harry Melville, K.c.B. F.R.s. Secretary of the D.S.I.R. and Lady Melville; and Sir Hugh Linstead o.B.E. M.P. a past Chairman of the Parliamentary and Scientific Commit-tee and Lady Linstead. Representatives of chemical bodies included Dr J. W. Cook F.R.s. Past Preszdent, Chairman of the Chemical Council and Mrs Cook; Professor J. M. Robertson F.R.s. President The Chem-ical Society and Mrs Robertson and the Society’s General Secretary Mr J. R. Ruck Keene M.B.E. T.D.; Lord Fleck K.B.E. F.R.s. President Society of Chemical Industry and Lt-Col F.J. Griffin its General Secretary, with Mrs Griffin; Professor J. N. Davidson F.R.s., Chairman of Committee The Biochemical Society and Mrs Davidson; Mr R. C. Chirnside Past President, Society for Analytical Chemistry and Mrs Chirnside ; Dr J. H. Hamence President Association of Public Mr E. LeQ. Herbert with Sir Harry Melville Analysts; Mr H. L. Howard President British Associa-tion of Chemists. Guests representing other professional bodies included Dr H. R. Lang Secretary Institute of Physics and the Physical Society and Mrs Lang; Sir Gerard Thornton F.R.s. President Institute of Biology; Mr C. E. Spearing President Institution of Chemical Engineers and Mrs Spearing; Dr N. P. Allen F.R.s. President Institution of Metallurgists; Dr J. Burns G.M. President Institute of Fuel and Mrs Burns; Mr Julian M.Leonard President Institute of Petroleum and Mrs Leonard; Mr T. C. Battersby, M.B.E. President Institution of Gas Engineers and Mrs Battersby ; Mr R. W. Reynolds-Davies o.B.E. Secretary, Institute of Fuel; Mr G. S. C. Lucas o.B.E. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers. Other kindred bodies and institutions were repre-sented by Dr D. C. Martin c.B.E. Executive Secretary, The Royal Society and Mrs Martin; Sir Lawrence Bragg o.B.E. M.c. F.R.s. Hon. Fellow Director The Royal Institution of Great Britain and Lady Bragg; Mr J. C. Hanbury Chairman Association of British Chemical Manufacturers and Mrs Hanbury. The pharmaceutical profession and the School of Pharmacy 19621 CHEMISTRY IN THE SERVICE OF AGRICULTURE 219 to which we were indebted for the major part of the accommodation for the Conference were represented by Mr H.S. Grainger President Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and Mrs Grainger; Professor W. H. Linnell Dean of the School of Pharmacy University of London and Mrs John Linnell; and Mr S. R. Curtis, Secretary of the School and Mrs Curtis. Others to whom we are indebted for hospitality during the Con-ference included Mr J. P. Berkin c.B.E. Managing Director Royal Dutch/Shell Group and Mrs Berkin; Mr N. A. Iliff Managing Director Shell Chemical Co. Ltd and Mrs Iliff; Mr F. C. Bawden F.R.s., Director Rothamsted Experimental Station and Mrs Bawden. FRIDAY 13 APRIL The Annual General Meeting (see J. 194-7) was held in the Assembly Hall of the School of Pharmacy at 9.30 a.m.so that members could if they so wished, join the all-day visit to Rothamsted Experimental Station Harpenden which included an opportunity of visiting the Cathedral at St Albans. Alternative events consisted of visits to The Temple-the Inner and Middle Temple the restored Temple Church and the gardens-and to the Imperial Biscuit Works of Macfarlane Lang 8r Co. Ltd at Osterley Middlesex. In the afternoon parties saw the London Silver Vaults in Chancery Lane (silverware jewellery china and glassware) and the Stratford premises of Yardley & Co. Ltd. In the evening there was a large assembly at Claridges Hotel for the Reception and Dance given by the kind invitation of the Directors of Shell Refining Co. Ltd, Shell Chemical Co.Ltd and ‘Shell’ Research Ltd. Guests were welcomed by Mr E. L e a . Herbert Past President (managing director Shell Refining Co. Ltd), Mr N. A. Iliff (managing director Shell Chemical Co. Ltd) and Mr C. N. Thompson (manager of ‘Shell’ Research Ltd) and their ladies. There could have been no happier conclusion to the meetings than this most enjoyable supper and dance amid beautiful floral decora-tions. Members will wish their thanks to be publicly added to the letters of appreciation sent to express the Institute’s gratitude for their magnificent hospitality. The meetings owed much to the help and advice so freely given by the Officers of the London Section. The luncheon given by the Section on 12 April to the Officers and Members of Council and their ladies at the Warldorf Hotel Aldwych took place in a very pleasant atmosphere of friendliness and was much enjoyed.The Officers and Council have expressed their thanks to Mr P. A. Raine Chairman of the Section for all he and his col-leagues did to ensure the success of the Conference. CHEMISTRY IN THE SERVICE OF AGRICULTURE The Symposium this year held in the Main Lecture Theatre of the School of Pharmacy University of London on 12 April was intended to interest a wide range of chemists not necessarily specialists in a subject that is of importance to all citizens and peoples. The opening address was delivered by the President, Sir William Slater K.B.E. F.R.s. who dealt with the historical background and indicated how chemistry had come to play a vital part in the production of both plants and animals for food.The importance of a biological sense and the ability to realize the complexity of chemical processes in a biological setting was dealt with at length, and indications were given as to the kind of training that could be expected to lead to the production of men and women with this special outlook. The address was printed in April ( J . 121). BIOSYNTHESIS OF STARCH In illustration of the place of chemistry in the plant side of agriculture Professor Helen K. Porter F.R.s., Professor of Plant Physiology Imperial College London, took as her subject ‘The Biosynthesis of Starch.’ Professor Porter began by showing that plant growth, expressed in the language of chemistry is the synthesis of large molecules from small molecules which occur in the environment.The most abundant large molecules formed are the carbohydrates and biosynthesis of starch was considered as an example. Chemists biologists and microscopists have contributed more or less independ-ently to our knowledge of starch biology over a long period of years. Chemists established that starch con-tains two components amylose and amylopectin both glucose polymers. The clue to the way in which glucose units are joined together during synthesis in living tissue was supplied by the discovery of the enzyme phos-phorylase which catalyses formation of amylose by re-petitive transfer of glucose units from the ester glucose-1-phosphate to the non-reducing end of an acceptor saccharide so forming a long chain of glucose units.This reaction proved to be one example of a general mode of polymer synthesis by enzymic transfer of glyco-sidically linked saccharide units. Biologists showed that starch was formed in the light and lost in the dark and that both synthesis and dis-solution were associated in living tissue with changes in the disaccharide sucrose rather than changes in free hexose. Microscopists found that starch occurred as highly organized grains apparently built up in layers and located within cell organelles such as chloroplasts in green tissue and amyloplasts in other organs. At the time phosphorylase was discovered the hypo-thesis in vogue was that starch was synthesized fro 220 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY sucrose by polymerization of the glucose moiety using energy derived from oxidation of the fructose moiety.Modern work with radioactive carbon in which 14C0, was supplied to illuminated leaves or labelled sugar to leaf tissues amply confirmed the important role of sucrose as a starch precursor. However when sucrose in which either the fructose or the glucose moiety was labelled with 14C (so enabling the metabolism of the two hexose residues to be distinguished) was supplied to leaf tissue it became apparent that both components were equally utilized in starch synthesis and that free hexose was not readily implicated either in synthesis of starch or of sucrose itself. Results of such experiments can be interpreted by assuming that sugar interconversions take place very rapidly between sugar phosphate esters and that sucrose phosphate is formed from fructose-6-phosphatase and uridine diphosphate glucose as described by Leloir.The starting point for polysaccharide synthesis may be regarded as fructose-6-phosphate derived from CO by the Calvin photosynthetic cycle. Subsequently both glucose-1 -phosphate and uridine diphosphate glucose are produced either of which may act as donors for polymer synthesis. At present opinion favours the latter. Studies of the dissolution in the dark of radioactive starch grains make it evident that this hypothesis will require further elaboration since they showed that free sucrose is involved in the passage of carbon from starch to the carbon dioxide of respiration. To the considera-tion of the known enzymic interconversions between sugar phosphates must be added consideration of intra-cellular structures and specific reaction sites.There remains a large gap in knowledge between the detailed information available about the structure of starch components and the way in which starch is formed in vizlo. Attention is now being given to the arrangement within the grains of the two components which usually occur in the proportion of 25 per cent amylose and 75 per cent of amylopectin. In some cases however one or other component may be absent and it is also known that the proportions are genetically controlled. Finally the way in which starch grains originate and grow has been examined with the electron microscope. These studies have revealed that in the barley endosperm for example amyloplasts evaginate and eventually divide by budding off each portion serving as the site for synthesis of a new starch grain.Little is yet known of the chem-istry of such a process. Some problems for the future are the arrangement of the two components within the grains the way in which the layers are formed and the nature of the natural acceptor molecules for initiation of synthesis. (It is not proposed to publish any fuller account of this lecture.) CHEMISTRY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION In the afternoon Dr S. K. Kon Deputy Director of the National Institute for Research in Dairying Sheffield, gave examples from experience at Shinfield to show how recent developments of chemical technique have allowed agricultural research workers to tackle and solve prob-lems they could not possibly have dealt with earlier but that in its application to the animal side of agricultural research the exact science of chemistry must always be blended with a biological approach and outlook.The problem of why the milk fat of ruminants has a higher content of short-chain fatty acids than that of other animals was solved by the combination of on the one hand highly skilled biochemical work on the nature and mode of formation of its individual components and on the other observations of a more practical nature on the effect of diet on milk fat made possible by the perfecting of the technique of establishing rumen fistulas and of column chromatography. Much work is being done throughout the world on devising new sources of protein and characterizing their nutritive values.With the latest techniques a complete chemical analysis of a protein can be made in one day but it may not give a true picture of its value in nutrition since storage heat treatment or the presence of enzyme inhibitors may affect the availability to the aaimal of certain of the component amino acids. Even the best chemical analysis must be put to a biological test. The use of chromatography and ionophoresis in the determination of vitamin B, in animal products led to the unravelling of the fascinating story of the vitamin B,, analogues. The importance of a wide and elastic outlook in re-search work was illustrated by the story of the quest for the site of conversion of carotene into vitamin A in the animal body.This led to a study of the contents of the whale’s stomach and of the shrimps on which it feeds and demonstration in them of the 11-cis isomer of vitamin A and back again to dry land and the finding of vitamin A aldehyde in hen’s eggs and hence to the probability that it plays an important part in embryonic development. (This discourse will be published in full at a later date. RUSSIAN FOR CHEMISTS By P. L. WYVILL B.SC. PH.D. F.R.I.C. LESSON 6 NEGATIVES The Russian word H e corresponds to the English word ‘not’, e.g. OH H e p a 6 6 ~ a e ~ H a @ h 6 p ~ ~ e He does not work in the factory In most positive sentences the object of a transitive verb is in the accusative. If such a sentence is made negative and the negation directed mainly at the object, then the object is put in the genitive case, e.g.O H nhmeT IIHCbM6 He writes a letter O H H e IIkiIIIeT IIHCbMh He is not writing a letter C o e A m C H H e coaCp- The compound contains C o e a m C H H e H e co~kp- The compound does not CTYACHT BEiQen 6m1~ (acc.) (gen.) XEIT xnop (acc.) chlorine XHT xn6pa (gen.) contain chlorine The student saw the (acc.) CTYACHT H e s k e n 6nm-a (gen.) The Russian word English word ‘no’. I t is e.g. B ~ p y 6 ~ e HeT BO&I (gen.1 experiment experiment The student did not see the HeT often corresponds to the also used to mean ‘there is not’, There is no water in the tube In this sentence ‘water’ is the complement. The Russian construction is known as an impersonal construc-tion and the complement in the negative sentence is in the genitive.Corresponding phrases in the past and future are : HC 6b1no H e 6 y ~ e ~ there was not there will not be e.g. Byepa CTYACHTa ~6 Yesterday the student was (Russian construction There was no student at home yesterday) 6b1no q6Ma not at home 3 h B T p a H e 6yae~ Tomorrow there will be no y p 6 K a lesson Negative of y M e H i eCTb (1 have) etc. phrases, e . g . Y MeHh HeT KapaH-The word H e r is used to express the negative in these 1 do not have a pencil Aawh (Russian construction There is no pencil to me) Y HaC HeT KHhrll We do not have the book Y CTYACHTa HeT The student does not have Y B a c HC 6 ~ n o 6ph~a You did not have a brother Y HEIX H e 69ae~ They will not have the car IIHCbMh the letter MaIJ.Ifi HbI REFLEXIVE VERBS Many verbs in Russian can be modified by the particle -CR or -Cb at the end of the word, e.g.OAeBhTb (1) to dress OH OAeBheT p e 6 e ~ ~ a 0 AeBhTbCSI to dress oneself O H OJJeBheTCX He dresses himself He dresses the child (pronounced adivhetsa) The -CII at the end of reflexive verbs is pronounced as an unaccented ‘say sound. The verb is conjugated in the ordinary way and the particle -CR added to the end of the verb to make it reflexive. The particle -a is added when the verb ends in a vowel, e.g. BbI o n e s h e T e c b You are dressing yourselves O H OaeBhJICX He dressed himself OH& oAeshnacb She dressed herself O H h O A e B h i C b They dressed themselves YMbIBhTb (1) x YMbIBhK) CTeKnSHHbIfi YMbIBhTbCSI ( 1 ) x YMbIBhEOCb BO3BpawhTb (1) O H BO3BpaIQheT K H k Y BO3BpawhTbCX (1) np~66p O H BO3BpaIQheTCX B HaXOAhTb (2) O H HaX6AHT TPY6KY H a HaXOAhTbCS (2) Tpy6~a HaX6AMTCII H a MOCKBY CTO.JI6 CTOJIC to wash I wash the glass apparatus to wash oneself I wash myself to return g-ive back He is giving back the book to return to come back (return oneself) He returns to Moscow to find He finds the tube on the to find itself to be (somewhere) table The tube is on the table In the last example the reflexive form has really changed the meaning of the verb.Rejexive verbs with a passive meaning In some verbs the reflexive particles do not indicate that the subject is performing an action on itself but 22 222 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY that the action indicated by the verb is performed on the subject.These are translated into English by the use of the passive voice e.g. OTKP bIB hTb (1) 3aKPbIBhTb (1) COAePXhTb (2) to open to close to contain to use apply to obtain receive to decompose IIPHMeHiTb (1) n0ny YhTb (1) pa3nara~b (1) lIpeBpa4hTb (1) PaCTBOPiTb (1) IlOKPbIBhTb (1) to change convert to dissolve to cover to build OHE~ CTP~IIT AOM AOM CTP~HTCX CTP6EITb (2) XnOp COA6pXHTCX B COeAEIH6HHEf OTKPbIBhTbCSI 3aKpbIBhTbC5I COAepXhTbCX IIPHMeHiTbCX IIOJIy YhTbCSI to be opened to be closed to be contained to be used to be obtained to be decomposed, to undergo decomposition to be changed to be dissolved to be covered to be built pa3narh~bcx IIpeBpaqhTbC5I paCTBOpiTbC5I IIOKPbIBhTbCH CTP6HTbCH They are building the house The house is being built Chlorine is contained in the compound (COeAEIH6HMH is the prepositional case of coeAHH&uie.Neuter nouns ending in -He form the prepositional singular in -mi.) A use of the instrumental case The subject of an active verb may become the instrument of the action when the reflexive form with a passive meaning is used. The instrumental case of the noun is then used, e.g. KEICJIOP~A pa3~1arhe~ Oxygen decomposes the coeqMHt5HEIe compound nariieTcx KEICJIO- decomposed by oxygen P ~ A O M CoenHHkie pa3- The compound is flea noKpbrsaeT P ~ K Y PeKh rIOKPbIBheTCH Ice covers the river The river is covered with JIbAOM ice Rejexive verbs with neither a rejexiue nor a passiue meaning intransitive form, 8.g.MCIIaPhTb (1) Sometimes the reflexive form of a verb is simply the to evaporate (transitive) HCnap6TbCX to evaporate (intransitive), to undergo evaporation 3@hp HcnapgeTcx 6b1k~p0 The ether evaporates quickly Some verbs only exist with the reflexive endings, e . g . CMehTbCH CMeIbCb CMeeLUbCR (1) to laugh 60i~bc11 606cb 60kimbcx (2) to fear VERBS OF MOTION The verb xoAhTb is another verb meaning to go on foot or to walk. This verb implies that the motion is general or habitual not for a specific journey at a specific time. Injnitive XOAkiTb to go Present Tense Singular Plural x xoxy MbI X6AHM TbI X6AICIIIIb BM X6aHTe OH X6AHT OHH X6,QHT The past tense is formed regularly: e.g.A ~ T H X~AIIT B LUK~JIY XOAB~ xogiina xo~hno xo&nki. Children go to school (in OT&J KhXAbIGAeHb Father goes to the office If a definite journey at a specific time is involved the verb HATB is used, e.g. A6BymKa EIA~T Ceihac The girl is now going to Bqeph YTPOM OT64 Yesterday morning father The limitation implying general or habitual action is not transferred to the derivatives, 8.g. IIPHXOAhTb to come YXOAhTb to leave HaXOAhTb to find IIpOHCXOAhTb to proceed take place general) X ~ A H T B K O H T ~ P Y every day B UUK6JIY school men B KOHT~PY went to the office There are many verbs derived from XOAEiTb. ADJECTIVES WITH MIXED ENDINGS If we remember that the letters m Y LU 4 r K x are never (except in a few words of foreign origin) followed by bI 10 x but by H y a instead then the pattern of mixed endings will be easy to remember.Hard adjectives Aopordii noporhx Aopor6e AoporBe dear expensive Russian 60n1,m6ii 60nbmax 60nam6e 6onamHe big In the above adjectives n is written instead of bI. Soft adjectives Masculim Feminine Neuter Plural xop6m~ii xop6max xop6mee xop6mHe good fine ropimii ropkax rophee ropfwe hot In these adjectives ‘a’ is written instead of ‘x’. Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural Py CCKHG pyccnax pyccKoe pyccKkI 19621 RUSSIAN FOR CHEMISTS 22 3 A RELATIVE PRONOUN The relative pronoun KOT6pbIg introduces a sub-g 3HaIO XkMHKa ~ 0 ~ 6 - 1 know a chemist who lives KOTOpbIfi has the same endings as an adjective i.e.-big -ax -oe -bIe. I t takes the number and gender of the noun in the main clause to which it refers. The case of KOTOpbIfi is determined by its own function in the relative clause. ordinate clause. PbIg X H B ~ T B MOCKB~ in Moscow A PREPOSITION The preposition n p ~ is always followed by the prepositional case. Its exact meaning will depend on the context. It may mean ‘at’ ‘at the time of’ ‘in the pres-ence of’ ‘in connection with’. I t may be used to indicate position or relationship between objects, e.g. nPH KXy6e eCTb At the club is a library On heating the compound ~ H ~ J I H O T ~ K ~ n p ~ HarpeBhHm co-eAkiH6HMe pasnarhe~c~ decomposes EXERCISE VIA Trandate into English: 1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 . 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. EXERCISE VIB Translate into Russian : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. He goes to the village every day. He does not work at the farm. The compound which he obtained decomposed rapidly. The ore does not contain silver. There are no books on the table. Crystals were obtained on cooling. Today the children are going to school. These compounds decompose in water. The mixture contains many metals. Chemists were investigatiny its composition. The experiment showed the presence of lead. White crystals were obtained as a result of the Today he is going to the library.The compound was decomposed by water. Hydrochloric acid reacted with the metal. experiment . Vocabulary am AerfiA BYepa 66per (pl. 6 e p e r B ) H a 6epery BhXHbIg -ax -Oe -bIe 6 p o m 6 ~ ~ e ~ ~ I C T P O 6dICTPbIG -ax -oe -hie Aasa aldehyde important yesterday bank shore on the shore (special form of pre-positional) fermentation rapidly fast dacha summer holiday girl young lady house huge enormous children to live tomorrow isoprene evaporation to investigate* each every every day * Hccn6AosaTa is more commonly used than M c c n k A b r s a m (see Lesson 3) 224 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY KHCJIOp6A KOJIh WCTBO KOHT6pa ~ n y 6 nea (gen. nbna) MaLLIhHa M6AJIeHHO MkAJleHHbIfi -aR -Oe -bIe M 6 p e MOCKB~ H a r p e B a H a e HeAaneK6 OKPiCJI6HHe OTAbIXaTb (1) oxnaxmhie ~e60nbm6ii -ax -oe -He n e p e r 6 H K a nonyskaEie n6cne (+ gen.) npe~pamkaee IIOCemaTb (1) npHMeH6HHe IIpOM~ILUJIeHHOCTb (f) 6 W H b p e 6 e ~ o ~ (gen.p e 6 e ~ K a ) caxap ceiigac YP6K YTPO YTPOM (adv.) 3HkpTHFI 3TkiJ’IOBbIfi -as -Oe -bIe 3TkJIOBbIfi CIIHpT 3@BP XPiMEiYecKMji -ax oe- -Pie oxygen club quantity number office ice car machine slow sea Moscow heating not far oxidation to rest to take a holiday cooling small distillation acquisition production to visit attend after conversion application use industry very child sugar now presently lesson morning in the morning energy ethyl ethyl alcohol ether (or ester) chemical slowly 1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Key to exercises EXERCISE VIA The liquid in the vessel is not boiling. We did not obtain crystals in the experiment. Crystals were obtained as a result of the experiment. This compound decomposed very quickly in water. We do not have the student’s books. The chemist did not have the sample. He goes to the laboratory every day. A small quantity of mass is transformed into a huge quantity of energy. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 . 7. 8 . 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Hydrochloric acid does not dissolve gold. Common salt dissolves quickly in water.Chemical analysis shows that the ore contains lead These ores do not contain lead or silver. On cooling the reaction goes slowly. Alloys of aluminium obtain an important applica-tion in the production of aeroplanes. Common salt is used in industry for the production of chlorine and its compounds. Acetic acid is obtained by the oxidation of the aldehyde by atmospheric oxygen (oxygen of the air) in the presence of a catalyst. After the evaporation of the water there was no residue in the flask. The students often went into the country to rest. Today we are going to the village to visit father who In summer we live at a dacha which is on the I put the books which he was reading on the table. Rubber decomposes on distillation and isoprene is obtained.Ethyl alcohol is obtained in the process which takes place on the fermentation of sugar. This compound is decomposed rapidly by the action of water. I like to live on the sea shore where the air is clean and fresh. I have a beautiful dacha which is not far from the sea. and a small quantity of silver. works on the farm. sea shore. EXERCISE VIB KQXCAbIG AeHb OH X6AHT B AepkBHlco. OH H e p a 6 6 ~ a e ~ H a @6pMe. C o e A m k H a e K o T 6 p o e OH nonyqan pa3naranocb P y ~ i H e CO&NKMT cepe6ph. 6dICTpO. KHPir HeT H a CTOJIk. K p H c T h n f l b I IIOJIy9hJIHCb IIpH OXJIaXAkHHH. C e r 6 a H s A ~ T H H,@T B LIIK~JIY. B BOA^ $TH c o e a a H k H m p a 3 n a r a l c o ~ c ~ . CMeCb COAkPXMT MH6TO MeT6JIJIOB. XhMHKH I.rCCJI6AOBaJIH er6 COCTkB.O n b I T IIOKa3bIBaJI IIpHCYTCTBHe CBHHQii. &hbIe KpHCTaJIJIbI IIOJIyYhJIHCb B p e 3 y n b T a T e 6IIbITa. Cer6flHS OH HAeT B 6H6nHoTkKy. C o e A m k H a e pasnaranocb BOA&. COJIXH~R KHCJIOTB pearhposana c M e T a n n o M 19621 KINGSTON UPON HULL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY 225 KINGSTON UPON HULL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY The formal opening of the second phase of the Kingston upon Hull College of Technology by Alderman J. L. Schultz o.B.E. Chairman of the Governing Body, took place on 14 May. Among those present were Alderman K. Turner Lord Mayor Mr B. Parkes, Sheriff of Hull Mr Emlyn Jones Principal of the College Mr L. Balmforth head of the chemistry department and Mr Frederick Gibberd c.B.E. the architect. The Institute was represented by Mr R.C. Grimwood Chairman of the Hull and District Section. The nine-storey building connecting directly to an extensive single-storey block of workshops and laboratories for the various branches of engineering and building opened by Lord Hives in 1956 contains mainly the centr a1 administrative offices students’ accommodation, such as refectory and common rooms exhibition hall, laboratories and lecture rooms. The department of chemistry and biology occupies the whole of the seventh floor and part of the fourth. In addition to a large well-equipped chemical engineer-ing laboratory with a special raised area for stills there are seven teaching and four research laboratories two lecture theatres workshops stores balances and oven rooms. Adequate provision has been made in all laboratories for cold hot demineralized and pressure water gas compressed air and electric points.Special apparatus includes ultra-violet infra-red and visible spectrophotometers a quartz spectrograph, gas-liquid chromatography apparatus a polarograph, potentiometric and conductometric apparatus centri-fuges and an ice-making machine. The physics department consists of specialized laboratories for research optics electronics and so on. As a pioneer in the field of teaching techniques in the handling and uses of radioactive materials in technical colleges it is fitting that the department incorporates a specially screened suite of radiation laboratories with modern equipment Book Reviews THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FOODS. Originally written by H.E. Cox. Fifth Edition. D. Pearson. Pp. xii + 464. London J. €5’ A . Churchill, 1962. 50s. This book on the chemical analysis of foods is a revision of the work originally written by H. E. Cox under the same title. The subject matter is divided into chapters each dealing with the analysis of a natural group of foodstuffs although repetition of techniques has been avoided in the revision by introductory chapters on general methods applicable to all foods. The present author has retained the style and format but enlarged the text considerably to include more recent information. This is particularly noticeable for methods dealing with trace elements preservatives antioxidants and colouring matters most of which have been published since the last edition and are now brought together conveniently in one chapter.Such expansion must have given the author some difficult choices between admission and omission of material and the reader must often be disappointed to find useful information included only by a reference. To attempt revision in the style of another writer must inevitably lead to lack of balance and ‘bittiness’-not helped in this book by the haphazard use of varying type throughout-so that it is not an easy book to read, but a considerable amount of subject matter is either included or there is an indication of where to find it. To illustrate this suggestion of bittiness on page 100, quite out of context two methods are quoted from the F. & F.S. Regulations for inversion of sucrose with no method of calculation inserted; on page 102 the A.O.A.C.polarimetric method is given with yet different conditions with a warning at the end that the factor needs to be modified for varying conditions of hydrolysis. The original ‘Cox’ was a useful laboratory handbook written for just the purpose the present author has in mind the public analyst and analysts practising in such laboratories ; for that purpose he has obviously revised it adequately and brought the information up to date, although retaining much of the original text. However, it does seem unnecessary that about one-tenth of the text should be taken up with legal requirements since it can be assumed that public analysts themselves must be fully acquainted with and be in possession of all legal enactments concerning food.The author tells us that for other potential users ‘the aim has been to bring the material more in line with current practice in the average food laboratory which is equipped for dealing with routine work’; that may be but to the best of my knowledge we are still short of a good book of reference on food control both in manu-facture and sale. Thus I would suggest that for future revisions the author goes further selecting with his experience the subject matter in which he has confidence from the numerous references he quotes and builds this into a treatise of that kind. The price of the book is moderate for the information it contains. D. C. GARRATT BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT. W. W. Ecken-felder Jr and D.J. O’Connor. Pp. vii + 29. Oxford Pergamon Press 196 1. This book written by the Associate Professors of Civil Engineering at Manhattan College New York, contains most of the data presented in papers discussed at a course held at that college in 1955 but it also includes more recent material. Although the design of waste-treatment plants is considered very largely from the American aspect references to British work which were lacking in earlier publications from this source can be noted here and there and one may surmise that recent visits which one of the authors has paid to Europe have had some influence on his thinking. Most phases of waste treatment are discussed but almost one half of the book is devoted to the principles and practice of biological oxidation and the activated sludge process whilst the section on percolating filters occupies less than 25 pages.I t is in the consideration of biological filtration that the difference between American and British practice is perhaps most apparent. Indeed, in one of the figures relating hydraulic loading and filter depth to B.O.D. removal it is evident that most instal-lations in this country operate in the range beyond the point at which the graph ends. The mechanism of aeration is examined in great detail and scattered amongst the many theoretical aspects of the subject are practical comments about the requirements of the activated sludge process which show that the authors have more than an armchair knowledge of this system. For instance they show a sensible appreciation of the fact that in the so-called ‘total oxidation’ system there is a non-oxidizable fraction of the biological sludge which must be removed from time to time.The subject of anaerobic fermentation of wastes is dealt with quite well but there are practical matters which may be queried. For example on page 253 mention is made of feeding an experimental sludge digester with material containing 37 per cent of solids. One wonders how sludge of this concentration could be handled in a large plant. The authors have attempted to put the biological principles of waste treatment on a mathematical basis and in so doing have produced quite an unusual book. Whilst their proposals may not be completely acceptable in this country they certainly have made a useful contri-bution to public-health-engineering process design.65s. J. MCNICHOLAS 22 BOOK REVIEWS 227 lNDUSTRIAL RESEARCH IN MANUFACTURING I N D u s T R Y 1 959-60. Results of a survey including commentaries and a statistical report. Pp. 129. London Federation o f British Industries 196 1. One cannot help wondering whether the direction of industrial research is not still more of an art than a science. Does it not depend on the subjective feeling of the director of research and perhaps the managing director or chairman rather than on objective analysis ? By what logical process can one determine how much to spend on research in relation to profits turnover or potential rewards ? How far does this expenditure depend on the particular industry or how far on the ideas that the research workers have? How much of a firm’s research should be devoted to major improve-ments of processes minor improvements of processes, to better ways of using the products or to pioneering work? Do the British put too much man power into research and too little into development ? Some day perhaps there will be more guidance than at present to help us answer these questions.Since the last war however data collected partly by the Federa-tion of British Industries and partly by Government departments have provided useful information from which some conclusions can be drawn. The F.B.I. has now published the results of the latest survey made in May, 1960. Here we find industry graded into large medium and small firms in 28 types of industrial activity and much statistical information on the percentage of scientists employed the type of work they are employed on the use made of research associations and so on.There is also a commentary by the F.B.I. Industrial Research Committee and another commentary by Professor Bruce Williams on behalf of the National Institute for Economic and Social Research. Figures are given which enable comparisons to be made of the rate of growth of industrial research over the period 1949-60. It is impossible in a few words to indicate general conclusions; perhaps the biggest use that those of us in industry will make of this document is to see how we stand in relation to other companies of approximately our own size and in approximately our own field of activity.Indeed the document is recommended to anyone connected with the direction of research in industry or in research associations including chairmen and managing directors of companies. They obviously will be unlikely to read or digest the whole document but it should be on their shelves. 40s. N. BOOTH MOLECULAR ENERGY TRANSFER IN GASES. T. L. Cottrell and J. C. McCoubrey. London Butterworth 196 1. 45s. Pp. viii + 205. The transfer of energy from one molecule to another at a collision is an elementary process which is at the root of many of the problems of gas-dynamics. Its rate affects profoundly the propagation of sound and shock-waves the light emitted by rapidly compressed gases, the thermal conductivity of gases and the rates of many chemical reactions.This short book touches on all these topics except that of thermal conductivity and discusses in some detail two principal subjects. The first is the experimental study of the dispersion and absorption of sound by gases. This is followed by a long critical account of the derived rates of exchange of translational energy with vibrational energy in low-lying states for 70 gases. These results are correlated with those derived in other ways as for example with those from shock-tube measurements. The second principal subject is the recent quanta1 and semi-classical theories of the rate of this type of exchange and a comparison of them with the results of the earlier chapter. Both subjects are presented clearly and economically.The book is intended more for the chemist than for the physicist but there will be few of either who are working on the properties of gases who will not find it useful. J. S. ROWLINSON DICTIONARY OF CHEMISTRY. VOLUME I . GERMAN-ENGLISH. R. Ernst. Pp. 727. London Sir Isaac Pitman @ Sons Ltd 1961. New dictionaries cultivating the same field differently, are always welcome. This chemical dictionary with 45,000 entries including many from related sciences and technology gives many words similar to English ones thus commending itself to the non-chemist. Yet this has involved other curtailments and vital omissions, like the fact that the organic prefix ‘oxy-’ is generally our ‘hydroxy-’ and sometimes ‘keto-,’ ‘0x0-’ or ‘oxa-.’ The dictionary was obviously compiled in Germany.Our adoption of the Stock system of denoting valencies-iron(I1) for ferrous etc.-has passed unnoticed. Un-necessary terms are listed e.g. ‘Lackmus = litmus, Zacmus’ or ‘Methylzellulose = methyl cellulose tyluse.’ Important meanings are omitted ‘Lackfarbe’ is not given as paint or ‘Beize’ as bate yet both are quoted. ‘Ferment,’ however is surprisingly but rightly also called enzyme. Other terms are wrong ‘Firnis’ is boiled oil not varnish. Droll would-be English words litter the pages inertance for inertness; sunk spot for sink mark (plastics) ; decompoundable as well as decomposable. English and American usage are frequently not differ-entiated. The explanation of doubtful meanings is valuable but the synonyms are unfortunately for us, in German.Though most terms are undoubtedly correct these and other oddities and errors-found inside an hour-cast doubt on the remainder. This dictionary is safest and most valuable as an adjunct to others. Patterson still remains supreme. 52s. 6d. E. HAMMON Institute Affairs EXAMINATIONS SEPTEMBER 1962 Graduate Membership Part I1 Theoretical examinations will be held in London, Birmingham and Glasgow and if required in other centres on Monday and Tuesday 10 and 11 Sep-tember 1962. Practical exercises will be carried out in London and, subject to confirmation in Birmingham and Glasgow on Wednesday to Saturday 12 to 15 September, inclusive and in London on Tuesday to Friday 18 to 2 1 September inclusive. Candidates will be asked to state their preference as to the centre for their theoretical papers and the period and centre for their practical exercises; but it must be clearly understood that no guarantee can be given that their wishes will be met.Candidates who have not yet been accepted for examination and who wish to present themselves in September should obtain from the Assistant Registrar without delay the prescribed Application Form so as to allow ample time for obtaining the necessary signatures certifying that they have complied with the Regulations concerning their courses of training. The completed Application Form must reach the Institute not later than Monday 2 July. No application will be considered if received after that date. Entry forms will be sent as soon as they are ready to all accepted candidates.The last date for the receipt of Entry Forms is Monday 23 July. No entry will be accepted if received after that date. EXAMINATIONS APRIL 1962 Graduate Membership Part I1 Examiners Professor W. G. Overend Dr A. G. Sharpe, Assistant Examiners Dr G. W. H. Cheeseman Dr D. A. Professor W. F. K. Wynne-Jones Yrye The examination was held at the University of London and King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne the theoretical papers being taken also at various local centres in the periods 2-7 April and 10-13 April 1962. Of the 178 candidates 67 passed (38 per cent). Of the 178 candidates three studied full-time of whom none passed; 18 attended ‘sandwich’ courses of whom nine passed (50 per cent); 58 attended part-time courses preceded or followed by a period of full-time or ‘sandwich’ study of whom 20 passed (34 per cent) ; 99 trained wholly by means of part-time courses of whom 38 passed (38 per cent).Of the 67 who passed Part 11 61 had either passed Part I or had been exempted under the current Regula-tions (91 per cent). PASS LIST ANDREWS Colin Arthur Royal College of Advanced BAIRD Thomas Technical College Paisley BAKER George Raymond Flintshire Technical College, BAMFIELD Peter College for Further Education, BATCHELOR John Northern Polytechnic London BOWDEN Frank Lawrence Royal College of Advanced BREARS John Herbert College of Technology and BUCK Stanley College of Further Education Whitehaven BUCKEE Geoffrey Kerswill Technical College Gloucester BUCKLAND William Ernest David Technical College, BUDD Brian James Technical College Kingston (Surrey) BUTLER Barry Robert Medway College of Technology, BUTTERS Gordon Lancaster and Morecambe College BYRNE Geoffrey Arthur Flintshire Technical College, CARTWRIGHT John Arthur Technical College Birken-CLARK Nicholas Rex Wolverhampton and Staffs.COLECLOUGH Norman Technical College Birkenhead CROSSLAND Barry Edward College of Technology, DAVIS Jack Brunel College of Technology London DIXON Robert John Lanchester College of Technology, DODD John Alan Wolverhampton and Staffs. College of DUCK Arthur Constantine Technical College Middles-DUNCAN Sydney John Technical College Birkenhead ; DUNCAN William Ellis Constantine Technical College, EVANS John Winston Technical College Gloucester EYRE David Herbert Lanchester College of Technology, FOULKES David Mackie Technical College Birkenhead GENDLE Eric Constantine Technical College Middles-GOODALL George Harold Central College of Further GREENWOOD Derek Alfred Brunel College of Tech-GRIFFITHS William Anthony Technical College Birken-HAIGH Richard College of Technology Huddersfield HARRIS John Raymond Sir John Cass College London HEATON Tom Technical College Bolton Technology Salford Connah’s Quay Stockport Technology Salford Commerce Leicester Gloucester Chatham of Further Education Lancaster Connah’s Quay head; College of Further Education Widnes College of Technology Wolverhampton Huddersfield Coventry Technology Wolverhampton brough College of Technology Liverpool Middlesbrough Coventry brough Education Carlett Park Eastham (Wirral) nology London head 22 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 229 HERON Stanley Rutherford College of Technology, HOBSON Roy Baxter Flintshire Technical College, HUTCHFIELD John Keith College for Further Educa-JACKSON Alexander Technical College Birkenhead JAYNE Gerald John Joseph Brunel College of Tech-JENKINS William B.SC.(LOND.) Sir John Cass College, JENNINGS James College of Further Education White-JOLLEY James College of Further Education Widnes KAY James Jackson Technical College Bolton ; Institute of Technology Bradford; College of Tech-nology Leeds KNOWLES George Flintshire Technical College, Connah’s Quay LEIGH Brian Leslie Northampton College of Advanced Technology London LINTONBON Roger Michael S.E.Essex Technical College Dagenham MCALPINE Archibald Edmonstone Fergus Technical College Paisley MCWALTER Ian Thomson B.SC. (LOND.) Technical College Dundee ; College of Technology Oxford MARTIN Peter Gerard Brunel College of Technology, London NOBLE Peter Hirst College of Technology Huddersfield PICKERING Frank Sydney Royal College of Advanced Technology Salford PUZEY John Edwin College of Advanced Technology, Birmingham; Lanchester College of Technology, Coven try RICHARDSON Stephen John Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough ROBERTS Warwick Sinclair Flintshire Technical College, Connah’s Quay SIMMS Alan Technical College Bolton SIMPSON Malcolm William Lanchester College of SMITH David William B.SC.(LOND.) Northern Poly-STUDLEY Frank Thomas Royal College of Advanced STURDY William Constantine Technical College, THOMPSON Keith Malcolm College of Technology, TOPHAM Frederick William Flintshire Technical TURNER Peter Frederick Technical College Kingston WALLIS Terry Brunel College of Technology London WARD David Technical College Bolton WHITFIELD Alan College of Further Education Widnes Newcastle upon Tyne Connah’s Quay tion Stockport nology London London ; Woolwich Polytechnic London haven Technology Coventry technic London Technology Salford Middlesbrough Lu ton College Connah’s Quay (Surrey) WILKINSON Malcolm College of Technology Hudders-WOOD George Royal College of Advanced Technology, field Salford ; College of Technology Sheffield ANNUAL CONFERENCE 1963 The next Annual Conference will be held in Leicester on 18-20 April 1963.The Council has given general approval to a provisional programme of events which has been drawn up by a sub-committee set up for the purpose by the Committee of the East Midlands Section. The Annual General Meeting of the Institute will take place on Friday 19 April 1963. SUMMER SCHOOL IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Arrangements for the Summer School in Analytical Chemistry which will be held in the Manchester College of Science and Technology from 9-15 September, are proceeding satisfactorily. Most of the places are now allocated and there is a waiting list for two of the courses. There are however a few vacancies for Course I Physical Methods o f Organic Chemistry and for Course 111 Determinatzon o f Toxic Substances in Air and Efluen ts .Requests to attend the lectures only of any one course can still be considered. Further details and application forms may be obtained from the Education Officer 30 Russell Square W.C. 1. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY IN NATIONAL CERTIFICATE AND DIPLOMA COURSES A Conference on this topic organized by the Institute at the Royal College of Advanced Technology Salford, on 3 May was attended by nearly 200 technical college representatives. Dr C. Whitworth Principal of the College welcomed the representatives to the first conference of this type to be held in Salford. The morning session under the Chairmanship of Mr J. Maitland-Edwards H.M. Staff Inspector for Chemistry included a paper by Dr K.E. Howlett on ‘Physical Chemistry at O.N.C. Level.’ Dr Howlett, who is the Assessor in Physical Chemistry for Ordinary National Certificates in Chemistry referred particularly to the teaching of electrochemistry and the properties of gases. This paper was followed by two short talks on ‘Sign Conventions and Electrode Potentials’ by Dr J. Robbins Lanchester College of Technology Coventry, and Mr W. Boardman Hatfield College of Technology. This subject created great interest and gave rise to a lively discussion on the significance of the so-called American European and IUPAC sign conventions. Dr G. R. Ramage head of the department ofchemistry and applied chemistry Royal College of Advanced Technology took the Chair for the afternoon session and introduced the main speaker Dr A.J. Lindsey 230 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE Dr Lindsey who is the Assessor in Physical Chemistry for Higher National Certificates and Diplomas in Chemistry presented a review of physical chemistry at H.N.C. level with particular reference to the teaching of themodynamics at this level. The Conference closed with a paper by Mr J. M. Wilson Liverpool College of Technology on the teaching of practical physical chemistry at H.N.C. level. British Standards Institution.-Mr George Dring has been nominated as representative of the Institute on the Chemical Divisional Council of the British Standards Institution for a period of three years from July 1962 in succession to Dr Frank Hartley who will then have completed the maximum of two three-year periods of service in this capacity.The thanks of the Council have been conveyed to Dr Hartley for his valuable services on the Chemical Divisional Council, of which he will continue to be a member representing the British Pharmacopoeia Commission. Mr G. N. Copley who is the representative of the Institute on Technical Committee USM/2-Letter Symbols and Abbreviations has accepted nomination to represent the Institute also on Technical Committee USM/ I-Co-ordination of Definitions Units and Tech-nical Data in succession to Dr D. J. G. Ives. Bristol College of Science and Technology.-The College duly became an independent institution on 1 April under a new Board of Governors. Under the terms of the Trust Deed which specifies the constitution of the Board the Governors have appointed Mr E.Le Q. Herbert as one of the Co-optative Governors. Russian for Chemists.-Offprints of lessons in the Russian course are now available price Is. each. I t would help the office if those wishing to obtain offprints of the whole series would place a standing order. If there is sufficient demand it is proposed to publish the full course in booklet form when completed. PERSONAL NOTES Honours and Awards Professor T. P. Hilditch c.B.E. F.R.s. Fellow Emeritus Professor of Industrial Chemistry University of Liver-pool has been awarded the Lampitt Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry. This medal is awarded biennially for services to the S.C.I. through its sections and groups.Professor Hilditch has been a member of that Society for more than half a century has twice been chairman of its Liverpool section and was the first chairman of the Oil and Fats Group. Mr G. H. Turner Fellow who was recently elected a member of the Council of the Association of Public Analysts has also been awarded the Civil Defence Long Service Medal. Mr D. T. Wall Associate has gained the first-ever M.C.T. (Membership of the College of Technologists). He was a research student in the department of pure and applied chemistry Northampton College of Tech-nology London from February 1959 to February, 1962. Societies and Institutions Mr H. A. Collinson Fellow managing director, Leicester Love11 & Co. Ltd has been elected Vice-Chairman of the British Plastics Federation.He had been chairman of the Federation’s main technical committee for the past 10 years but has now relin-quished this position. Lord Fleck of Saltcoats K.B.E. F.R.s. Fellow will install Dr M. E. Spaght as President of the Society of Chemical Industry 1962-63 at the Annual Meeting of the Society in Newcastle upon Tyne on 11 July. Mr C. J. Waller Fellow has been elected Vice-President of the National Benzole and Allied Products Association for the ensuing year. Association of Consulting Scientists.-The follow-ing members have been elected officers and members of council Chairman Dr M. Barent Fellow; Hon. Treasurer Dr G. W. Ferguson Fellow ; Hon. Secretary, Mr W. H. Stevens Fellow; Members of Council; Dr H.H. Chambers Associate Dr R. F. Milton Fellow, Mr H. Pritchard Fellow and Dr A. N. Worden Fellow. Association of Public Analysts.-At the Annual General Meeting of the Association on 12 May the following Fellows were elected officers for the ensuing year President Mr D. D. Moir; Vice-president, Mr A. L. Williams; Past Presidents Dr J. H. Hamence, Mr J. G. Sherratt and Mr H. E. Monk; Hon. Treasurer, Mr R. C. Spalding; Hon. Secretary Mr F. A. Lyne; Hon. Assistant Secretary Mr C. N. Grange; Hon. Editor Dr E. C. Wood. Institute of Chemistry of Ireland.-At the Annual General Meeting of that Institute on 12 April, Mr M. J. Cranley Fellow was elected President for 1962-63 and Dr D. T. Long Fellow Vice-president. Royal Institution.-At the annual meeting of the Royal Institution on 1 May Dr A.Clow F.R.s.E., Fellow was elected a Manager and Mr F. Greenaway, Fellow a Visitor. Consultants Dr R. H. Marriott Fellow has changed the address of his practice Robert H. Marriott (Consultants) Ltd, to Deeping Firle Close Seaford Sussex (Tele Seaford 4360) from which he is continuing to provide consultant services in an advisory capacity on emulsions in general and cosmetical products in particular 19621 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 23 1 Mr C. C. Skou Fellow has established a practice as an independent consultant with an office at 34 Marton Road Middlesbrough (Tele Middlesbrough 43662). He will advise on the manufacture of cements and other building and heat-insulating materials ; heavy chemicals, ceramics and refractories ; mineral mining ; factory design and organization including process control ; and human relations.Educational Mr E. C. Apling Fellow has relinquished his post as chief analyst D. W. Kent-Jones and A. J. Amos, Analytical and Consulting Scientists to take up an appointment as lecturer in food science in the depart-ment of dairying University of Reading. Professor R. G. Chitre Fellow formerly of the S.G.S. Medical College Bombay is now at the Medical College Jamshedpur India; this is one of the new colleges started under the auspices of the Indian Medical Association. Dr J. Clark Fellow previously a senior lecturer at the Royal College of Advanced Technology Salford has arrived in Canberra to take up a research fellowship in the department of medicinal chemistry Australian National University.Dr E. P. Hart Fellow head of the department of chemistry and biology Sunderland Technical College, has been appointed Vice-principal of the College as from 1 May. Mr B. Hudson Associate of Keffi Government College, Nigeria will be in the U.K. from the middle of this month until early September. Sir Christopher Ingold F.R.s. Vice-President Emeritus Professor of Chemistry in the University of London is spending some weeks in Ireland as Visiting Professor of Chemistry in University College Dublin. Dr D. F. C. Morris Fellow has been appointed reader in the department of chemistry Brunel College of Technology London with effect from 1 April. He was formerly senior lecturer in radiochemistry. Dr J. A. K. Quartey Fellow lecturer in chemistry, University of Ghana has been elected to a Fellowship, Title F (Overseas Fellowships) in Churchill College, Cambridge for 1963-65.Dr L. C. Roselaar Associate has been appointed senior lecturer in physical chemistry in the department of chemistry and biology South-East Essex Technical College Dagenham with effect from 1 September. Dr B. V. Rama Sastry Associate assistant professor of pharmacology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, who already holds the degree of D.Sc.(Andhra) has been awarded the Ph.D. (Vanderbilt) in pharmacology. Mr F. Scott Fellow has been appointed Vice-principal of North Gloucestershire Technical College as from 30 April. Mr W. P. Thistlethwaite Fellow has been appointed Vice-principal of Whitehaven College of Further Education where he has been head of the chemistry department since September 1956.Battersea College of Technology.-Dr V. S. Griffiths and Dr J. E. Salmon Fellows have been nominated by the Academic Board and elected to serve as Governors of the College. Public and Industrial Mr G. Beeston Fellow formerly works chemist, British Titan Products (Canada) Ltd Billingham has now gone to the company’s works at Sorel P.Q., Canada. Mr B. K. Blenkinship Associate has resigned from the position of chief chemist South African Breweries Ltd, to take up a new appointment as assistant to the general manager (production) Dominion Breweries Ltd Auck-land New Zealand. Major G. D. Bond T.D. Fellow has been appointed chairman of Bonded Fibre Fabric Ltd a subsidiary of Courtaulds.He is also senior managing director of British Cellophane Ltd. Mr C. R. Colman Fellow of the Hercules Powder Co. Ltd has been appointed to the board of Nelsons Acetate Ltd. Dr G. W. Cooke Fellow head of the chemistry depart-ment at Rothamsted Experimental Research Station since 1956 has been appointed deputy director of the Station by the Lawes Agricultural Trust Committee. Mr H. Crossley Fellow chief analyst of the Murphy Chemical Co. Ltd has accepted the chairmanship of the Dithiocarbamate Panel Pesticides Analysis Advisory Committee Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. The Panel is responsible for advising on standard methods for the analysis of dithiocarbamates and thiram used as pesticides. Dr B. K. Davison Fellow has joined the International Nickel Go.(Mond) Ltd as a development chemist in the development and research department. He is concerned with the chemical and chemico-physical aspects of the department’s work with particular reference to the established and potential industrial applications of the company’s chemical products. Dr E. W. Duck Fellow has resigned his position with the Koninklijke/Shell Laboratorium Amsterdam on appointment as research and development manager, International Synthetic Rubber Co. Ltd Hythe, Southampton. Mr E. A. Duligal Associate has joined the board of directors of Metalife Corrosion Ltd as technical director, and takes over the responsibility for production and technical development research programmes for the company.Dr G. A. H. Elton Fellow director of research, British Baking Industries Research Association visited North America during the latter half of May and the beginning of this month to present some of the work o 232 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE the Association and to make contact with bakers and scientists in the U.S.A. Mr F. Fancutt M.B.E. Fellow has relinquished his appointment as technical adviser to Docker Bros and resigned from that organization on 31 May. Mr K. Gardner Fellow chief analyst Fisons Pest Control Ltd has been appointed chairman of the Gas-Liquid Chromatography Panel Pesticides Analysis Advisory Committee which is giving consideration to methods for the analysis of the herbicides MCPA, MCPB and mecoprop by gas-liquid chromatography.Dr K. W. Geddes Associate has been appointed marketing manager Distillers Co. Ltd chemical division, Mr M. Gibson Associate has resigned from his position as laboratories manager Mullard Magnetic Components Ltd to take up the post of technical manager J. G. Gregory & Son Ltd Stoke on Trent. Dr H. S. Hirst Fellow has been appointed a director of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Billingham Division, Mr J. F. B. Jackson Fellow managing director of A.P.V.-Paramount Ltd and formerly director of the British Steel Castings Research Association has been elected to the board of A.P.V. Holdings Ltd. Mr D. J. Lewis Associate has been appointed assistant technical sales manager Baird & Tatlock (London) Ltd. Dr A. J. Lindsey Fellow has accepted an invitation to take up the post of director of research Carreras Ltd, Basildon Essex and has resigned his appointment as head of the department of chemistry Sir John Cass College.Mr L. W. J. Loveless Associate formerly of the Usutu Pulp Co. Ltd Swaziland South Africa is now with the chemical engineering section Courtaulds Ltd Coventry. Mr K. W. Palmer Fellow,. has been appointed a director of the Wilton Council Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd in addition to his appointment as Heavy Organic Chemicals Divisional Director. Dr R. J. W. Reynolds Associate has been appointed to the staff of the new petrochemicals and polymers laboratory of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd to assist the head of the laboratory in drawing up the preliminary programme and to manage a part of the research team when it is set up later in the year.Dr R. D. Richardson Associate has left Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Heavy Organic Chemicals Division in order to take up an appointment as director of chemical development Peninsular ChemResearch Inc. Gainesville Florida U .S .A. Mr F. L. Selfe Fellow has resigned his post as lecturer in the department of metallurgy Royal School of Mines to join Daniel C. Griffith & Co. Ltd. Mr T. S. Smith Fellow has been appointed a director of Hickson’s Timber Impregnation Co. (G.B.) Ltd, Castleford Yorkshire. Mr D. K. Taylor Associate formerly research and development manager Vinatex Ltd Havant has been appointed plastics development manager at the Passfield Research Organization of Metal Containers Ltd, Liphook.Mr L. L. Wall Fellow is now area chief scientist, Alloa Area Millhall Stirling as a result of an amalga-mation of areas in the National Coal Board Scottish Division. He was formerly area chief scientist West Fife Area Cowdenbeath. Mr J. H. Wood Fellow has recently been appointed divisional chief scientist head of scientific department, North Western Division National Coal Board. For the past 11 years he has held the post of divisional chief analyst of the scientific department. Mr V. D. Worstall Associate has been appointed technical director of Lever Brothers Ltd Port Sunlight. I.C.I. Plastics Division.-Mr N. D. Macleod, Fellow has been appointed manager of a new develop-ment department formed by Imperial Chemical In-dustries Ltd Plastics Division at their Welwyn Garden City headquarters for work on the products of the division and on processes used by the plastics industry.He will be assisted by two division leaders including Mr B. S. Dyer Fellow division leader polypropylene and new products technical service and development department. Laporte Group.-Mr T. W. Howard Fellow has been appointed group labour officer for the Laporte group of companies. He has resigned as chairman of Howards and Sons Ltd a subsidiary of Laporte In-dustries Ltd but remains a director of Howards and Sons and its U.K. subsidiary Howards of Ilford Ltd. Dr F. S. Spring Fellow research director of Laporte Industries has been appointed chairman of Howards and Sons. Retirements Mr S.B. Casson Fellow who joined the Kestner Evaporator and Engineering Co. Ltd London in 1949, is retiring as technical sales engineer in the north-west of England. Before joining Kestner’s he served with Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd at Widnes and Billing-ham as plant manager and division manager respec-tively. Professor S. K. K. Jatkar Fellow Professor of Chem-istry and head of the department of chemistry Uni-versity of Poona India has retired. He will continue to work as a retired scientist in the University and at the National Chemical Laboratory. He will also continue to work as a consulting chemist and chemical engineer and will be glad to assist any manufacturers of chemicals and scientific apparatus in the U.K. who wish to develop business contacts in India.Mr P. McGregor Fellow has retired from his position of senior principal scientific officer Laboratory of the Government Chemist D. S. I .R 19621 OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 1962-63 OFFICERS AND MEMBERS QF COUNCIL 1962-63 233 President Sir William Kershaw SLATER K.B.E. D.SC. HON. D.SC. F.R.S. Immediate Past-President Vice- President ex oficio Ernest Le Quesne HERBERT B.SC. F.H.-w.c. M.I.CHEM.E. F.INST.F. F.INST.PET. Vice- Presidents Ernest Harrison COULSON M.SC. A.R.c.s. D.I.C. George DRING M.A. B.SC. M.I.CHEM.E. F.P.I. Sir Christopher Kelk INGOLD D.SC. A.R.C.S D.I.c. F.R.S. Frank Arnold ROBINSON M.SC.TECH. D.SC. LL.B. Ernest James VAUGHAN c.B.E. M.SC. A.R.c.s. D.I.c. F.I.M. Ralph Louis WAIN PH.D. D.SC. F.R.S. Non. Treasurer Harold BURTON PH.D.D.SC. General and District Members o f Council Cyril Clifford ADDISON PH.D. D.SC. F.INST.P. Eric Newmarch ALLOTT M.A. B.SC. D.M. F.R.C.P. William Rogie ANGUS M.A. PH.D. D.SC. North Wales Harry James BARBER PH.D. D.SC. Richard Maling BARRER D.SC. SC.D. HON. A.R.c.s. F.R.S. Robert William BOLLAND B.SC. PH.D. George Henry BOTTOMLEY M.SC. William BRADLEY PH.D. D.SC. Charles Mills CAWLEY c.B.E. PH.D. D.SC. A.R.c.s., Philip Frederick CORBETT LL.B. B.SC. B.SC. (ENG.), Denis CROWLEY MAC. F.I.C.I. Dublin and District John Edward DAVIS o.B.E. M.I.GAS E. F.INST.F. Frank Henry DAY M.SC. PH.D. Cumberland and District; Reginald Langham ELLIOTT B.SC. PH.D. F.T.I. F.S.D.C. : Percival Francis ELLIS M.B.E. B.SC. South Wales; Raymond Ernest FAIRBAIRN B.SC.PH.D. Manchester Charles FORRESTER PH.D. F.H.-w.c. A.M.I.CHEM.E. , Maurice Ernest FOSS B.SC. PH.D. Birmingham and Robert Albert Ernest GALLEY B.SC. PH.D. A.R.c.s., Reginald Oswald GIBSON D.SC. M.I.CHEM.E. F.INST.P. : Harold Marks GLASS M.SC. PH.D. D.I.C. F.INST.PET. F.1NST.F. M.INST. F. North Lancashire Leeds Area; Huddersfield Cardaff and District and District F.INST.F. F.R.S.E. Midlands D.I.C. Ouerseas Liveipool and North- Western Leslie Horton Williams HALLETT M.A. B.SC. Newcastle Frederick Wesley HARES Bristol and District; South-Frank HARTLEY B.SC. PH.D. F.P.S. Paul Frederic HOLT PH.D. D.SC. D.I.c. M.I.BIOL. : Edward David HUGHES PH.D. D.SC. F.R.S. Louis HUNTER PH.D. D.SC. East Midlands Frederick Cecil HYMAS M.SC.London; East Anglia (1) Harry Munroe Napier Hetherington IRVING M.A., William Ford KIRKPATRICK A.H.-w.c. F.I.C.I. Belfast Samuel Aaron MILLER M.A. B.SC. PH.D. London; Thomas John MORRISON B.SC. PH.D. Aberdeen and Mamie OLLIVER M.SC. Desmond Gerard O'SULLIVAN B.SC. PH.D. D.I.c., Ronald Herbert PURCELL c.B. B.SC. PH.D. A.R.c.s. D.I.C. Magnus Alfred PYKE B.SC. PH.D. F.R.S.E. Edinburgh and East o f Scotland; Stirlingshire and District Charles England RHODES B.SC. DIP.ED. Shefield, South Yorkshire and North Midlands; Hull and District Patrick Dunbar RITCHIE B.SC. PH.D. F.P.I. M.I.CHEM.E., F.R.S.E. Glasgow and West o f Scotland Maurice Arthur Thorold ROGERS B.SC. PH.D. Eric Charles WOOD B.SC. PH.D. A.R.C.S. Leslie YOUNG PH.D. D.SC. A.R.C.S. upon Tyne and North-East Coast; Tees-side Western Counties Mid-Southern Counties; Thames Valley D.PHIL.D.SC. L.R.A.M. and District East Anglia ( 2 ) North of Scotland; Dundee and District M.I.BIOL. F.I.C.I. F.S.D.C. (District Members of Council are indicated by references in italics to the Local Section(s) within their Districts 234 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY CENSORS 1962-63 Ernest Le Quesne HERBERT Sir Christopher INGOLD F.R.S. THE PRESIDENT ex-oficio EXAMINERS 1962 Examiners for Graduate Membership Part I F. FAIRBROTHER D.SC. (MANC.) ; W. J. HICKINBOTTOM PH.D. DSC. (BIRM.) ; J. W. SMITH PH.D., Part 11 W. G. OVEREND PH.D. D.SC. (BIRM.); A. G. SHARPE M.A. PH.D. (CANTAB.); W. F. K. WYNNE-JONES B.SC. Sir Harry JEPHCOTT BT Douglas William KENT-JONES D.SC.(LOND.). (OXON. AND WALES) D.SC. (WALES) Branch A.-General Analytical Chemistry Branch B.-Applied Biochemistry R. A. MORTON PH.D. D.SC. (LIV.) F.R.S. Branch C.-Agricultural Chemistry To be appointed as required Branch D.-Clinical Chemistry E. J. KING M.A. PH.D. (TORONTO) D.SC. (LOND.) ; I. D. P. WOOTTON M.A. M.B. B.CHIR. (CANTAB.), Branch E.-The Chemistry including Microscopy of Food Drugs and Water T. MCLACHLAN D.c.M. A.c.G.F.c. M.I.BIOL. ; H. E. Branch F.-The Chemistry of Water Supplies and the Treatment of Sewage and Trade EfFluents J. G. SHERRATT BSC. (MANC.) Branch G.-Industrial Chemistry W. PRESTON M.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) M.I.CHEM.E. Examiners for Diplomas in Applied Chemistry: R. C. CHIRNSIDE; J. HASLAM D.SC. (MANC.) PH.D. (LOND.) ARCHER M.R.C.S.(ENG.) L.R.C.P. (LOND.) F.P.S. Examiners in the special sections of Branch G will be appointed as required Assistant Examiners G. W. H. CHEESEMAN B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) A.R.c.s. D.I.c.; D. A. FRYE B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) A.R.c.s. D.I.C. Special Examiners E. D. HUGHES PH.D. (WALES) D.SC. (LOND.) F.R.s.; J. R. NICHOLLS c.B.E. D.SC. (LOND.) HON. AUDITORS 1962-63 AUDITORS 1962-63 D. I. COOMBER B.SC. PH.D. K. G. A. P.L\NKHURST PH.D. D.SC. J. Y . FINLAY ROBERTSON & Co. Chartered Accountants ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS Secretary and Registrar Harold Johann Thomas ELLINGHAM o.B.E. B.SC. PH.D. A.R.c.s. M.I.CHEM.E. F.I.M. F.R.I.C. (until 30 September) Assistant Secretary (Administrative) Assistant Secretary (Scientijic) Assistant Registrar Frederick William GIBBS PH.D.D.SC. F.R.I.C. Education Oscer Finance Oficer Examinations Ojicer John Frederick HARDING A.C.I.S. Dennis Alen ARNOLD F.C.I.S. Leonard Wilton WINDER Dennis Geoffrey CHISMAN B.SC. F.R.I.C. Robert William FLACK COMMITTEES 1962-63 (An asterisk denotes Committees and Sub-committees whose membership is restricted to present members of Council) *Finance and House Committee The PRESIDENT The HON. TREASURER (Chairman) Dr C. M. CAWLEY c.B.E. Mr P. F. CORBETT Mr G. DRING Dr F. HARTLEY Mr E. LE Q. HERBERT Dr R. H. PURCELL c.B. Dr F. A. ROBINSON Dr M. A. T. ROGERS Mr E. J. VAUGHAN c.B.E. with Mr J. F. HARDING as Secretary. Benevolent Fund Committee The PRESIDENT The HON. TREASURER (Chairman) Miss E. A. M. BRADFORD Mr D. M. FREELAND Professor C. H. GRAY The MEMBERS of the FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE Dr H.J. T. ELLINGHAM O.B.E. (Honorary Secretary of the Fund), with Mr D. A. ARNOLD as Secretary. Educational Trust Fund Committee The PRESIDENT Mr E. LE Q. HERBERT (Chairman) The HON. TREASURER Mr E. H. COULSON (as Chairman of the Education Committee) Mr G. DRING Dr F. HARTLEY Professor Sir CHRISTOPHER INGOLD F.R.s. Dr D. W. KENT-JONES, Dr F. A. ROBINSON (as Chairman of the Publications Committee) with Dr H. J. T. ELLINGHAM o.B.E. as Secretary. Education Committee The PRESIDENT Mr E. H. COULSON (Chairman) Professor C. C. ADDISON Dr H. J. BARBER Professor R. M. BARRER, F.R.s. Professor F. CHALLENGER Dr F. H. DAY Dr R. L. ELLIOTT Professor F. FAIRBROTHER Dr M. E. FOSS Mr L. H. W. HALLETT, Professor R. A. MORTON F.R.s. Miss M. OLLIVER Dr J.H. PRYOR Dr M. A. PYKE Dr G. R. RAMAGE Dr D. RIDGE Mr E. J. VAUGHAN c.B.E. with co-opted SCIENCE MASTERS and SCIENCE MISTRESSES and with Mr D. G. CHISMAN as Secretary. *Membership Committee The PRESIDENT Mr E. J. VAUGHAN C.B.E. (Chairman) Mr G. DRING (Vice-chairman) The other HON. OFFICERS and MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL with Mr L. W. WINDER as Secretary. *Examinations Board The CHAIRMAN of the MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE the VICE-CHAIRMAN of the MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE (Chairman) , Dr H. J. BARBER Dr R. W. BOLLAND Dr F. HARTLEY Dr P. F. HOLT Professor L. HUNTER Professor H. M. N. H. IRVING with the EXAMINERS and with Mr L. W. WINDER as Secretary. Sub-Committee on Indian and Pakistani Applications The CHAIRMAN of the MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Dr C. FORRESTER (Chairman) Mr A.A. ELDRIDGE Dr D. A. FRYE Dr G. E. GALE with Mr L. W. WINDER as Secretary. Sub-Committee for Special Examinations The CHAIRMAN of the MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE the VICE-CHAIRMAN of the MEMBERSHIP COM-MITTEE Professor E. D. HUGHES F.R.S. (Chairman) Professor C. C. ADDISON Professor R. M. BARRER F.R.s. Dr J. R. NICHOLLS, c.B.E. with Mr L. W. WINDER as Secretary. Sub-Committee for Special Assessments (Licentiateship) The CHAIRMAN of the MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE with Professor C. Mi. DAVIES, Dr J. HASLAM and Dr R. W. WEST c.B.E. as Assessors and Mr L. W. WINDER as Secretary. Panel on Exempting QuaZi$cations The CHAIRMAN of the MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Professor H. BURTON (Chairman) with Professor E. D. HUGHES F.R.s. and Dr J. W. SMITH as Assessors and Mr L. W. WINDER as Secretary. Study Group on Qualijcations The PRESIDENT Mr E.J. VAUGHAN C.B.E. (Chairman) Dr E. N. ALLOTT Dr W. R. ANGUS Dr R. W. BOLLAND, Dr N. BOOTH Professor W. BRADLEY Dr H. M. GLASS Dr F. HARTLEY Dr G. R. RAMAGE Dr F. A. ROBINSON Professor R. L. WAIN, F.R.s. Professor L. YOUNG with Dr H. J. T. ELLINGHAM o.B.E. as Secretary. Institutions Committee The PRESIDENT Professor L. HUNTER (Chairman) Professor C. C. ADDISON Dr R. W. BOLLAND Mr P. F. ELLIS, M.B.E. Dr I. J. FAULKNER Mr L. H. W. HALLETT Dr P. F. HOLT Mr F. C. HYMAS Dr M. A. PYKE Mr C. E. RHODES Mr E. J. VAUGHAN c.B.E. Dr E. C. WOOD with Mr D. G. CHISMAN as Secretary. Panel on Ancillary Subjects The CHAIRMAN of the INSTITUTIONS COMMITTEE with Dr J. W. SMJTH and Dr A. F. H. WARD as Assessors, and with Mr D. G. CHISMAN as Secretary 19621 OFFICERS COUNCIL AND MEMBERS OF COMMITTEES 235 *Publications Committee The PRESIDENT Dr F.A. ROBINSON (Chairman) Professor C. C. ADDISON Dr W. R. ANGUS Dr R. W. BOLLAND, Mr G. Dring Dr R. L. ELLIOTT Dr H. M. GLASS Mr L. H. W. HALLETT Dr D. G. O'SULLIVAN Dr M. A. PYKE Professor P. D. RITCHIE Dr E. C. WOOD Professor L. YOUNG with Dr F. W. GIBBS as Secretary. *Professional Status Committee The PRESIDENT Dr F. A. ROBINSON (Chairman) Dr E. N. ALLOTT Dr W. R. ANGUS Dr H. J. BARBER Dr R. W. BOLLAND Mr J. E. DAVIS o.B.E. Dr R. A. E. GALLEY Dr R. H. PURCELL c.B. Mr E. J. VAUGHAN c.B.E. Professor R. L. WAIN P.R.s. Professor L. YOUNG with Mr D. A. ARNOLD as Secretary. Ethical Practices Committee The PRESIDENT Professor Sir CHRISTOPHER INGOLD F.R.S. (Chairman) Dr N.BOOTH Dr D. C. GARRATT Dr F. HARTLEY Mr E. LE Q. HERBERT Dr D. W. KENT-JONES Mr C. PAINE Dr A. J. V. UNDERWOOD with Dr H. J. T. ELLINGHAM, o.B.E. as Secretary. REPRESENTATIVES ON JOINT COMMITTEES The Chemical Council (for 1962) The HON. TREASURER Mr C. PAINE Dr F. A. ROBINSON Dr C. SIMONS Committee on British Chemical Education (sponsored jointly with the Royal Society) Professor R. M. BARRER F.R.s. Mr E. H. COULSON Joint Committees on National Certijcates: The Joint Library Committee (for 1962) Mr H. W. CREMER c.B.E. Dr J. H. SKELLON Mr E. J. VAUGHAN c.B.E. Professor L. YOUNG ( a ) With the Ministry of Education (England and Wales) Professor H. BURTON Mr E. H. COULSON Professor E. D. HUGHES F.R.s., Mr E. J. VAUGHAN C.B.E. ( 6 ) With the Scottish Education Department Dr J.BELL Dr J. K. GRANT Dr M. A. PYKE Dr T. G. H. THOMSON. (Dr R. B. STRATHDEE o.B.E. T.D. is Chairman) ( c ) With the Ministry of Education (Northern Ireland) Dr T. CAUGHEY Professor H. B. HENBEST Mr W. F. KIRKPATRICK Joint Committee of the Institute and the Association of Consulting Scientists Dr N. BOOTH Dr D. C. GARRATT Dr F. HARTLEY Dr D. W. Kent-JONES Mr C. PAINE Dr A. J. V. UNDERWOOD Dr E. C. WOOD The SECRETARY. (Professor H. BURTON is Chairman) (Dr F. HARTLEY is Chairman) REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON OTHER BODIES GENERAL Parliamentary and Scientijc Committee The PRESIDENT The SECRE-The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933) Dr F. HARTLEY The Poisons Board (Pharmacy and Poisons Act Northern Ireland 1955): Advisory Committee appointed under the Therapeutic Substances Act 1956: British National Committee for Biochemistry (Royal Society) Professor British National Committee f o r Chemistry (Royal Society) Mr G.DRING Chemical Divisional Council o f the British Standards Institution Mr G. British Biological Stains Committee Professor W. BRADLEY Corday-Morgan Memorial Executive The PRESIDENT The IMMEDIATE Scientijc Film Association Mr D. M. FREELAND TARY DRING Professor C. L. WILSON Professor D. H. HEY F.R.S. L.C. C. Youth Employment Service Careers Advisory Section Advisory C. H. GRAY Crossways Trust Ltd The HON. TREASURER and Mr D. A. ARNOLD Professional Classes Aid Council Mr D. A. ARNOLD PAST PRESIDENT Sub-Committee Dr F. W. GIBBS EDUCATIONAL National Council for Technological Awards Board of Studies in Technologies other than Engineering Dr N.BOOTH Professor United Kingdom Advisory Council on Education for Management Mr E. Le Q. HERBERT W. BRADLEY Joint Committees for Diplomas in Management Studies Mr H. A. COLLINSON (England and Wales) Professor P. D. RITCHIE (Scotland) Courts of Universities University of Exeter Dr F. D. M. HOCKING University of Hull Mr R. S. HOWARD University of Liverpool Mr P. N. WILLIAMS National College of Food Technology Miss M. OLLIVER National College for Leather Dr K. G. A. PANKHURST Belfast College of Technology Professor C. L. WILSON Bradford Institute o f Technology Professor F. CHALLENGER Cardzy Welsh College of Advanced Technology Mr P. J. C. HAYWOOD Corby Technical College Mr J. GLEN Coventry Lanchester College of Technology Professor J.C. ROBB Monmouthshire Education Committee Technical Education Sub-Darlington College of Further Education Mr W. C. J. SMITH Enjeld Technical College Dr c. SIMONS Harrow Technical College Mr P. A. RAINE Newcastle upon Qne Rutherjord College of Technology Dr W. S . Hendon Technical College Dr S . A. MILLER Advisory Committees of Regional Advisory Councils University o f Nottingham Mr C. F. WARD Manchester College o f Science and Technology Dr M. BARAK Governing Bodies of Colleges Isleworth Polytechnic Mr R. J. COLE Kingston-upon- Thames Technical College Dr J. IDRIS JONES London Acton Technical College Miss J. L. SCOTT London Brunel College of Technology (Acton) Mr R. C. CHIRNSIDE London Hackney Technical College Mr A.J. TURNBULL London Norwood Technical College Mr S. G. E. STEVENS Committee Mr P. J. C. HAYWOOD PATTERSON Newcastle upon Tyne College of Further Education Dr J. GIBSON East Anglian Regional Advisory Council for Further Education Science Merseyside District Advisory Council for Further Education Science Sub-Committee Dr J. W. CORRAN the East Midlands Advisory Panel for the Chemical Industry: Mr W. KEANE Mr N. NIX Regional Advisory Council f o r Higher Technological Education London and Home Counties Advisory Committee for Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Dr S. A. MILLER Manchester and District Advisory Council f o r Further Education Post Advanced Chemistry Advisory Committee Dr M. BARAK Dr H. GUDGEON Mr J. H. WOOD Advisory Committee Mr H.WEATHERALL Committee Mr H. L. G. BOOT Mr T. F. MCCOMBIE Regional Council for Further Education for the South- West Science Advisory Committee Mr R. A. ROSE West Midlands Advisory Council f o r Technical Commercial and Art Education Advisory Committee for Applied Chemistry Mr E. G. K. PRITCHETT Yorkshire Council for Further Education County Advisory Committee for Chemistry Dr W. CULE DAVIES Mr E. J. MILES Dr V. MOSS Dr R. R. PRITCHARD Mr C. E. RHODES Regional Advisory Council for the Organization of Further Education in Southern Regional Council for Further Education Science Advisor 236 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY Science or Chemistry Advisory Committees of Technical Colleges Bzrmzngham College of Advanced Technology Dr W WILSON Bournemouth Munaczpal College o f Technology Mr H L G BOOT Brastol College of Sczence and Technology Mr A J EDWARDS Brzstol Technacal College Dr D WOODCOCK Cambrzdgeshare College o f Arts and Technology Dr J WILLIAMS Connah’s Quay Flantshare Technacal College Mr V H WILLIAMS Coventry Lanchester College of Technology Mr D ENTWISTLE Croydon Technzcal College Dr J H PRYOR Ewe11 County Technzcal College Mr N WYN ROBERTS Grzmsby College o f Further Educatzon Mr J SUMNER Hatfield College o f Technology Dr C C HALL Ipswach Czvzc College Dr F C LLOYD Kzngston-upon- Thames Technzcal College Dr J IDRIS JONES London Battersea College of Technology Dr C C HALL London Brunel College of Technology Mr E J VAUGHAN c B E London East Ham Technacal College Dr R J WICKER London Norwood Technzcal College Dr N BOOTH Dr TUDOR S G London West Ham College of Technology Mr A J TURNBULL Loughborough College of Technology Professor L HUNTER Luton College of Technology Dr C C HALL Dr I D MORTON, Mzddlesbrough Constantane Technacal College Dr G H MANSFIELD, JONES Mr F W ROBERTS Dr D A S P R A T T ~ ~ ~ Dr K C WARNE Newcastle Rutherford College of Technology Dr K H JACK and Newport and Monmouthshare College o f Technology Mr P J C Northampton College of Technology Mr D SWADDLE Norwzch Czty College Dr J W CORRAN Oxford College of Technology Dr F M BREWER M B E Poole College of Further Educatzon Mr H GOLLOP Dr T C J Portsmouth College of Technology Mr L A SHEARING Rotherham College o f Technology Dr R A MOTT S a l f r d Royal College of Advanced Technology Dr S J FLETCHER Saltsbury and S Walts College of Further Educatzon Mr L C THOMAS Slough College of Further Educatzon Miss E I BEECHING Southampton Technacal College Dr R E PARKER Southend on-Sea Munzczpal College Mr R C M SMITH Stockport College for Further Educatzon Dr M I GILLIBRAND Stretford Technacal College Dr M I GILLIBRAND Sunderland Technacal College Dr J GIBSON Swansea College o f Technology Dr H E HALLAM Treforest Glamorgan College o f Technology Mr G H MACADAM Wzdnes Technzcal College Dr H MILLS Wolverhampton and Stafordshzre College of Technology Mr M E D Worcester College of Further Educatzon Mr W E JONES Professor N GREENWOOD HAYWOOD OVENSTON WINDRIDGE Examining Bodies Assoczated Examznzng Board ( G C E ) Dr N BOOTH Unaon of Lancashare and Cheshare Instztutes Chemzcal Trades Advzsory Djezng of Textzles Dr H H HODGSON Commzttee and the Chemzcal Trades Examznatzon Board Dr L R Laboratory Technzczans Work Mr R C ROGERS Mr R F W RIDCWAY SELMAN Dr J H SKELLON Czty and Gutlds o f London Instztute Advasory Commzttees -HONORARY REPRESENTATIVES IN UNIVERSITIES ABERDEEN The University ABERYSTWYTH University College of Wales BANGOR Univercity College of North Wales BELFAST The Queen’s University BIRMINGHAM The University BRISTOL The University CAMBRIDGE The University CARDIFF University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire DUNDEE Queen’s College (University of St Andrews) DURHAM The Durham Colleges EDINBURGH The University EXETER The University GLASGOW The University GLASGOW The Royal College of Science and Technology HULL The University LEEDS The University LEICESTER The University LIVERPOOL The University LONDON Bedford College LONDON Birkbeck College LONDON Imperial College LONDON King’s College LONDON Queen Elizabeth College LONDON Queen Mary College LONDON Royal Holloway College LONDON University College MANCHESTER The University MANCHESTER The College of Science and Technology NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE King’s College University of Durham NOTTINGHAM The University OXFORD The University READING The University ST ANDREWS The University SHEFFIELD The University SOUTHAMPTON The University SWANSEA University College Dr R B STRATHDEE o B E T D Reader in Chemistry Mr J B BOWEN Lecturer in Organic Chemistry Dr W R ANGUS Senior Lecturer in Physical Chemistry Professor C L WILSON Professor of Analytical Chemistry Professor J C TATLOW Professor of Organic Chemistry Dr L HOUGH Lecturer in Chemistry Dr F G MANN F R s Reader in Organic Chemistry Dr N M CULLINANE Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Dr R ROGER Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Dr c w GIBBY Lecturer in Chemistry Professor E L HIRST c B E F R s Professor of Organic Chemistry Dr K SCHOFIELD Reader in Organic Chemistry Dr J BELL Senior Lecturer and Assistant Director of Chemical Mr H G A ANDERSON Lecturer in Inorganic Chemistry Dr B J HATHAWAY Lecturer in Inorganic Chemistry Dr J H ROBERTSON Lecturer in Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Professor L HUNTER Professor and Head of Department of Chemistry Dr H W DOUGLAS Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Dr J W SMITH Reader in Chemistry Dr D J G IVES Reader in Chemistry Dr G J HILLS Lecturer in Physical Chemistry Professor D H HEY F R s Professor and Head of Department of Chemistry Professor H BURTON Professor of Chemistry Dr Cecilie M FRENCH Lecturer in Chemistry Dr T G BONNER Lecturer in Chemistry Dr A G DAVIES Lecturer in Chemistry Dr G N BURKHARDT Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Senior Tutor to Dr G HOLT Lecturer in Chemistry Professor W F K WYNNE-JONES Professor of Chemistry Professor C C ADDISON Professor of Inorganic Chemistry Dr F M BREWER M B E Reader in Inorganic Chemistry Dr P F HOLT Reader in Chemistry Mr D M G LLOYD Lecturer in Chemistry Professor R D HAWORTH F R s Firth Professor and Head of Depart-Dr R E PARKER Lecturer in Organic Chemistry Dr H E HALLAM Lecturer in Chemistry Laboratories the Faculty of Science ment of Chemistr 19621 237 OFFICERS COUNCIL AND MEMBERS OF COMMITTEES LIAISON OFFICERS IN TECHNICAL COLLEGES Technical Colleges are arranged alphabetically under the Regions of the Advisory Councils for Further Education.Colleges recognized to the level of Part I only of the Graduate Membership Examination are marked with an asterisk. The letter on the left of each entry signifies the Local Section in whose area the college is situated (for key see page 238). ENGLAND I. LONDON AND HOME COUNTIES (P) Brighton Technical College (P) (P) * Croydon Technical College (P) (P) (P) *Enfield Technical College (P) *Ewe11 County Technical College (P) *Guildford County Technical College (P) Hatfield College of Technology (P) (P) (P) (P) London Borough Polytechnic (P) (P) (P) London Northern Polytechnic (P) London Norwood Technical College (P) London The Polytechnic Regent Street (P) London Sir John Cass College (P) London S.W. Essex Technical College (Walthamstow) (P) London West Ham College of Technology (P) London Woolwich Polytechnic (P) Luton College of Technology (P) (P) *Southend-on-Sea Municipal College (R) (Y) Oxford College of Technology (R) Portsmouth College of Technology ( Y ) *Reading Technical College (D) (D) Gloucester Technical College (W) (C) (C) (C) *Smethwick Chance Technical College (C) (C) (H) (H) (H) Loughborough College of Technology (C) *Northampton College of Technology (H) (M) (P) (P) (G) Ipswich Civic College (G) Chatham Medway College of Technology Dagenham S.E.Essex Technical College *Dartford N.W. Kent College of Technology Kingston upon Thames Technical College London Brunel College of Technology (Acton) London Battersea College of Technology London Chelsea College of Science and Technology London Northampton College of Advanced Technology Slough College of Further Education 11. SOUTHERN Bournemouth Municipal College of Technology 111. SOIJTH WEST Bristol College of Science and Technology Plymouth and Devonport Technical College Birmingham College of Advanced Technology Coventry Lanchester College of Technology IV. WEST MIDLANDS Stoke-on-Trent N.Staffs. College of Technology Wolverhampton and Staffs. College of Technology Derby and District College of Technology Leicester College of Technology and Commerce V. EAST MIDLANDS Nottingham and District Technical College "Scunthorpe N. Lindsey Technical College *Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology * Chelmsford Mid-Essex Technical College VI. EAST ANGLIA Norwich City College and Art School YORKSHIRE *Barnsley College of Technology Bradford Institute of Technology *Chesterfield College of Technology *Doncaster Technical College Huddersfield College of Technology Hull College of Technology Leeds College of Technology Middlesbrough Constantine Technical College Sheffield College of Technology *Rotherham College of Technology AND WALES Mr J.D. DONALD Head Department of Chemistry Dr C. E. SEAMAN Head Department of Science Dr S. R. ROBINSON Head Department of Science Mr J. RATCLIFFE Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Mr J. R. BARR Head Department of Science Mr L. C. COSGRAVE Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Mr L. P. LAWRENCE Head Department of Science Mr J. C. REVAN Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Dr R. F. ROBBINS Head Department of Science Mr N. LINDOP Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Dr J. H. SKELLON Head Department of Chemistry Dr J. E. SALMON Head Department of Chemistry Dr S. COTSON Head Department of Chemistry and Chemical Tech-Dr A. M. JAMES Reader in Chemistry Dr D. J. ALNER Head Department of Applied Chemistry Dr W. GERRARD Head Department of Chemistry Mr M. A. FILL Head Department of Chemistry Mr C.W. HYDE Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Mr D. W. WILSON Principal Lecturer in Chemistry Dr S. LEWIN Head Department of Science Dr F. L. ALLEN Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Dr A. I . VOGEL Head Department of Chemistry Miss N. BOOTHMAN Head Department of Science Dr B. W. V. HAWES Head Department of Science Mr C. R. BARNES Head Department of Science nology Dr C. J. COOPER Head Department of Science Mr E. J. H. BIRCH Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Dr J. W. GRIFFIN Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Dr A. M. BERYL WHITAKER Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Dr R. W. BOLLAND Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Dr R. B. WILLIAMS Head Department of Science Dr A. B. MEGGY Head Department of Chemktry Dr W.G. S. PARKER Head Department of Chemistry Dr M. E. FOSS Head Department of Chemistry Metallurgy and Mr T. W. HAY Head Department of Science Mr Mi. K. WILDE Head Department of Chemistry and Metallurgy Dr A. G. CATCHPOLE Head Department of Applied Science Textiles Dr C. M. ATKINSON Head Department of Chemistry Mr L. P. PRIESTLEY Head of the School of Chemistry Dr R. F. PHILLIPS Head Department of Applied Chemistry Dr W. SIDDALL Head Department of Science Mr J. R. ROWLANDS Head Department of Science Mr G. REDPATH Head Department of Science and Metallurgy Dr G. E. LITTLE Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Dr T. GREEN Lecturer in Chemistry Mr H. S. HUNT Head of the School of Science Dr F. RODWELL Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Mr J. WILLIAMS Head Department of Science Dr R.L. ELLIOT Head Department of Chemistry and Dyeing Dr E. I. CHAPPELL Head Department of Chemistry and Metallurgy Mr I. B. STUART Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Dr E. TITTENSOR Head Department of Chemistry and Dyeing Mr L. BALMFORTH Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Dr W. R. BURNHAM Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Dr V. Moss Head Department of Science and Metallurgy Mr G. ROBINSON Lecturer in Chemistry Mr A. B. ANGUS Senior Lecturer in Chemistr 238 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY NORTH WEST Birkenhead Technical College Blackburn Technical College Bolton Technical College *Burnley Municipal College *Bury Technical College Eastham Central College of Further Education, Carlett Park Lancaster and Morecambe College of Further Education Liverpool College of Technology *Northwich Mid-Cheshire Central College of Further * Oldham Municipal Technical College Education Preston The Harris College St Helens Technical College Salford The Royal College of Advanced Technology Stockport College for Further Education Widnes College of Further Education Wigan and District Mining and Technical College IX.NORTHERN (S) (S) Sunderland Technical College (EE) Newcastle Rutherford College of Technology Whitehaven College of Further Education Mr D. G. COOPER Head Department of Science Mr A. WALTON Head Department of Science Dr G. W. WOOD Head Department of Science Mr G. BROUGHTON Lecturer in Chemistry Mr D. G. CROSSE Head Department of Science Mr H. R. JONES Head Department of Science Mr R.Q. ANDERSON Head Department of Science and Technology Dr K. S. W. SING Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Mr D. E. CRAIMER Head Department of Chemistry and General Mr V. BLOOMER Head Department of Science Dr J. J. BETTS Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Dr L. W. M. TYRRELL Head Department of Science Dr G. R. RAMAGE Head Department of Chemistry and Applied Mr H. H. ARMSTRONG Head Department of Science Mr G. H. BOTTOMLEY Head Department of Chemistry Dr H. K. DEAN Head Department of Chemistry Science Chemistry Mr L. H. W. HALLETT Head Department of Chemistry and Metallurgy Dr E. P. HART Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Mr W. P. THISTLETHWAITE Head Department of Chemistry X. WALES (E) (T) (E) (V) Swansea College of Technology (E) (T) Wrexham Denbighshire Technical College Cardiff Welsh College of Advanced Technology Connah’s Quay Flintshire Technical College Newport and Monmouthshire College of Technology Treforest Glamorgan College of Technology Mr A.H. HENSON Head Department of Chemistry and Biology Mr S. MCLINTOCK Head Department of Chemistry and Metallurgy Mr L. MCGRAGHAN Head Department of Science Mr B. A. Fox Senior Lecturer in Chemistry Mr L. H. THOMAS Head Department of Chemistry and Chemical Dr E. W. CLAYDON Head Department of Science Engineering SCOTLAND (A) (K) (FF) Dundee Technical College (J) Edinburgh Heriot-Watt College (K) Paisley Technical College Aberdeen Robert Gordon’s Technical College Dr M. B. WATSON Head Department of Chemistry Mr S.KAWA Head Department of Chemistry Dr T. J. MORRISON Head Department of Chemistry Professor F. BELL Head Department of Chemistry Mr J. S. MCLEAN Head Department of Chemistry * Coatbridge Technical College (Lanarkshire) NORTHERN IRELAND (B) Belfast College of Technology Hon. Representatives whose names appear in the foregoing list. Dr D. HAMER Head Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy The Manchester College of Science and Technology and the Royal College of Science and Technology Glasgow continue to have HON. Aberdeen and North of Scotland Belfast and District Birmingham and Midlands Bristol and District Cardiff and District Cumberland and District Dublin and District Dundee and District East Anglia East Midlands Edinburgh and East of Scotland Glasgow and West of Scotland Huddersfield Hull and District Leeds Area Liverpool and North-Western London Manchester and District Mid-Southern Counties Newcastle upon Tyne and North- Eas t Coast SECRETARIES OF LOCAL SECTIONS P.N. HOBSON B.SC. PH.D. F.R.I.c. Rowett Research Institute Bucksburn Aberdeen I. W. MILLIGAN B.SC. F.I.c.I. A.R.I.c. 65 Glendale Park Belfast 8 B. E. W. EVERSHED M.c. M.A. A.R.I.C. 85 Oak Road Quinton Birmingham 32 J. H. WEBER B.SC. F.R.I.c. The Imperial Tobacco Co. Ltd Research Department Raleigh R. C. F. STEPHENS F.R.I.c. Skelmorlie Stow Park Circle Newport Mon. A. NAYLOR B.SC. PH.D. A.R.I.c. 3 Croft Head Road Seascale Cumberland E. J. ROTHERY B.SC. F.I.c.I. A.R.I.c. 125 Kincora Road Clontarf Dublin P.H. BROUGHTON A.R.T.c.s. A.R.I.c. Department of Biochemistry Maryfield Hospital Dundee R. J. NUNN B.SC. A.R.I.c. 41 Crofton Road Ipswich Suffolk R. W. HALE B.SC. F.R.I.c. Blakeney Tollerton Lane Tollerton Nottingham J. A. R. MACLEAN B.SC. PH.D. M.I.BIOL. F.R.I.c. Edinburgh Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Wheatfield Road Edinburgh 11 W. D. WILLIAMS B.PHARM. PH.D. F.P.s. A.R.I.c. Department of Pharmacy Royal College of Science and Technology George Street Glasgow C. 1 F. W. JARVIS B.SC. F.R.I.c. 577 Bradford Road Bradley Bar Huddersfield R. K. CHAPMAN A.R.I.c. T. J. Smith & Nephew Ltd Neptune Street Hull G. J. WESTON M.A. F.R.I.c. Institute of Technology Bradford 7 H. R. JONES B.SC. F.R.I.c. The Central College of Further Education Carlett Park Eastham, W.H. BENNETT M.SC. F.R.I.c. Overseas Geological Survey 64-78 Gray’s Inn Road W.C.l H. H. ARMSTRONG T.D. B.SC. F.R.I.c. Science Department Stockport College for Further T. F. MCCOMBIE F.R.I.c. 50 Springdale Avenue Broadstone Dorset H. L. HUTTON B.SC. F.R.I.c. 26 Long Close Road Hamsterley Mill Estate Rowlands Gill, Road Bristol 3 Wirral Education Wellington Road South Stockport Co. Durha 19621 OFFICERS COUNCIL AND MEMBERS OF COMMITTEES 239 (SS) North Lancashire (T) North Wales (U) Sheffield South Yorkshire and (V) South Wales (W) South-Western Counties (WW) Stirlingshire and District (X) Tees-side ( Y ) Thames Valley A. C. BUSHNELL F.R.I.c. Westway Skip Lane Hutton Nr Preston Lancs. S. MCLINTOCK B.SC. F.R.I.c. Chemistry and Metallurgy Department Flintshire Technical C.WALKER B.SC. A.c.P. F.R.I.c. 69 Bolsover Road Sheffield 5 H. E. HALLAM M.SC. PH.D. F.R.I.c. University College Singleton Park Swansea B. M. DOUGALL M.SC.AGRIC. F.c.s. A.R.I.c. Chemistry Department Seale-Hayne Agricultural R. W. RAE A.H.-w.c. A.R.I.c. Nappyfaulds House By Falkirk Stirlingshire G. H. MANSFIELD B.SC. PH.D. A.R.I.c. 86 Harlsey Road Hartburn Stockton-on-Tees Co. A. D. JENKINS B.SC. PH.D. F.R.I.c. Gillette Industries Ltd Research Laboratory 454 Basing-College Connah’s Quay Nr Chester North Midlands College Newton Abbot Devon Durham stoke Road Reading Berks. Malaya Cape New Zealand Deccan Madras Western India Northern India Eastern India Ceylon East Africa Overseas K. H. LOKE M.SC. PH.D. A.R.I.c. Department of Biochemistry University of Malaya Sepoy H.E. KRUMM F.R.I.c. Sonnenschein 3 Leeuwendel Crescent Cape Town South Africa H. J. WOOD B.SC. F.R.I.c. Dominion Laboratory Private Bag Petone New Zealand J. V. BHAT PH.D. D.SC. F.A.s.c. F.N.I. F.R.I.c. Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 12, (Acting Hon. Secretary J. GANGULY M.SC. PH.D. F.R.I.c. of the same address.) N. PITCHANDI M.SC. A.I.I.SC. A.R.I.c. 5 Valliammal Street Alagappanagar Madras 10 India T. P. S. RAJAN MAC. PH.D. A.R.c.s.T. M.INST.F. M.I.GAS E. F.R.I.c. The Bombay Gas Co. S. NEELAKANTAN M.SC. F.R.I.c. Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 8 India D. B. DAS M.SC. PH.D. F.T.I. F.R.I.c. Group Laboratory Jardine Henderson Ltd c/o R. 0. B. WIJESEKERA B.SC. PH.D. A.R.I.c. Medical Research Institute Colombo 8 Ceylon N.KIRBY B.SC. F.R.I.c. Government Chemist’s Department P.O. Box 300 14 Nairobi Kenya Lines Singapore 3 Malaya India. Ltd Chinchpokli Bombay 12 India Barnagore Jute Factory Co. Ltd Alambazar Calcutta 35 India FORTY-SIXTH CONFERENCE OF LOCAL SECTION HONORARY SECRETARIES The Forty-sixth Conference was held in the Council Room Royal Institute of Chemistry London at 10 a.m. on Saturday 14 April the Chair being taken by the President Sir William Slater. Professor H. Burton (Hon. Treasurer; Chairman of the Finance and House and Benevolent Fund Committees) Mr E. J. Vaughan (Vice-president ; Chairman of the Membership Com-mittee and the Study Group on Qualifications) Dr F. A. Robinson (Vice-president; Chairman of the Pub-lications and the Professional Status Committees) Mr G.Dring (Vice-president ; Vice-chairman of the Membership Committee ; Chairman of the Examinations Board) and Dr G. R. Ramage (retiring Vice-president; retiring Chairman of the Institutions Committee) were present and the Administrative Officers were in attend-ance. All but six Local Sections were represented by their Hon. Secretaries. Aberdeen and North of Scot-land was represented by Dr H. A. Robertson Chairman, in place of Dr P. N. Hobson; Cardiff and District by Mr S. J. H. 0. Chard Member of Committee in place of Mr R. C. F. Stephens; Cumberland and District by Dr F. H. Day District Member of Council in place of Dr A. Naylor; East Anglia by Mr H. F. Bamford, Chairman in place of Mr R. J. Nunn; South Wales by Mr R.H. Davies in place of Dr H. E. Hallam; Tees-side by Dr F. M. Tayler Member of Committee, in place of Dr G. H. Mansfield. Co-operation with Teachers. In view of recent develop-ments (see ‘A New Deal for School Science,’ J. 169) attention was drawn to the desirability of improving contacts with schools. Hon. Secretaries also received lists of the names and addresses of the Science Masters’ Association’s General Secretary and honorary branch secretaries. At the instigation of the Mid-Southern Counties Section a discussion took place on the kind of literature that was needed to foster the interest of school-leavers and young people generally in careers in chemistry. At present the Institute had no simple leaflets for handing out at careers meetings and the like though young people who had decided to take up chemistry were catered for in such publications as Looking to Chemistry for a Career (gratis) and the R.I.C.Training Guide (2s. 6d.). I t was reported that compar-able material prepared by other societies had already been collected in the office of the Institute and the Conference unanimously expressed the wish that the Officers should look into the question of providing such leaflets and other hand-outs as seemed desirable for the purposes in mind. Several requests had been re-ceived from Local Sections for as much information as possible on the Licentiateship grade and the standing of Careers in Chemistry. Rights of Licentiates 240 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY Licentiates in relation to Local Section affairs.To meet this need advance proofs of the leading article on ‘Licentiateship’ (J. 119-121) which summarized recent developments and announced that the establish-ment of the new grade had been finally approved were circulated. Little more need be said here in view of what has since been published including the Regula-tions for admission to the grade (J. 192-4). Apart from the restriction of voting rights at General Meetings of the Institute as specified in the By-Laws, Licentiates would have the same general privileges as Associates. In particular they would be entitled to enter fully into the life and activities of Local Sections, of which they would be members on the same footing as other corporate members of the Institute.Sale o f Publications to Students. The Liverpool and North-Western Section asked whether certain Institute publications such as the Monographs for Teachers, could not be made available free to Student Members. This might be expected to lead to the wider use of the material provided and encourage more students to seek membership. In the course of discussion it was pointed out that the Educational Trust Fund Committee while agreeing initially to sponsor the series made it clear that its continuance would depend very largely on the re-sponse it received and the aim has been to keep the selling price of items as low as possible while ensuring that at least production costs are covered. This would be impossible to achieve if any considerable group of purchasers were given preferential treatment.Similar suggestions had been made on behalf of teachers but as the bulk of sales were to teachers and students this would mean that almost the entire cost would have to be borne by the Fund. This in turn would limit the services that could be provided through the Fund a situation that would be difficult to defend. As the great majority of sales were made to individual purchasers many of whom were already members of the Institute it would not be possible to give a discount to members without first raising the selling price thus nullifying any advantage. Award. to Students. The Bristol and District Section raised the question of the conditions under which Local Sections could take part in encouraging students by the award of prizes for outstanding work.The Officers made it clear that the Council would have no objection in principle provided that any monies involved were raised privately or resulted from organized activities, such as exhibitions. I t should however be understood that Local Section grants could not be used for such purposes. Special Relationship Scheme. The Cardiff and District Section asked if sufficient experience had yet geen gained to warrant the extension of the Special Relationship Scheme The Chairman of the Study Group on Quali-fications (Mr Vaughan) said that they were about to examine a number of points connected with the operation of the scheme and the time was opportune to review the situation as a whole. (This has since been done. At the Council Meeting on 18 May the report of the Study Group was considered and it was concluded that the situation in the colleges had not altered sufficiently to warrant any extension of the scheme at the present time.) Local Section Boundaries.The London Section asked if the time had not come for a review of Local Section boundaries-perhaps by a Committee or Sub-Commit-tee of the Council. At present the division into Local Section areas and the spontaneous formation of local groups resulting eventually in the formation of new Sections appeared to proceed in a somewhat haphazard manner. The President from the Chair agreed that it might be advantageous for a study of existing boundaries to be made. However the matter did not appear urgent. Reports o f Local Section Activities.The method of re-porting proceedings at Local Section meetings was reviewed and the Conference was reminded of the essential part played by the Sections in providing or initiating much of the material published in the Journnl and in the Lecture Series. If these publications were to continue to reflect the activities of the Institute the Publications Committee was to some extent dependent on the Section Committees for recommendations as to the best form in which their material should be presented -whether as short reports news items feature articles or Lectures. The growing lengths of reports under ‘Section Activities’ was giving particular concern and it had been decided that for the ensuing session such reports should be restricted in length.Those lectures deserving fuller treatment should not be reported at length but recommended for publication either as feature articles in the Journal or in the Lecture Series. Once again the Council wishes to express its apprecia-tion to the Local Sections and their Honorary Recorders for the very considerable amount of work they do in providing substantial contributions to the Institute’s regular publications. At the conclusion of business the President thanked the representatives of the Sections for their attendance and for their good work on the Institute’s behalf. Finally Mr W. H. Bennett (London Section) proposed a hearty vote of thanks to Sir William for his courteous and urbane conduct of the proceedings and extended the thanks of the meeting to those representatives of the Council and the administrative officers who had taken part in the discussions.Premier Restaurant Dover Street. An informal luncheon was afterwards held at th Section Activities BRISTOL AND DISTRICT Ladies’ Evening. On 22 March two speakers from British Celanese Ltd gave a demonstration of the firm’s products colourful samples being displayed on large boards. The history of the company was outlined as well as the development of new fibres and difficulties experienced in finding suitable dyes. Members heard some reminiscences of the very inadequate laboratory conditions prevailing in the early part of the century and of the long hours and poor reward of the chemist. On 3 May a group of members and friends were entertained by T.Wall & Sons Ltd at the company’s modern ice-cream factory at Gloucester. The technical manager Mr F. G. Whittaker had made it easier for members to attend by arranging an evening visit. Accordingly the factory was not in production, but some of the machinery was in motion and dummy packs were used to demonstrate techniques. The factory building is of very modern design having a stressed concrete roof in a single span so that production lines on the upper floor can be rearranged at will. The lower floor contains compressors storage facilities and pasteurizing mixing and other heavy equipment. Production is extensively automated with a central control determining the mixture to be made the quantity and the unit in which preparation is to take place.Bacteriological and chemical quality is con-trolled by laboratory staff. Summer Visit. Dr R. B. Williams proposed the vote of thanks. CARDIFF AND DISTRICT A joint meeting with the South Wales section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 27 April at University College Cardiff. Mr J. S. Hughes was in the Chair and Mr R. A. Wilson addressed the audience on ‘Chemistry and Space Flight.’ The lecturer dealt chiefly with the rocket and began by discussing the relationship between the specific impulse of its propellants and its mass ratio. He gave a list of propellants of varying high specific impulses right up to the limit reached by purely chemical means a limit which may be doubled or even trebled by the use of nuclear energy with molecular or possibly atomic hydrogen as the reaction mass.An important role is played by plastics and reinforced polymers in withstanding the very high temperatures encountered in the rocket exhaust and also as heat-shields when a space-vehicle re-enters the earth’s upper atmosphere. Novel constructional methods and syn-thetic materials for such vehicles were illustrated and discussed. Mr Wilson then touched upon the chemical problems involved in a manned space vehicle the removal of Chemistry and Space Flight. waste products the regeneration of oxygen and the maintenance of a base on the moon. He then gave an outline of the chemical techniques proposed to surmount the problems to be met with in the new and challenging environments that will confront the chemist of the inter-planetary age.The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr D. G. Smith. CUMBERLAND AND DISTRICT Annual General Meeting. The 12th A.G.M. of the Section was held on 6 April in the Windscale Club, Seascale. A number of scientific films were shown before the business meeting. These included ‘Corrosion in Action’ (International Nickel Co. (Mond) Ltd) and ‘The Golden Reef’ (De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd) . The reports of the Hon. Secretary-Treasurer and the audited statement of accounts were adopted. The following Officers and Members of Committee were elected for the year 1962-63 Chairman Mr F. J. Woodman; Vice-chairman, Mr J. S. Nairn; Hon. Secretary-Treasurer Dr A. Naylor; Members of Committee Dr B. H. Walter and Messrs D.A. Collins F. Elliot J. R. Embleton W. P. Thistlethwaite and N. Wood. Messrs L. Lowes and H. A. Walker were re-elected Hon. Auditors. Mr J. S. Nairn was in the Chair. DUBLIN AND DISTRICT The A.G.M. of the Section was held in the chemistry department University College Dublin on 14 March. The following were elected Officers and Members of Committee Chairman, Professor T. S. Wheeler; Hon. Secretary Mr E. J. Rothery; Hon. Treasurer Dr W. J. Davis; Members of Committee Professor Eva M. Philbin Dr J. E. Gowan and Messrs E. E. Cox R. A. M. D’Arcy R. B. Gilliland and J. T. O’Herlihy with Mr D. Crowley District Member of Council. In his Report the retiring Hon. Secretary referred to the very successful seminar held in September 1961 in co-operation with the Irish Science Teachers’ Associa-tion.Reference was also made to a letter sent to Associates suggesting that if eligible they should apply for Fellowship. Five Associates had applied and had been admitted to Fellowship. The Section Committee proposed a resolution that ‘The Section’s Financial Year should end on 30 September instead of 31 December each year.’ This resolution was carried unanimously. A discussion followed in which members considered a motion by Dr Gowan which called for closer co-operation between the different Chemical Institutes and Societies in Ireland. During the discussions the Chair-man Professor Wheeler drew attention to the part which the Section had played in promoting co-operation in the past. He emphasized however the important individual role of each Society, Annual General Meeting.24 242 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE The Chairman expressed the thanks of the Section to the authorities of Trinity College and University College Dublin for the facilities given to the Section during the previous months. The business meeting was followed by a short film show. Two films of chemical interest were shown: ‘Black Monday,’ a laboratory safety film by I.C.I., and ‘Scotch Whisky,’ loaned by the Scottish Central Film Library. DUNDEE AND DISTRICT A joint meeting of the Section with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held on 16 March in the chemistry department Queen’s College Dundee. Dr R. Roger presided. The lecturer was Dr J. Jack of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd, Nobel Division Ardeer.After the lecture which was very well illustrated with many products of the silicone industry the speaker ably answered many topical questions. A summary of the lecture appeared in the March issue of the Journal Mr D. Brown of the Morgan Academy proposed the Silicones. (J.’ 100). vote of thanks. Radiation Chemistry. Professor F. S. Dainton F.R.s., delivered a lecture entitled ‘Principles of Radiation Chemistry’ to a joint meeting of the Section and the Chemistry Department Queen’s College Dundee on 27 April. Professor Dainton began by defining radiation chemistry. I t involves the study of chemical changes induced by high-energy particles. He gave a vivid description of the effects produced on the electron by a fast-moving charged particle passing close to the atom.He continued with a description of the effect of radiations on water a knowledge of which will help to elucidate the effects of such radiation on biological systems. I t was pointed out that such radiations lead to unselective absorption of energy whereas photo-energy is selective in its transference of energy. The speaker demon-strated how nitrous oxide can be used for the determin-ation of reaction mechanisms involved in radiation chemistry and suggested how such mechanisms might be investigated more fully if the chemical changes can be slowed down. This is achieved by embedding the ‘target’ in a glassy matrix so that physical restrictions are placed upon the material thus allowing increased time for the investigations to be made.Dr D. G. Neilson Section Chairman proposed the vote of thanks. Professor A. D. Walsh took the Chair. EAST ANGLIA Deuelopment of the Chemical Balance. At a meeting held at Colchester on 15 March Mr K. M. Ogden of Oertling Ltd gave a lecture entitled ‘Development of the Chemical Balance.’ The speaker traced the development of the analytical balance from the origin of weighing to the present-day one-pan fully automatic balances. The need for these faster and more precise instruments was shown and some of the problems confronting the balance manu-facturer were enumerated. In the discussion following the lecture the speaker answered a number of questions. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr R.Dickerson. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND At a joint meeting held in the Heriot-Watt College on 22 March three short papers on chemical engineering subjects were read to local members of the Institute, the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr C. J. Grayston spoke on ‘Chemical Engineering Construction in Fife.’ He described the major chemical engineering manufacturing industry that is developing in Fife and dealt particularly with the present-day ramifications of the Balfour Group at Leven. Members of this group manufacture evaporators for a variety of industries in a range of types including long-tube short-tube calandria and quadruple-effect evaporators. They also specialize in drying and extraction plant, effluent disposal equipment particularly for the whisky industry and a wide range of plant for pulp and paper manufacture.They fabricated very widely in stainless steel and other alloys. Another member of the group is now the largest maker of glass-lined steel equipment in the United Kingdom and also carries on its manu-facturing activities at Leven. A well-equipped research and development division was established on a 25-acre site in 1959. Mr T. S. Ricketts gave a paper on ‘The Production of Town Gas by the High-pressure Gasification of Coal.’ The gasification-as distinct from the carbonization-of coal at low pressure by the cyclic process with steam and air as the gasification agents had been practised to a limited extent in Scotland for some years; the gas produced consisted mostly of carbon monoxide hydrogen and some inerts; it was low in calorific value and un-suitable for modern town-gas purposes unless it was mixed with a gas of higher calorific value.The limita-tions of the low-pressure cyclic process were well known, and a continuous process offered many attractions. Research in Germany in the 1920s on the gasification of coal with oxygen led to the Lurgi process which produced a crude gas containing large quantities of carbon monoxide that could be removed by absorption batteries to give an acceptable town gas. Three plants for the gasification of brown coal were erected in Germany and Czechoslovakia in 1939-42. Research work after the war extended the use of the process to embrace black coal of moderate caking quality and plants were subsequently erected in Sout 19621 SECTION ACTIVITIES 243 Africa (the largest Lurgi plant in the world) and Australia.In December 1960 the Scottish Gas Board put to work the first stage of the first Lurgi plant ever to be erected in Great Britain; this works was designed to produce when completed about one-fifth of all the town gas produced in Scotland. Non-caking coal from the adjacent open-cast mine was used; the gasification process took place at a pressure of 355 p.s.i. gauge. All subsequent purification operations were carried out at high pressure so that the finished gas was available at the outlet of the works at 250-300 p.s.i. gauge for dis-tribution at this pressure through a grid system to most of the undertakings in Central Scotland.The considerable quantities of oxygen required for gasification purposes were produced in two units operating on the liquid-pump cycle each unit being capable of producing 100 tons of oxygen per day. ‘Chemical Engineering Education in the Edinburgh Area’ was the title of a paper by Dr D. M. Wilson. A Chair of Technology was established in the Univer-sity of Edinburgh in 1855 and though it was abolished four years later it represented a very forward-looking act on the part of the University and was much before its time. The present-day teaching of chemical engineer-ing developed from the technical chemistry department formed within the chemistry department of the Univer-sity by Sir James Walker in 1919. The course in this department was based on the study of chemical manu-facture as understood at that time but over the years the emphasis changed until by 1954 the final year was almost entirely devoted to chemical engineering.Further development was limited by the ordinance governing the degree. Since 1955 evening classes in chemical engineering have been held in the Heriot-Watt College. These developments culminated in the founding (in 1955) of the Chair of Chemical Technology in the University held jointly with the Chair of Chemical Engineering in the Heriot-Watt College. At the same time a new degree of B.Sc. in Chemical Technology and a new Associateship in Chemical Engineering were instituted. Dr Wilson discussed at some length the composition of the course for the University and Heriot-Watt College qualifications and compared it with the type of course recommended by the professional bodies and also with similar courses in the U.S.A.A notable differ-ence here was that many American and continental technical universities and colleges (typically the Massa-chusetts Institute of Technology) gave up as much as 25 per cent of their time to general non-technical subjects such as languages which were almost entirely omitted in similar courses here. This point gave rise to some discussion after Dr Wilson’s paper. Electronics in Chemistry. On 19 April senior boys and girls from schools in Edinburgh and the surrounding counties met in the Heriot-Watt College for a lecture-demonstration by Dr K. R. Buck of the College, on ‘Electronics in the Service of Chemistry.’ Dr Buck gave a most instructive and entertaining lecture illustrated by many experiments.He began with simple valve circuits and showed how they could be adapted to the measurement of pH and with the photoelectric cell to automatic titration and the quanti-tative determination of substances in solution. The highlight of the demonstration was the use of a scintilla-tion counter to detect radioactivity and to estimate its level in samples of materials. Mineral samples uranium salts and pupils’ luminous watches were all tested and everyone was astounded at the high level of radioactivity exhibited by a bottle of universal nostrum about 50 years old sold over the counter to all and sundry. The speaker had a demonstration in operation throughout the lecture showing the use of electronic circuits to control temperature rate of heating and liquid levels.The most modern gas chromatography apparatus was shown to give a rapid automatic analysis of very small samples. An extremely exciting lecture was concluded by a demonstration of a chain reaction whereby a loud noise was used to light an electric lamp and the light from the lamp to operate a buzzer. At the end of his lecture Dr Buck was asked many questions by the pupils about what they had seen and heard. The Section is indebted to the Governors and Principal of the College for the facilities provided for the lecture. HUDDERSFIELD The A.G.M. of the Section was held at the White Swan Hotel Huddersfield on 13 March with Dr R.R. Pritchard Section Chairman, presiding. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer were adopted. I t was noted that alterations in the organization of meetings appeared to have been successful since the average total attendance at meetings during the session was about twice that of the previous year. Mr G. M. Harrison Mr E. Priestley and the Hon. Secretary retired from the Committee by rule. Dr F. Franks and Mr A. Horsley were elected Members of Committee and Mr F. W. Jarvis was re-elected as Hon. Secretary. Dr H. H. Goldthorpe agreed to serve again as Hon. Auditor. Dr Pritchard thanked the retiring Members of Committee for their enthusiastic support, and Dr G. R. Ramage expresed the thanks of the Sections to Dr Goldthorpe for his many years’ service as Hon.Auditor. After the business there was an informal discussion of recent Institute affairs led by Mr G. Dring Vice-President. Mr Dring described the functions of the administrative Annual General Meeting. The vote of thanks was proposed by Dr E. A. Birse. officers at Russell Square and surveyed the curren 244 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE activities of the Council in the sphere of education. He described how the Council endeavours to maintain in itself a balanced representation covering all aspects of the chemical profession. Mr Dring also explained the manner in which the Council decided all policy matters after the detailed work had been done by the various Committees. Licentiateship and the Research Diploma were also mentioned.The talk was followed by a lively discussion mainly concerned with educational and membership activities of the Institute. Although discussion was somewhat critical the matters raised were ably dealt with by Mr Dring with the support of Dr Ramage and Dr R. L. Elliott. However there seemed to be general agree-ment that there is a need in this country for a Journal to cover the field of chemical education. Scientzjc Examination o f Paintings and Antiquities. A joint meeting of the Section with the department of extra-mural studies University of Leeds and the School of Art Huddersfield College of Technology was held at the College on 5 April. The Chair was taken by Dr R. R. Pritchard Section Chairman. Dr A. E. A. Werner of the British Museum gave a lecture entitled ‘The Scientific Examination of Paintings and Anti-quities.’ Considerable advances have been made during recent decades in the application of chemical and physical techniques in the fields of fine art and archaeology.Dr Werner’s lecture illustrated some of the results that have been achieved. There are two main aspects one is concerned with the scientific examination of paintings and antiquities to obtain information of value to the scholar and the other deals with the study of improved methods of conservation. Physical aids such as radio-graphy ultra-violet fluorescence and infra-red photo-graphy can be used to show up detail not visible in the superficial layers of a painting or to reveal faded draw-ings. Chemical tests for the identification of pigments and media were outlined and the technique of preparing paint cross-sections to reveal the stratified structure of a painting was illustrated.Problems arising in the conservation of metallic antiquities were discussed and a method for the consolidation of a fragile hanging silver bowl excavated at S t Ninian in the Shetlands using a special epoxy resin was described. The lecture ended with an account of scientific methods used in the detection of forgeries of antiquities and paintings. The vote of thanks to Dr Werner was proposed by Mr G. McTague of the University of Leeds. HULL AND DISTRICT The annual Lincoln-shire meeting of the Section was held at the Lindsay Technical College Scunthorpe on 29 March. Mr N. A. Edge and Mr L.A. Balchin of Laporte Titanium Ltd presented a film illustrating the basic principles of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy. the Philips Universal Vacuum X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrograph. Mr Edge then gave an illustrated account of his use of this instrument in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a wide range of sample types. He indicated the advantages of the gas-flow proportional counter and scintillation counter over the more usual Geiger-Muller tube for measurements at long wave-lengths especially where quantitative results are required. He pointed out the necessity of standardizing sample form and method of preparation when accurate measurements are required illustrating this point with examples from his own experience. He ended with a brief survey of other commercially-available instruments including a portable model which is expected to be available in this country in the near future.Dr T. S. Harrison was the Chairman for the evening and Mr G. Collier proposed the vote of thanks. LIVERPOOL AND NORTH-WESTERN Mr B. F. Warner, of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, lectured on the above subject at a meeting of the Section held on 22 March at the Technical College St Helens; the Chair was taken by Mr P. Eaglesfield Vice-chairman of the Section. Mr Warner commenced by briefly considering the simple chain reactions resulting from the bombardment of 235U giving the energy and fission products that occur in nuclear reactors. The uranium rods in such a reactor must after a time be removed since they will have started to lose mechanical strength and will also contain considerable amounts of neutron-absorbing fission products including a small percentage of 239Pu.The objective in the chemical processing of uranium rods from the reactor is to recover the uranium and the plutonium and to separate and store safely the remain-ing radioactive fission products. The first step is the removal of the magnesium alloy casing around the uranium by a mechanical stripper, which operates under water. The uranium core is then transferred to a continuous dissolver where it is dissolved in nitric acid. Since normal chemical precipitation and crystallization methods would not give the separations in the very high state of purity required the uranium and plutonium are separated from the remainder in a counter-current liquid-liquid extractor system by complexing the uranium and plutonium with T.B.P.(tri-butyl phosphate) in kerosine solvent. The lecturer considered the use of Varteressian-Fenske diagrams and the importance of partition co-efficients in relation to the design of the continuous liquid-liquid extraction equipment and he commented on the advantages of ‘mixer-settlers’ over packed columns for this operation. After separation of the uranium and plutonium the radioactive residues are flocculated with ammonia and Chemical Processing OJ’ Nuclear Fuels 19621 SECTION ACTIVITIES 245 stored in stainless-steel vessels inside concrete shielding. In all these processes precautions against exceeding the critical mass of fissionable material must be borne in mind and these plants are consequently highly instru-mented to avoid such dangers.In the discussion following the lecture Mr Warner pointed out that the build-up and storage of radioactive wastes was being investigated and he referred to the recent work on making these materials into a glass, which would greatly facilitate the storage and disposal of such wastes. The vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr G. J. Burrows. Steric Hindrance in Analytical Chemistry. A joint meeting of the Section the S.C.I. and the Chemical and Physical Society of the Central College of Further Education Carlett Park Eastham was held at the College on 29 March. The Chair was taken by Mr G. H. Turner Section Chairman who announced that this was the last such meeting to be held as the two senior bodies had decided to sponsor separate meetings with the College Society in future years this providing some indication of the growth of that Society.Professor H. M. N. H. Irving delivered a most interest-ing lecture on ‘Steric Hindrance in Analytical Chem-istry,’ and illustrated his points by reference to specific examples and by practical demonstrations. Indigo molecules associate by hydrogen bonding involving the > C = 0 and >N - H groups. Examin-ation of these chain compounds by paper chromato-graphy shows an RE value of zero which is unaffected by substitution in the 5- or 6-positions; substitution in the 7-positionY however forces the molecules apart, increasing the RF value which increases with the size of the substituent, e.g.c1 . . . . . . 0-88 Br .. . . . . 0.92 I . . .. . . 0.95 Precipitates are formed by 8-hydroxyquinoline with both aluminium and magnesium but 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline forms a precipitate with magnesium only as the 2-methyl group prevents the necessary three molecules from coming sufficiently close together to attach themselves to the small aluminium ion; however, two molecules can still attach themselves to a magnesium ion or three to a gallium ion. This provides a useful analytical method for the determination of the metals aluminium and magnesium when both are present. The complexing influence of buffer anions in such systems is also important and often overlooked. The influence of substitution in dipyridyl and 1,lO-phenanthroline on the co-ordination of these ligands with ferrous iron was also shown to provide interesting consequences of steric hindrance.The lecturer pointed out however that a considerable amount of effort has been expended in the study of derivatives the poor per-formance of which might well have been anticipated. Particularly striking was the demonstration of the inability of 2,9-dimethyl-1 10-phenanthroline to enter into octahedral co-ordination with ferrous iron but its ability to enter into tetrahedral co-ordination with cuprous copper. The extraction of the resulting cuprous complex into amyl alcohol convincingly demonstrated the point. At the conclusion of the meeting the vote of thanks to the lecturer was proposed by Mr N.J. Roy Chairman of the College Chemical and Physical Society. Annual General Meeting. The A.G.M. was held on 10 May at Birkenhead Technical College; about 45 members were present and the Chair was taken by Mr Turner. The meeting stood in silence for a few moments in token of respect for Dr Stanley Paul a previous Member of Committee whose recent sudden death at his work had come as a shock to his colleagues. The Chairman announced the following Committee appointments for the forthcoming year Chairman, Mr P. Eaglesfield; Vice-chairman Dr R. 0. Gibson; Hon. Treasurer Mr R. R. Appleby; Hon. Secretary, Mr H. R. Jones; Hon. Asst Secretary Mr B. Haynes; Hon. Recorder Mr D. G. Cooper. Mr J. Ashley-Jones Mr D. M. W. Boulton Dr Helena Bradbury and Dr W.J. Hughes had been nominated to serve on the Committee in the places of Dr F. J. Smith and Messrs T. L. Bowyer D. G. Cooper and G. N. Copley who were retiring after completing three years’ service. The retiring Hon. Treasurer Mr G. W. Beaumont, presented his report for the year adoption of which was proposed by Mr Cooper who expressed a particular vote of thanks to Mr Beaumont for undertaking to look after the Section’s finances for a year when the office of Hon. Treasurer had unexpectedly become vacant a year ago. The Hon. Auditors Messrs L. V. Cocks and P. N. Williams were thanked for their services; Mr Williams was re-elected for a further year and Mr E. Myer was elected to take the place of Mr Cocks who wished to resign.I t had originally been intended that the A.G.M. should be followed by an address from Mr E. L e a . Herbert Past President on ‘Catalysts for Progress’ ; unfortunately it had been found impossible to proceed with this plan as no suitable projector for the showing of Mr Herbert’s film could be found. The Section had been fortunate in that Mr E. J. Vaughan Vice-President, had been able to accept an invitation to give a talk on ‘The Future Development of the Institute with special reference to the New Grade of Membership.’ Mr Vaughan began by outlining the development of the situation which had led the Institute to consider the introduction of a third grade of corporate membership, pointing out how this situation had changed over th 246 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE years so that what was thought to be an undesirable move some time ago had now been completely accepted by the Council and had recently been approved by H.M.Privy Council. The lecturer emphasized that by introducing the Licentiate grade the Institute was not lowering its standards in any way but was hoping thereby to admit to full corporate membership many who although they do not possess the academic qualifications required for the higher grades of membership are nevertheless suitably trained and experienced and worthy to be recognized as qualified scientists whose membership would undoubtedly be of value to the Institute. Mr Vaughan went on to explain the conditions under which Licentiates were to be admitted and answered many questions from both students and technical college teachers.The vote of thanks to Mr Vaughan was proposed by Mr Cooper head of the chemistry department of the College who had been responsible for many of the detailed arrangements for the A.G.M. and the subsequent open meeting. LONDON Analytical Research.-The final meeting on the winter programme of the Cambridge Sub-section was held at the Technological Research Station Spillers Ltd on 7 March. Dr J. Williams introduced Dr J. Haslam, who lectured on ‘Analytical Research.’ Drawing on the experiences of a working lifetime devoted to analysis and analytical research Dr Haslam indicated the type of man best fitted to fill the exacting position of ‘Research Analyst.’ His own experiences could be divided into several main phases.Thinking back to the late 192Os the first larger merger in the alkali industry brought him into contact with new people and fresh ideas. Many improvements in methods of analysis for alkali products were introduced during this period. Among the examples quoted were the zinc uranyl acetate method for sodium and the use of thioglycollic acid for iron. Later Dr Haslam was involved in the extensive analytical problems associated with the extraction of bromine from Cheshire brine and sea water. At this point the discovery of polythene as a by-product in the reaction of benzaldehyde with ethylene was mentioned. The white waxy substance obtained was shown by analysis to contain only carbon and hydrogen the absence of oxygen and the non-participation of benzalde-hyde in the reaction both being indicated by analysis.Dr Haslam speculated on the possibility of polythene being unknown today but for the chance discovery and the essential analytical investigation. The plastics era with its concomitant host of analytical problems was discussed the hydrolysis of nylons the analysis of plasticizers in PVC and many similar problems being considered. The lecturer then considered the kind of training required to produce an efficient analytical research chemist. With the emphasis in analytical research rapidly changing towards the highly automated elec-tronically controlled apparatus Dr Haslam felt that a knowledge of physics approaching degree level was desirable. However this should be founded on the soundest possible basis in chemistry.As for languages, Russian and German were considered the most impor-tant. The introduction of postgraduate courses for analytical chemists was also thought to be a desirable objective. Discussing analytical training within industry the importance of training in the control laboratories and of following processes through from their inception to the final large-scale production was stressed. In the final part of the lecture the open-flask method for the rapid analysis of compounds for certain specific elements was discussed. The development of ideas leading to the method as used at present was described. In this method a small sample of substance is electrically ignited in an atmosphere of oxygen within a suitable flask.The products of combustion having been absorbed by reagents already present analysis by a simple titri-metric or colorimetric method follows ; thus all operations may be carried out in one flask. The use of the method for qualitative or semi-quantitative determination of chlorine nitrogen sulphur phosphorus and fluorine was described all five estimations being carried out on a single sample of 20 mg with one combustion. After a short question time the vote of thanks was proposed by Mr W. H. T. Davison. Plastics. A meeting was held on 9 March at the Medway College of Technology when the South-Eastern Branch of the Institute of Petroleum were hosts to members of the Section. The Chair was taken by Mr C. Bellingsly Chairman of the local Branch of the Institute of Petroleum who introduced the speaker Dr C.L. Child. Dr Child began his lecture on ‘The Properties and Uses of Plastics’ by drawing a favourable comparison between the prices of‘ plastics and those of other materials including metals. He then described in general terms the natural and derived raw materials, the types of plastics obtainable from these and the methods (moulding extrusion and shaping) employed to produce finished articles. The lecturer went on to consider particular cases, explaining how the manufacture of plastics has developed and how the properties depend on the chemical nature of the material e.g. the effect of cross-linkage or of introducing side-chains. He indicated how various properties were inter-related by showing the ‘spectrum’ of the properties of polythene.He then dealt with some of the properties of the more important types of plastics 19621 SECTION ACTIVITIES 247 Dr Child ended his lecture with a brief review of the various applications of plastics embracing their uses in building both during construction and as finished goods and fitments; in telephone cables and instruments; in electrical components ; in protective cladding ; in foundry work; in making gears; in panelling; and in car bodies. The interest of the audience was evident from the number and range of the questions which Dr Child was called upon to answer. The Chairman proposed the vote of thanks to the lecturer for an extremely interesting and informative lecture. Soil Fertility.On 13 March the Lea Valley Sub-Section held its first meeting in the College of Tech-nology Hatfield. Dr J. Haslam Chairman of the Sub-Section introduced the lecturer Dr G. W. Cooke of Rothamsted Experimental Station who spoke on ‘The Chemical Control of Soil Fertility.’ Dr Cooke began by briefly defining soil fertility and then went on to distinguish between physical and chemical fertility pointing out that chemical fertility in general can be controlled by the use of the appropriate fertilizers but that the control of physical fertility was much more difficult. The lecture was liberally illustrated with slides show-ing the very effective use of mineral fertilizers to combat nutrient element deficiencies in the soil. Of particular interest were those showing the effect of experiments started over 100 years ago.The development of agriculture over this pel iod was admirably demonstrated by statistics which showed how the intensive cultivation of today is possible only because of the growth of the fertilizer industry. Dr Cooke concluded his lecture with a discussion of some of the more fundamental aspects of physical and chemical processes which take place in the soil. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr L. A. Warwicker. Chemical Control o f Plant Growth. A joint meeting with the Luton Scientific Association was held at the College of Technology Luton on 3 April. The Chair was taken by Dr J. Haslam and the lecturer was Professor R. L. Wain F.R.S. Professor Wain began by discussing the discovery that plant growth is controlled by plant hormones and the isolation of one of these compounds indole-3-acetic acid.The first synthetic hormones were chloro-derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid. It was shown that certain struc-tural features were essential for activity and that in compounds with an -0-CHR.COOH side-chain only one enantiomorph was active. Many examples of this stereospecificity are known in animal physiology but this was one of the first examples recorded in plants. This difference in behaviour of enantiomorphs can be explained by the necessity of a definite three-point contact between the molecule and a surface boundary representing the primary site of action. Supplying the plant with various mixtures of the two enantiomorphs showed that the form with only the possibility of a two-point contact acted as a hormone antagonist by taking up the active positions.Professor Wain concluded by relating the development of a series of compounds of formula Ar-O( CH,),.COOH. Provided the plant contains certain enzymes then if n is odd the compounds are active but they are inactive when n is even. This is due to a type of oxidation which removes two carbon atoms at a time; thus only the odd series can be degraded to the phenoxyacetic acid system. These compounds have found use as selective weedkillers. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr F. Roberts. Kent Sub-section Lecture. On 3 April a meeting of the Kent Sub-section was held at the North-West Kent College of Technology Dartford. Dr T. Dewing was in the Chair and introduced the lecturer Miss Mamie Olliver who spoke on ‘Fruit and Vegetable Food Products.’ Miss Olliver spoke first of fruits and vegetables as plant organs and demonstrated the microscopical appearance of different types of cells by reference to sections of apple and potato.She then outlined the laying down of the middle lamella and of primary and secondary walls in cell division. The middle lamella consists mainly of pectin and binds the cells together, probably through calcium or hydrogen bonding of the pectin molecules although linkage through associated arabin galactan or protein seems equally possible. In the primary and secondary cell walls microfibrils of cellulose lie in a cementing matrix of pectin and hemi-cellulose.The effect of heat on the plant cell-wall components was next discussed. Separation of the intact cells from one another appears to result from demethylation or depolymerization of the pectin and chelating substances liberated from the vacuole may also take part in effecting ionic bonding. Protein denaturation is another possible cause of middle lamella breakdown. Pectin solu bilized from fruits on heating is used in preserves manufacture, when it forms a gel with sugar and acid. The effect of pH sugar content and degree of sucrose inversion on the quality of preserves was discussed and reference made to the importance of fruit quality especially in relation to the fruit enzymes. In particular the pectin enzymes were considered and a demonstation was given of the rapid demethylation of pectin by tomato serum.The presence of pectin enzymes in fungi was illustrated by the action of B’ssochlamys fulva the control of which was at one time of considerable importance in the commercial canning and bottling of fruits. Miss Olliver ended her talk by emphasizing the nutri-tional importance of fruits and vegetables as the sol 248 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE source of natural vitamin C in the diet. The concen-trations of this vitamin in different fruits and vegetables, and the effect on these of maturation storage and of household cooking were amongst the points covered. The lecture was well illustrated by a variety of slides and was followed by an interesting and lively discussion. The vate of thanks was proposed by Dr G.Foster. Works Visits. The first summer visit was made to the Beecham Research Laboratories at Brockham Park on 26 April. The party was received by Dr J. H. C. Nayler who outlined the research projects of chief interest to the station at the present time. Emphasis has shifted from production studies to more fundamental work in the fields of antibiotics spasmolytics and allergens involving close collaboration with clinicians and hospital staffs. The visitors then separated into small groups for a conducted tour of the laboratories pilot plant and library. I t was apparent that instrumentation is a commonplace at Brockham Park and there is no hesitation in adapting stock equipment to the needs of a particular problem the laboratories being well served by machine shops and glassblowing and instrument departments.Two studies may be specially mentioned, the metabolic oxidation of carbohydrates in uitro using human ileum and the identification of antibodies and antigens by electrophoresis. The careful attention to detail which is a pre-requisite of pharmacological research and the wide coverage necessary to produce a successful invention were both impressive. As an instance we were told that in the three years from the discovery of aminopenicillanic acid the research workers prepared and screened over 700 derivatives of which only three or four attained com-mercial significance. After tea with members of the staff Mr F. C. Hymas expressed the thanks of the Section to the Director of Research Mr F.P. Doyle and to Dr Nayler and all concerned with the organization of this most interesting and enjoyable visit. On 9 May a party of members visited the Research Laboratories of the British Aluminium Co. Ltd at Chalfont Park. They were welcomed by Mr W. N. Craig personnel and education officer who explained that the laboratories were concerned with all aspects of aluminium manufacture from the extraction of bauxite to the fabrication of aluminium. The party toured the Laboratories in three groups. In the physical chemistry and physical-chemical metallurgy sections aspects of the Bayer process for the extraction of alumina from bauxite and the application of high-vacuum techniques in the extraction of gases in metals were demonstrated.In the radioactive labora-tory the use of radioisotopes in the study of the behaviour and distribution of trace elements was seen and in the analytical section the general service available was shown. Members saw the cathode-ray polarograph and examples of vacuum distillation as an analytical tool. In the operational research group the Elliot Digital Computer Type 802 was seen in operation and much interest centred on the anodizing department where techniques for the production of anodic finishes were demonstrated and samples shown to illustrate the range of colour and texture obtainable. At the end of the afternoon the party was entertained to tea being joined by Mr P. C. Varley deputy director of research Mr Craig and other senior members of staff.Many questions were asked and some interesting discussion took place. Finally a vote of thanks to the director Dr T. G. Pearson who had sent apologies for his unavoidable absence and his staff was proposed. A party of 40 members visited the Stock Exchange on the morning of 15 May and were shown the film ‘My Word is my Bond’ and viewed the floor of the Stock Exchange from the visitors’ gallery. An interesting commentary was given by the guide. MID-SOUTHERN COUNTIES Petroleum and Chemicals in Agriculture. The second symposium held jointly with the Institute of Petroleum, Fawley Branch took place in the lecture theatre of the administration building Esso Refinery Fawley on 3 1 March. A large number of chemists and those interested in agriculture and petroleum came to hear five papers and to take part in the discussions.The morning session was presided over by Dr F. Mayo chairman of the Fawley Branch of the Institute of Petroleum and in the afternoon Mr D. €3. Bell Section Chairman took the Chair. Mr W. S. Ault took as his theme ‘Power in Agri-culture,’ in the belief that the development of untiring mechanical power represents the biggest single develop-ment in agriculture over the last 30 years. Irrigation, fertilizers and pest control all have vital parts to play but are all made more effective by more power. As on the road and in the air petroleum fuels have proved to be the only effective source of the mobile and economical power the farmer requires. The needs in all three spheres are similar namely a readily available fuel at a reasonable price easily handled and with a high-energy content per unit of volume.Petroleum fuels most readily meet these requirements. Mr Ault traced the development of power in agri-culture with slides ranging from the camel pulling a wooden plough to modern diesel tractors concluding with a prototype tractor using hydrostatic transmission developed by the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering. Statistics showing the density of mechan-ization in various countries illustrated the distance mechanization still has to go in many parts of the world 19621 SECTION ACTIVITIES 249 Fuels lubricants and protectives for the modern mechanized farm were dealt with and some indication given of future technical trends.In conclusion Mr Ault said he hoped that the collaboration between the agricultural engineering and the petroleum industries who between them had already done much for agriculture and therefore for mankind would continue. ‘Development of Compound Fertilizer Manufacture in Britain’ was the topic chosen by Mr D. J. Breeze. Mr Breeze introduced his subject by describing how acquisition of knowledge concerning elements essential to plant growth was paralleled by industrial develop-men ts which made available to agriculture increasing tonnages of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium. These elements were then dealt with separately. Phosphorus the first of these to be available com-mercially was supplied initially as crushed bones later as single superphosphate and more recently as triple superphosphate.Potassium became available after development of the Stassfurt deposits and now comes from a number of sources. Until recently the most important source of nitrogen was ammonium sulphate, but today ammonium nitrate ammonium phosphates and also urea are widely used. Discussion of compound fertilizers and the more recent development of granular compounds led the lecturer on to a description of the modern processes for their manufacture : (1) Wet/dry process. Dry solid raw materials of appropriate particle size are mixed wetted in suitable equipment to induce granulation dried and screened. (2) Slurry process. Ammonium phosphate or triple superphosphate is made in situ and used as a slurry to granulate the remaining raw materials, which are fed in as solids.The granules are dried and graded as in the first process. Mr Breeze concluded with a note on the character-istics of granular fertilizers and a review of the con-sumption of these in the U.K. A paper on ‘The Crop Protection Industry,’ by Messrs G. F. Harding and F. B. Hall was read by Mr Harding. He illustrated the importance of agricultural chemicals and their potency by the example of the sugar beet industry which produces one million tons of sugar from six million tons of beet yet requires less than 100 tons of a systemic organo-phosphorus insecticide to protect this crop from aphid attack for several weeks. After a passing reference to insecticides and fungicides, the lecturer gave a very interesting account of the weed-killers and in particular the important class of selective weedkillers the phenoxyacetic acid derivatives.He showed that the effect of the substituents in the nucleus was very specific. He then outlined a five-year plan of development and field trials needed before an agricultural chemical is marketed; the notification scheme of the Ministry of Agriculture and also its approval scheme were mentioned. Mr Harding concluded by referring to an actual case of a systemic organo-phosphorus compound discovered in 1955. Field trials on sugar beet began in 1959 and the product is now being prepared for marketing. Mr H. F. Dammers read a paper on ‘Insecticides and Weedkillers in Agriculture.’ He suggested that crop losses on a world-wide basis due to insect pests might be of the order of five times the annual value of the total U.K.crop production and that losses due to weeds were likely to be of the same magnitude. The effects of pesticide use were to reduce such losses stabilize output and achieve labour economy. The lecturer dealt with the various classes of pesticides according to chemical constitution economic importance and mode of action. It was pointed out that the highly potent pesticides affect very basic life functions e.g. the nervous system in the case of insecticides the photo-synthetic apparatus in the case of various herbicides and so on. The magnitude of the research effort devoted to pesticides was mentioned and the high cost of developing these chemicals stressed as was the need to obtain selectivity not only by chemical means but also by suitable applicational techniques and formulation.The speaker concluded by pointing out the still rather limited use of pesticides considered on a world-wide basis and the trend towards more integrated methods of control incorporating chemical biological and cultural measures. In his paper on ‘Fungicides,’ Dr D. Woodcock began by discussing briefly the three classes of fungicides: protectant (or residual) ; eradicant (or contact) ; and systemic (or chemotherapeutant) . He stressed the relative ineffectiveness of anti-fungal as compared with other biocidal agents and went on to survey fungicide raw materials and the major fungicides used in horti-culture and world agriculture. Turning to recent developments in fungicide research, he described first the work of Van der Kerk on organo-tin compounds and went on to discuss the problem of apple mildew mentioning recently discovered anti-mildew agents such as 2,3-dimercaptoquinoxaline deriva-tives and organo-phosphorus compounds such as ‘Wepsyn.’ Finally the development of plant chemo-therapy was outlined and the promotion of disease resistance by compounds known to be non-fungitoxic in uitro-notably certain thiourea derivatives and ‘un-natural’ amino acids-was discussed.Dr Woodcock concluded with the plea for more research into the influence of naturally occurring plant constituents on the level of resistance as any advances in such knowledge would stimulate development o 250 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE compounds that can act by increasing host-plant resistance.Mr Bell closed the symposium by thanking the speakers the Esso Petroleum Go. and all those who had helped to make the symposium such a success. NORTH WALES Works Visit. The visit this year took place on 4 April to the Winsford Salt Mines of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. A party of 20 was welcomed by Mr Price and after acquiring safety clothing was con-ducted on a most interesting tour of the only operative salt mine in the country. Afterwards the party was entertained to tea and appreciation was expressed by Mr N. F. Rapps Section Chairman. SHEFFIELD SOUTH YORKSHIRE AND NORTH MIDLANDS Rocket Fuels. The annual Public Lecture which was held on 27 March was given by Dr W.G. S. Parker, the topic of his lecture being ‘Rocket Fuels.’ The lecturer was introduced by Dr J. D. Hobson to a large audience composed mainly of senior students from the local grammar schools. Dr Parker first outlined the historical development of the rocket from the ‘arrows of fire’ used by the Chinese in 1232 to the German V2 rocket which may be regarded as the fore-runner of the modern inter-continental ballistic missile and satellite launching vehicle. Development was slow in early times because the principles of the rocket were not understood and the only propellant available was black powder. Interest in rockets waned in favour of the cannon and mortar, but was renewed at the end of the eighteenth century when batteries of small rocket weapons were used against the British in India.The success of these caused William Congreve in Britain to carry out the first systematic experiments on rockets and he produced improved versions weighing up to 60 lb and having a range of up to three miles. Congreve’s rockets were used in mass attacks on Copenhagen and elsewhere during the Napoleonic wars. Competition from guns and artillery again proved too much in the nineteenth century and the develop-ment of the rocket as we know it today stems from the work of pioneers early in this century who experimented with liquid and solid propellants more powerful than black powder. In the study of rocket propellants two important units, namely thrust and specific impulse are considered.The thrust which is the product of the mass rate of burning and the gas velocity introduces the importance of the efflux velocity first recognized by the Russian, Tscolkovski in 1895. The specific impulse is the thrust in pounds obtained when 1 lb of propellant is burnt per second and is a useful parameter for comparing the performance of different propellant systems. From an examination of the equations describing these units it was shown that the best performance is given by fuels which produce gases with the highest ratio of tempera-ture to mean molecular weight. The use of either liquid or solid propellants presents problems those related to liquids being mainly of an engineering nature such as the development of pumps capable of handling very large liquid throughputs, whilst the major problems with solids are chemical and consist of producing a composition which is energetic but stable.Dr Parker then described the relative merits of the various fuels and oxidants which have been used or tested. Hydrocarbons such as kerosine give a good performance with liquid oxygen and are now in general use in all large liquid motors. Hydrazine is better than kerosine as a fuel but is expensive to produce. Liquid hydrogen in spite of its low density gives the best performance and will be widely used in the future. Of the oxidants for use with these fuels either oxygen or fluorine gives a high performance but in Dr Parker’s opinion only oxygen need be considered because fluorine is extremely toxic and difficult to handle.The supply of oxygen is unlimited and liquid oxygen is fairly cheap to produce. I t has the disadvantage of being a cryogenic which cannot be sealed in a container, and in rocket systems where this is a disadvantage a carrier of oxygen such as nitric acid or concentrated hydrogen peroxide (H.T.P.) may be used although the performance will be somewhat inferior. H.T.P. is a valuable substance in rocketry because its rapid decom-position on a catalyst such as silver gauze produces steam and oxygen at high temperature. These can be employed to drive a turbine which in turn can drive the fuel pumps. In the field of solid propellants Dr Parker mentioned two main categories double base e.g. nitrocellulose with nitroglycerine as in cordite and composite e.g.ammonium perchlorate with polyurethane. In neither category is the performance equal to that of the best liquid propellant systems. In conclusion Dr Parker detailed the limitations set by chemical propellants and outlined some of the alternative sources of power which are under con-sideration. These alternatives include the use of nuclear heat sources and of solar energy. SOUTH-WESTERN COUNTIES The thirteenth A.G.M. of the Section was held in the Washington Singer Labora-tories University of Exeter on 23 March under the Chairmanship of Mr E. Winterbottom. Officers and Members of Committee previously elected to serve beyond the date of this A.G.M. were Chairman, Mr Winterbottom; Vice-chairman Mr F. Courtney Harwood; Members of Committee Dr E.R. Annual General Meeting 19621 SECTION ACTIVITIES 25 1 Braithwaite and Messrs E. Bishop J. F. Jackson and STIRLINGSHIRE AND DISTRICT J. M. Johnson. At the meeting Dr L. H. N. Cooper was elected Hon. Treasurer and Mr B. M. Dougall re-elected Hon. Secretary. Dr B. L. Tonge and Mr L. H. Angus were elected to fill two vacancies arising through the retirement of Professor H. N. Rydon and Dr A. B. Meggy. Mr F. W. Hares District Member of Council, is to be an ex oficiu member of the Committee. The Hon. Auditors Mr F. Holt o.B.E. and Mr F. Fairbrother were re-elected for a further year. The Chairman paid a warm tribute to the Committee, and particularly to the retiring members Mr T. W. Parker Chairman Dr S. J. Gregg Hon. Treasurer, Professor Rydon and Dr Meggy and to Dr F.D. M. Hocking retiring District Member of Council and a past Chairman. He expressed the thanks of the Section to Professor Rydon University of Exeter and to the Principal of Plymouth College of Technology for the generous provision of facilities for professional meetings. At the professional meeting which followed the A.G.M. the speaker was Dr F. A. Robinson Vice-President chairman of The Crookes Laboratories Ltd, who gave an address ‘Chemistry and Legislation.’ Dr Robinson said that few chemists appeared to be aware that they might as chemists have legal respon-sibilities. Thus regulations made under the Foods and Drugs Act 1955 required public analysts to have the Institute’s Diploma in Applied Chemistry (Branch E), and the Council of the Institute had the right to appoint a member of the Poisons Board set up under the Phar-macy and Poisons Act 1933 and a member of the Advisory Committee set up under the Therapeutic Substances Act 1956.Fellows and Associates of the Institute were with registered pharmacists the only people entitled under the Poisons Rules 1952 to manu-facture pharmaceutical preparations containing poisons. Dr Robinson discussed the legislation affecting chemists engaged in the manufacture of foods and medicinal substances and examined the reasons why so much of the legislation appeared to be complicated and un-systematic. I t was very desirable that a more rational system should be devised and the Government had appointed a working party to consider the existing legislation.This was expected to report soon but it may well recommend a further and more detailed in-vestigation. Dr Robinson put forward his own sug-gestions for rationalizing the existing legislation and for co-ordinating it if considered desirable with legislation for ensuring that newly discovered drugs are safe and effective before being marketed. A discussion followed the lecture and the vote of thanks was proposed by Mr L. W. Warner. An in-formal dinner at which Dr and Mrs Robinson were the guests of the Section took place afterwards at the Imperial Hotel. Annual General Meeting. The twelfth A.G.M. was held on 28 February at Falkirk under the Chairmanship of Mr G. C. Bailey T.D. The Hon. Secretary-Trea-surer’s Report for 1961-62 was presented and approved, particular satisfaction being expressed at the improved attendances at Section meetings during the Session.The following were elected Officers and Members of Committee for the 1962-63 Session Chairman Mr J. M. Haig; Vice-chairman Mr G. C. Bailey; Hon. Secretary-Treasurer Mr R. W. Rae; Members of Committee Drs W. W. Easton F. S. Fowkes and F. Parker and Messrs J. F. Cunningham L. I. K. Ebbutt and R. Nicol. Professor F. Bell F.R.s.E. District Member of Council, presented a short report of Council activities of general interest to the Section. The business meeting was followed by a lecture on the ‘Lurgi Pressure Gasification Process’ by Mr D. Elgin and Mr T. Latta. Chemicals from Acetylene. On 15 March a joint meeting of the Section with the local section of the S.C.I.the Scottish Branch of the Institute of Petroleum and the heavy organic chemicals group of the S.C.I. was held at the Refinery Recreation Hall Grangemouth. Dr S. A. Miller gave a lecture entitled ‘Chemicals from Acetylene.’ This lecture has already been reported (J. 1961 240). TEES-SIDE On 8 March Professor J. M. Coulson gave a lecture entitled ‘Chemical Plant, Yesterday Today and Tomorrow’ to a joint meeting of the Section the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in Middlesbrough. The lecturer introduced his topic by describing how chemical plant has developed from early times. He quoted as examples the process of charcoal manufacture, Perkin’s apparatus for producing aniline the iodine still and the early Leblanc soda process.I t is interesting to examine equipment used in unit processes. Very little of our process equipment is designed on strictly scientific principles. This is illustrated by considering the in-ability at present to design any unit operating on a two-phase system without making considerable use of practical experience. The theme of higher throughput per unit volume should be particularly emphasized in this country. With regard to raw materials most of which have to be imported into this country it is desirable to make the utmost use of them by a suitable combination of plants probably on the same site. Though it is always difficult to foresee the future a very much greater increase in the use of computers in plant and equipment design is almost certain.There will also be increased use of computers in the control of Chemical Engineering 252 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE our modern complex plants. Professor Coulson sug-gested that there is still scope for the increased use of mechanical power and possibly electrical power in chemical processes. Thus we are not using much mechanical power for increasing interfacial surfaces. Higher flux per unit volume could also be obtained. Finally there is an urgent need for greater standardiza-tion of small items of equipment. After a lively discussion Dr Jones thanked the lecturer on behalf of the audience. Polyurethanes. On 22 March Dr P. C. Johnson of Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Dyestuffs Division, gave a lecture entitled 'The Chemistry of the Polyure-thanes' to a joint meeting of the Section the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry in Norton.The lecturer described the fundamental chemistry involved in forming the urethane structure including a description of possible side-reactions all of which have been known for many years. The idea of poly-urethanes stems from the now famous work of Carothers, and was developed by German workers. The first products were rubber with not very exciting properties, but ageing and the use of different basic monomer types finally produced materials whose properties varied from those of natural rubber to give unique materials. Other types of polyurethanes have formed the basis of special types of paint unfortunately a two-pot process normally has to be used the two ingredients being mixed immediately before use.Another difficulty is the toxicity of toluene di-isocyanate requiring the use in surface coatings of special non-volatile isocyanates. Finally the lecturer described the important develop-ment of foams both flexible and rigid. The lattcr have uses as thermal insulating materials. Modern developments in the polyurethane foam field include the use of volatile fluorochloromethanes rather than the reaction of excess isocyanate with water as a means of blowing. The lecturer was thanked on behalf of the audience by the Section Chairman Dr Jones. THAMES VALLEY Solid-state Polymerization. On 14 February the Section were the guests of the Chemical Society at the University of Reading.Dr C. H. Bamford gave a paper on ' Solid-S ta te Polymerization. ' He pointed out that in recent years considerable active interest in the mechanism of solid-state poly-merization has grown up in several countries. Most workers have used high-energy radiation for initiation, and much of the work has been carried out on acrylamide. Since high-energy radiation can produce ions as well as radicals it is often difficult to establish the nature of the active species in a polymerization. The diagnostic tests which can be used in the liquid phase are generally not applicable to solid-state processes. For this reason a study of the polymerization of crystalline methacrylic and acrylic acids (m.ps 16°C and 12.5"C respectively) has been made with ultra-violet initiation which is considered unlikely to give rise to ionic reactions.Most irradiations have been carried out in the tem-perature range 0-7°C. Dr Bamford then discussed the three types of experi-ments that may be performed. First with polycrystalline specimens of methacrylic acid polymerization is accompanied by the appearance of trapped radicals, detectable by electron resonance spectroscopy. In the case of acrylic acid only very low concentrations of trapped radicals are obtained. The reaction in these specimens occurs in a narrow zone which gradually traverses the solid (the extinction coefficient for the active wave-lengths is very high) and the observations can be interpreted semiquantitatively on the basis of this idea.An interesting observation is that the rate of photochemical chain-starting is strongly dependent on temperature. Secondly irradiation of large crystals eventually causes complete conversion to polymer which is found to be largely amorphous and without orienta-tion. Clearly the crystal lattice does not exercise a direct stereo-regulating influence on the polymerization. In a third type of experiment thin layers of non-over-lapping crystals were irradiated and the course of the reaction followed by birefringence measurements (the final polymer is not birefringent). Typically as with other solid-state reactions there is a short induction period of acceleration. Eventually as complete con-version is approached the rate begins to decrease. Interruption of the irradiation shows the existence of an after-effect with methacrylic acid which may continue for many hours; acrylic acid gives no after-effect as might be anticipated from the low concentration of trapped radicals formed.One of the most striking phenomena observed concerns the behaviour of these crystal layers under mechanical stress. A compressive stress of about 5 atm applied to a specimen between quartz plates may under suitable conditions cause a complete cessation of photo-poly-merization. On removing the stress polymerization starts again in some cases after a second induction period. The after-effect in methacrylic acid may also be sup-pressed by stress. It is considered that all the observations support the view that polymerization in these crystals is initiated and proceeds in crystal dislocations.Only in these regions do the molecules have sufficient freedom of movement to allow reaction. The effects of mechanical stress may be interpreted in terms of elastic and inelastic move-ments of dislocations under the influence of stress. Since the polymerizations are highly structure-sensitive under these conditions they are not susceptible to con-ventional kinetic analysis. A very vigorous discussion followed the lecture and a vote of thanks was proposed to Dr Bamford 19621 SECTION ACTIVITIES 253 Young Members’ Evening. A Young Members’ Evening Symposium was held on 16 March at the University of Reading. The papers submitted on this occasion were all devoted to discussions of particular techniques and their application to chemical problems.Dr J. F. Corbett the first speaker gave an interesting account of the value of ultra-violet spectra in the study of electrophilic substitution of aromatic heterocyclic compounds. This was followed by a talk on the micro-fractionation of acidic polysaccharides on paper by Mr J. C. Marsden. To conclude the programme Dr S. G. Perry spoke on the direct study of catalytic and pyrolytic reactions by gas chromatography. Vigorous discussions followed each paper. Each speaker made the most of the opportunity provided at this most successful meeting for the ‘under 30s’ of the Section to present accounts of their own research work for discussion by an audience with a wide range of interests. Members of the Section were received by Dr S.K. Kon deputy director when they visited the National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield on 13 April. Two papers were read by members of the staff. Dr J. A. F. Rook spoke on ‘Volatile Fatty Acids in Relation to Milk Yield Composition.’ He summarized experimental results demonstrating that intraruminal infusions of individual volatile fatty acids in the milking cow give characteristically different effects on the yield and the fat and ‘solids-not-fat’ contents of milk and accounted for some of these effects in terms of associated changes in blood composition. Dr J. D. S. Goulden gave a short paper on ‘The Use of Infra-red Spectroscopy for the Examination of Emulsions.’ He showed that it was possible to obtain values for fat protein lactose and ‘solids not fat’ in milk samples directly by an infra-red absorption method.He demonstrated a machine which gave these values within a minute of the milk being placed in the sample chamber. Afterwards members visited a number of departments in the Institute where exhibits had been arranged in the physiology radiobiochemistry bac-teriology chemical microbiology nutrition chemistry, physics and engineering sections and many informal discussions between the staff and the members added even more interest to the visit. Dr P. F. Holt expressed the appreciation of the visitors for the hospitality extended to the members of the Section by the N.I.R.D. Section Visit. DECCAN On 12 January a joint meeting with the Biochemical Society and the Society of Biological Chemists India was held in the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore.Professor H. E. Street department of botany University College of Utilization o f Sugar by Tomato Roots. Swansea gave a lecture on ‘Utilization of Sugar by Excised Tomato Roots.’ Professor P. S. Sarma pre-sided. Excised tomato roots growing in sterile culture have a specific growth requirement for sucrose; growth on glucose or fructose or a mixture of these two mono-saccharides is rather less than 10 per cent of that in sucrose. Studies of rates of uptake of the individual sugars from the external medium of the depletion of the several soluble sugars in the root cells during culture in sugar-free medium and of the incorporation of [14C]sugar into cell constituents have been undertaken in an attempt to explain the specific sucrose requirement.Roots grown in sucrose as against those grown in mono-saccharide-containing medium have been compared by histology and by determination of cell components (soluble sugars pectins hemicelluloses cellulose pro-tein). From a survey of these experimental data the conclusion is reached that sucrose is preferentially metabolized in the growing and dividing cells of the root apex and that although sucrose glucose and fructose are all rapidly absorbed there is nevertheless, with sucrose as source of carbon and energy a critically higher rate of sucrose transport from the mature absorb-ing cells to the growing parts. This controls both the activity and size of the growing points and the differen-tiation of the cells of the maturing tissues.The lecture was illustrated with slides. After a lively discussion Dr S. C. Pillai proposed the vote of thanks. Plant Hormones. Professor Street gave another lecture on 13 January at a joint meeting with the Biochemical Society and the Society of Biological Chemists India. The subject of this lecture was ‘Plant Hormones with Particular Reference to the Control of Root Growth.’ Professor Sarma presided. Experiments have been conducted along three main lines with excised cultured roots of tomato as experi-mental material. The effects on root growth (linear growth dry weight increase cell enlargement rate of cell division) of externally applied auxins gibberellins, kinetin and anti-auxins used singly and in combinations, and in presence of different levels of external sucrose, have been analysed.The natural auxins (both water-and ether-soluble) of the roots have been separated by paper chromatography and their physiological activity assessed by the Avena coleoptile straight-growth test, and by a root test involving the cultured tomato root. Paper chromatography has been used to study the metabolism of auxins absorbed by the root cells from the external medium. The picture which emerges from these studies is radically different from that based upon the earlier classical researches dating from the work of Cholodny in 1922. Clearly a considerable number of growth-active substances both growth-promoting and growth-inhibitory are involved in the control of growth and differentiation in roots.Th 254 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE interactions between these active substances are of para-mount importance their relative concentrations rather than their absolute concentrations determining the nature and rate of growth. Indole compounds amino-compounds and gibberellins are all involved. Indolyl-acetic acid is only one of a number of active indoles and seems to exercise its influence on differentiation rather than on the control of activity at the apical growing point. Current work is directed towards the definitive chemical identification of the natural growth-active substances of roots and to studies of the influence of environmental and nutritive factors on their biosynthesis.Exciting new discoveries may be expected in this field in the near future. The lecture was illustrated with slides. After an interesting discussion Dr C. S. Vaidynathan proposed the vote of thanks. Sewage Treatment. Dr V. M. Witt of Ecuador, W. H. 0. Visiting Professor of Public Health Engineer-ing Engineering College University of Madras gave a lecture on ‘Tertiary Treatment of Sewage by Algae’ at the Indian Institute of Science on 6 April. Dr Pillai was in the Chair. Dr Witt opened his lecture by saying that the high concentrations of available nitrogen and phosphorus in the clear effluent of secondary-treated sewage wastes have created concern in the sanitary engineering field. He explained how excessive phytoplankton growths in the nutrient-enriched receiving waters have given rise to problems of various kinds and how processes for the removal of such nutrients mainly phosphorus have been studied patented and applied with more or less success depending on the particular case.He then gave an account of the attempts made to remove the main phytoplankton nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, from secondary-treated effluents by algae. To get a quantitative evaluation of the ability of algae to do this several variables affecting the photo-synthetic process were investigated namely light intensity temperature concentration of organisms and some aspects of the carbon dioxide - alkalinity relation-ship. Equipment was designed to provide continuous-culture conditions and material for physical and chemical analysis.The algae Chlorella and Scenedesmus and mixtures of these two were used as the test organisms. Secondary sewage-plant effluent was the sole substrate used and proved to be a good medium for the growth of Chlorella and Scenedesmus especially when addi-tional carbon dioxide was added. Scenedesmus and Chlorella absorbed ammonia in preference to other inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen present in the secondary effluent and absorbed orthophosphate and organic phosphorus simultaneously. A tertiary treatment process for sewage the lecturer said will require about 20 hours of operation under optimum conditions for an almost complete removal of the ammonia and phosphate which might be normally expected in secondary sewage-plant effluents. The lecture was suitably illustrated with slides.Dr J. V. Bhat proposed a vote of thanks to the lecturer and to the Chairman, MADRAS On 7 March a meeting was held at the Women’s Christian College Madras when Dr Florence Farmer Professor of Home Science at the College addressed the Section on ‘Recent Advances in Home Science.’ Several lady guests were present. Mr Pitchandi introduced the speaker. Dr Farmer restricted her talk to nutrition and dealt with the feeding problem in India and the efforts being made to contribute towards solving this huge problem. She indicated the part the home scientists can play in this connexion. She spoke of the commercial methods now being worked out of parboiling rice. Thiamine content was found to be very much higher when the rice was parboiled.India can make a valuable contribution to the rest of the world in this regard. Data are being collected of normal weights and heights of children in this country. The school feeding programme which was started in Madras State in 1925 gives most of the poor children the best meal of their day. Dr Natarajan proposed the vote of thanks. After the lecture Dr Farmer took interested visitors round her laboratories in the home science department of the College. Home Science. Visit to a Film Studio. A very enjoyable evening was spent by a group of members and guests on 13 April when they visited the A.V.M. Film studios in Kodam-bakkam near Madras. The party was taken round the air-conditioned laboratories and saw the different stages through which the exposed film passes before it is ready for projection.The guests were asked to remove their shoes before entering the spotlessly clean laboratories. The members were very much interested to see how the film is developed and how the prints are made. As many as 75 copies are made of Hindi films and 50 of films in the Tamil language. The group then adjourned to the air-conditioned theatre where tea was served and later a special film was shown depicting dance recitals by some of the famous South Indian stars. The party was then taken round the various ‘sets’ prepared for various films. The actual shooting of a scene in a Hindi film was also seen. The Section Chairman Dr A. R. Natarajan thanked the authorities of the A.V.M. Studios for their generosity in not only permitting such a large group to visit their studios and laboratories but also for the entertainment provided.The members he said were very much impressed by the modern scientific equipment installed in the laboratories 19621 SECTION ACTIVITIES 255 Indian Lichens. At a meeting held on 27 April at the Madras Medical College Dr S. Sankara Subramanian, of the Pondicherry Medical College gave a talk on ‘Recent Contributions to the Chemistry of Indian Lichens.’ Dr Subramanian explained how lichens are interesting botanically as symbionts of algae and fungi chemically as containing special types of organic compounds and economically as sources of litmus certain natural dyes and drugs. He mentioned recent work on the anti-bacterial property of certain lichen substances parti-cularly derivatives of usnic and roccellic acids and the nutritive value of some of the lichens.Elaborating on the chemistry of lichen substances, he pointed out that during the last 25 years a considerable amount of work has been done on the chemical investi-gation of Indian lichens under the leadership of Pro-fessor T. R. Seshadri of the University of Delhi. Besides the isolation and characterization of some of the well-known lichen substances original contributions to the isolation and structural studies on new lichen substances like montagnetol teloschistin leprapinic acid virensic acid and vicanicin have been made. In the course of this work special attention has also been devoted to synthetic methods in the elucidation of the structures of these substances and the structures of compounds such as erythrin thelephoric acid and pinastric acid have been revised and correctly established.I t was interesting to note he said that depsides which were earlier synthesized by a number of elaborate steps could now be obtained in three or four. Dr Subramanian then gave a complete account of the isolation by adsorption chromatographic methods, of vicanicin from TeZoschistes Jauicans which also con-tained anthraquinone pigments of physcion teloschistin and fallacinal. Vicanicin has been shown to be a chloro-depsidone closely related to diploicin and nidulin, and its structure established as 2,4-dichloro-3-hydroxy-7-methoxy- 1,5,8-trimethyl depsidone. A significant contribution by Seshadri and co-workers regarding the carotenoid pigments from lichens is the isolation of /3-carotene in fairly large proportions from the Indian lichen Roccella montagnei.In view of the recent interest in the antibacterial and medicinal uses of lichens as reported from Russia and other European countries as well as Japan and the United States the speaker expressed great hopes of the further utilization of Indian lichens. Mr N. Pitchandi introduced the speaker. Dr Natarajan proposed the vote of thanks. MALAYA At the A.G.M. on 10 March the following were elected to the Committee for 1962 : Dr Lee Kum-Tatt (Chairman) Dr Loke Kwong Hung (Hon. Secretary-Treasurer) Dr W. Rintoul Dr F. Morsingh Dr Richard C. H. Hsia Mr R. C. Norris and Mr Lau Liat Cheow.AnnuaZ General Meetzng. News and Notes COURSES Analytical Chemistry.-The Department of Chem-istry of the Chelsea College of Science and Technology, Manresa Road London S.W.3 is arranging a post-graduate course in analytical chemistry in preparation for the Diploma of the College. The course will consist of lectures and practical work extending over a period of one year’s full-time study. I t is designed to accelerate the training of chemistry graduates or persons of equivalent qualification who intend to specialize in analytical chemistry and preference will be given to those who have had one year’s industrial experience. The course registration and laboratory fee is L37 10s. and the Diploma examination fee five guineas. Further information may be obtained from the Head of the Department .Chemistry Course for Teachers.-The Third Chemistry Course for Teachers in Schools organized by the department of chemistry and biology South-East Essex Technical College was held on 24-27 April and was attended by 33 teachers. The main theme of the course this year was ‘Approaches to the Teaching of Inorganic Chemistry,’ and lectures were devoted to the periodic table the nucleus the outer shell electronic structure and chemical properties and inorganic stereochemistry. The guest lecturer was Dr A. G. Sharpe of Cam-bridge who spoke on ‘The Future of Inorganic Chem-istry.’ He prophesied considerable developments in synthetic methods and much interest in structural and mechanistic aspects of inorganic chemistry.Mr E. H. Coulson gave a lecture entitled ‘Are Equivalents Necessary ?’ which gave rise to lively discussion; Mr H. P. Ramage introduced a discussion on the draft S.M.A. syllabus ‘Science in General Education’ ; and Mr D. T. Radford spoke about some of the problems teachers had to face in reconciling educational needs with examination requirements. During the afternoons practical classes were held in the departmental laboratories and participants had the opportunity of selecting one course from the topics: semi-micro qualitative inorganic analysis ; newer volu-metric methods ; small-scale organic preparations ; organic analysis ; instrumental methods of analysis ; and physical chemistry. Mr H. G. Andrew exhibited some of his well-known working models of industrial plant; there was also a manufacturers’ and publishers’ exhibition and some recent I.C.I.films were shown. Colour Reproduction.-The Spectroscopy Section of the Battersea College of Technology London 256 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE S.W.ll is arranging a Summer School on Colour Reproduction to be held at the College on 18-22 June. The course is intended to meet the needs of those who are concerned with colour reproduction systems. I t will deal with colour printing colour photography and colour television. The first part of the course will cover the fundamentals of colour reproduction vision and colour rendering and pigments and dyestuffs in a general way. The second part will deal with the three main topics in detail.There will also be visits to laboratories and works concerned with colour reproduc-tion. The fee is g12 inclusive of luncheon refresh-ments and visits. Enrolment forms and further details may be obtained from the Secretary (Spectroscopy Courses) at the College. Nuclear Technology (Chemical) .-The Depart-ment of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Tech-nology of the Imperial College of Science and Tech-nology Prince Consort Road London S.W.7 is holding a further postgraduate course in Nuclear Technology (Chemical) in the session 1962-63. Applications are invited from graduates in chemical engineering chem-istry or metallurgy or persons with equivalent qualifi-cations for this one-year course leading to the D.I.C. The course includes lectures in fundamental and applied radiochemistry and radiation chemistry; process chem-istry and technology of reactor fuels; nuclear criticality and plant design; reactor fuel element technology; and radiological protection.Practical work includes participation in a design study or in a research pro-gramme. Further information may be obtained from the Registrar of the College. MEETINGS AND CONFERENCES Australian Electrochemistry Conference.-The First Australian Conference on Electrochemistry will be held in February 1963 in Sydney and Hobart, under the joint sponsorship of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute the University of Tasmania and the University of New South Wales. Excursions will be arranged in conjunction with the Conference and a Ladies’ Programme will be organized.Topics for discussion at the Sydney sessions (13-15 February) are : Solid State Chemistry (session chairman Dr L. G. Rees) ; Thermodynamics of Electrolytes (Professor R. H. Stokes) ; Electroanalytical Methods (Professor P. Delahaye) ; Applications Plating Anodizing ; Corrosion (Assoc. Professor J. J. Jenkins) ; and Theory of Boundary Layers (Dr J. Ross McDonald). At the Hobart sessions (18-20 February) the topics will be Electrowinning and Electrorefining (Dr N. E. Richards) ; Electrode Processes (Professor J. O’M. Bockris) ; Fused Salts (Dr M. A. Bredig); Fuel Cells (Dr E. Blomgren); and Non-Aqueous Electrochemistry (Professor N. H. Parton). Each session will consist of a review paper presented by the session chairman followed by contributed papers giving results of original research.Anyone wishing to present a paper at the Conference is asked to supply the preliminary title as soon as possible to the Hon. Secre-tary. An abstract (200 words) will be required by 1 September and the final text of the paper (not more than 3,000 words) by 15 October for publication in the Conference Proceedings. The Organizing Committee expects to have funds available for a limited number of travel grants. Preference will be given to authors of papers and to postgraduate students. Further details and enrolment forms may be obtained from the Hon. Secretary of the Sydney Committee Dr F. Gutman, Department of Physical Chemistry University of New South Wales P.O. Box 1 Kensington New South Wales Australia.Forensic Immunology and Toxicology.-The Third International Meeting in Forensic Immunology, Medicine Pathology and Toxicology (First International Meeting in Forensic Immunology and Toxicology) will be held in London on 16-24 April 1963. There will be eight plenary sessions on organization of the investiga-tion of sudden and unnatural death and drugs and driving (medicine) ; stains by body fluids (immunology) ; injuries-perimortal and other complications and evaluation of the investigation of the chemistry of postmortem blood (pathology) ; the modern conception of diagnosis and treatment of accidental and suicidal poisoning in the home microbiological and plant poisons in relation to animals and modern occupational poisons (toxicology).In addition there will be several special and proffered papers and study groups. It is hoped that wives and friends of members of the Meeting will attend as associate members. The official banquet will be held on 18 April and the tickets will be ;E3 each. Further information may be obtained from the Secre-tariat of the Meeting 28 Portland Place London W.l. Low-Energy Nuclear Physics.-The Institute of Physics and the Physical Society is sponsoring a con-ference on this topic to be held at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment Harwell on 12-14 September. Sessions will be devoted to the nuclear interactions of slow and fast neutrons; nuclear reactions induced by charged particles and y-rays ; nucleon-nucleon inter-actions; and nuclear structure and nuclear models.Residential accommodation is available and registration is necessary. Programmes and application forms are obtainable from the Conference Secretary Dr G. C. Morrison Nuclear Physics Division A.E.R.E. Harwell, Didcot Berkshire. Offers ofcontributions are requested, and should be sent with three copies of abstracts (100 words) as soon as possible but not later than 23 July, to the Conference Secretary. Neutron-Beam Research.-A three-day introduc-tory seminar on the theory and practice of therma 19621 NEWS AND NOTES 25 7 neutron scattering diffraction as applied to the study of solids and liquids will be held at the Imperial College of Science and Technology on 25-27 September. I t will be followed on 28 September by a one-day con-ference on current neutron work.Further details are available from the Administration Assistant of the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society 47 Belgrave Square London S.W. 1. Pesticides Congress .-T he Fifth International Pesticides Congress will be held in London on 17-23 July 1963 under the auspices of the Applied Chemistry Section of IUPAC. The President is Sir Robert Robinson o.M. F.R.s. Nobel Laureate. Sessions will deal with selective toxicity; mode of entry and translocation of pesticides in anthropods and plants; chemical factors associated with host selection and pathogenicity; metabolism of pesticides and microbiological break-down; and correlation between biological activity and molecular structure. Those wishing to submit papers should communicate as soon as possible with the Hon.Secretary of the Congress 14 Belgrave Square London, S. W. 1 from whom cards for provisional application for membership may be obtained. Polymer Science and Technology.-A conference on ‘Advances in Polymer Science and Technology’, organized jointly by the Plastics Institute the Plastics and Polymer Group of the S.C.I. and the Institution of the Rubber Industry will be held on 1 and 2 May, 1963 at the Institution of Electrical Engineers Savoy Place London W.C.2. The purpose of the conference is to review advances in the fundamental chemistry and physics as well as in the technology of polymers. Papers will be given by invited speakers on the first day of the meeting. On the second day it is proposed that a number of contributions should be presented and dis-cussed.Contributions are invited particularly on the following topics structure of polymers especially in relation to physical properties and processing character-istics ; melt-flow properties of polymers ; and degradation and stabilization of polymers. Summaries of papers (approximately 350 words) should be sent to the Secretary of the Plastics Institute 6 Mandeville Place, London W.l before 1 July. Royal Institution.-The Christmas Lectures 1962-63 will be given by Professor R. E. D. Bishop Kennedy Professor of Mechanical Engineering University College London on ‘Vibrations.) There will be six lectures in this 133rd course on 29 December and 1 3 5 8 and 10 January all at 3 p.m. at the Royal Institution 21 Albemarle Street London W.1. Subscriptions payable by non-members of the Royal Institution are children (10-1 7) El adults L2. Society of Chemical Industry.-The 8 1 st Annual Meeting of the S.C.I. will be held in Newcastle upon Tyne on 9-14 July. Participation is open only to members of the Society and invited guests. The Annual Dinner will be held at the Mayfair Banqueting Hall. Further details may be obtained from the Hon. Secretary of the Annual Meeting Mr L. H. W. Hallett chemistry department Rutherford College of Technology North-umberland Road Newcastle upon Tyne 1. University of Western Ontario.-The 3M (Canada) Special Lecture Series in Chemistry at the University of Western Ontario London Ontario will be given this year by Professor D. H. R.Barton F.R.s. of the Imperial College of Science and Technology London England, on 23 24 and 25 July all at 10 a.m. The topic will be ‘Studies in the Biosynthesis Synthesis and Constitution of Selected Natural Products’. RECENT PUBLICATIONS Approved Names.-The General Medical Council has published a supplementary list of Approved Names dated April 1962. The list is available from the Secretary British Pharmacopoeia Commission 44 Hallam Street London W. 1. Conferences on Atomic Energy.-The Inter-national Atomic Energy Agency has published issue no. 18 of its bi-monthly list of Conferences Meetings and Training Courses in Atomic Energy. The publica-tion is designed to promote exchange of information and to help scientists make personal contacts. The subjects are related mainly to the basic scientific and technical aspects of nuclear energy and its peaceful applications.Apply to H.M.S.O. P.O. Box 569, London S.E. 1. Petroleum Industry Statistics.-The Petroleum Information Bureau has recently published from infor-mation independently collated on behalf of the U.K. Petroleum Industry Advisory Committee Consumption and Rejinery Production 1960 and 1961. Demand for petroleum products in the U.K. in 1961 was 7.8 per cent higher than in 1960. Total consumption for the year was 46,014,950 tons excluding bunkers for ships engaged in foreign trade. Deliveries of propane and butane rose by 34 per cent to 206,285 tons particularly on account of increased use in industry and as a gas-making feedstock. Deliveries of chemical feedstock which have risen extremely rapidly in the past were almost un-changed as compared with 1960.Precautions Against Solvent Risks.-Risks of fire and explosion from the use of solvents in dry cleaning processes and the precautions that should be taken to reduce such hazards are discussed in Dry Cleaning Plant : Precautions Against Solvent Risks a booklet in the Safety, Health and Welfare Series recently published by the Ministry of Labour. I t is obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office or any bookseller price 1s. 3d. net 258 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [JUNE OBITUARY Joseph John Valentine Backes. B. 25.2.1900. Ed. Royal College of Science London 1916-19. He became chief chemist at Fullers Ltd in 1920 where he remained until 1934 when he was appointed general manager of Ch.Goldrei Foucard & Sons Ltd later becoming controlling director. In 1954 he joined Burton Son & Sanders Ltd as director and controller of production and sales. Five years later he became technical director of Malgavita (Suppliers) Ltd a position which he held for the rest of his life. Harry George Trench Boorman. B. 27.2.1890. Ed. King’s College London 1910-14. He joined the Ministry of Munitions as a chemist in 1914 and three years later became a lieutenant in the R.N.V.R. In 1919 he was appointed assistant manager in the tar products department of Chas Page & Co. Ltd. He left in 1926 to take a post as manager at Lord Trench & Co. Ltd. Two years later he became a director of Trenmans Ltd and in 1933 was appointed also director of Trenmans Hortico Ltd.He retired in 1957. Peter Joseph Brannigan. B. 1886. Ed. Royal College of Science Dublin (summer courses) 1904-09; Queen’s University, Belfast 1909-13. DSc. (Q.U.B.). He became a teacher at St Malachy’s College Belfast in 1904. He returned to Queen’s University Belfast in 1916 to carry out academic research until 1918 when he joined the British Dyestuffs Corporation (now Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Dyestuffs Division) as a research chemist. In 1927 he took a post as a chemistry master at Clongowes Wood College Naas Co. Kildare where he re-maineduntil his retirement in 1954. ( A . 1916 F. 1920) D. 21.1.62. John Critchlow. B. 5.8.10. Ed. University of Manchester, 1928-32. B.Sc. He became a lecturer in chemistry and physics at Stockport College for Further Education in 1932 where he remained until 1945 when he took a similar post at Burnley Municipal Technical College.In 1956 he was appointed Principal of Nelson and Colne College of Further Education. He became ill in November last and died two months later at the early age of 51. Robert Gillies Muir Dakers. B. 27.1 1.1895. Ed. Knox Institute Haddington; Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh 1914-18, B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph.D. (Edin.). He continued at Heriot-Watt College as a lecture assistant and demonstrator and carried out research under the auspices of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Later he was appointed lecturer in organic chemistry at the College a position which he held until his retirement in 1960.( A . 1920 F. 1924) D . 22.12.61. Frederick Robertson Dodd. B. 1873. Ed. Anderson’s College, Glasgow 1889-91. After spending a few months in the laboratory of Wm Brown Sons & Co. Glasgow he became in 1892 an assistant to Mr Alfred Smetham analytical and consulting chemist. On Mr Smetham’s death he became the principal of the practice and remained in control of it until his retirement. His main interest outside his profession was gardening on which he spent the greater part of his leisure hours. He possessed boundless energy and even in his later years he walked a mile to his place of business and back at night. He had a whimsical streak in his character and a rude charm which always entranced the ladies but he did not suffer fools gladly.‘To know him was to like him and I cannot imagine his having an enemy.’ ( A . 1895, F. 1898) D. 11.2.62. Harold Hall. B. 1877. Ed. University College Nottingham, 1894-99. He remained at the College for a further year to carry out research and in 1901 joined the Midland Railway as an assistant chemist at Derby under Leonard Archbutt. He left in 1915 to set up a laboratory at Ashford Kent to serve the South Eastern & Chatham Railway. With the grouping of railways in 1921-23 he became chief chemist to the Southern Railway a post which he held until his retirement in 1946. ( A . 1900 F. 1903) D. 4.1.62. William Ian Maxwell Holman. B. 12.12.14. Ed. University of Sydney 1931-34; Royal College of Science London 1936-38. Ph.D.(Lond.). He remained at the University of Sydney as a demonstrator in agricultural chemistry until his departure for London.In 1938 he was appointed a research chemist at ( A . 1921 F. 1949) D. 8.2.62. ( A . 1917) D. 2.2.62. ( A . 1946) D. 19.1.62. Revertex Ltd and in 1940 was transferred to their agents the Anchor Chemical Co. Ltd Manchester. In 1942 he took a post at the Clyde Alloy Steel Co. and later joined the staff of the Rowett Institute Bucksburn. In 1947 he took a post at the Human Nutrition Research Unit of the Medical Research Council. He left for South Africa in 1948 to take up an appointment at the South African Institute for Medical Research Johannesburg. He left in 1957 to take a post as principal research officer at the National Nutrition Research Institute Pretoria a position which he held at the time of his death.( A . 1937 F. 1940) D. December, 1961. Thomas Clement Humphreys. B. 2 1.8.1877. Ed. Birming-ham Municipal Technical School (now College of Advanced Technology) 1897-1912. He joined the Birmingham Battery & Metal Co. Ltd of which he later became chief chemist and retained this post until his retirement. He became an authority on analytical methods and sat on Committees of the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association. ( A . 1919 F. 1937) D . 29.1.62. Arthur Edgar Leighton. B. 17.6.1873. Ed. Wesleyan College, Westminster 1886-89. After leaving college he joined Mr Wm Macnab first as pupil and later as chief assistant. He left in 1903 on his appointment as chemist in the Government Explosive Works at Wellington Hilgiri Hills India.Some years later he left India and returned to this country. He next took a post in the Department of Defence Melbourne Australia. At the time of his retirement in 1937 he was Controller-General of Munitions Supply and had conferred upon him that year the honour of C.M.G. From 1937 until 1950 he acted as consultant on explosives to the Department of Supply Commonwealth of Australia. For some time before 1937 he was the Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute of Victoria Australia, and served as President of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute in 1953. He was the author or co-author of papers in the scientific press. (F. 1907; Council 1917) D. 6.11.61. Harold Hart Mann. B. 16.10.1872. Ed. Yorkshire College (now the University) Leeds 1888-92.M.Sc (Manc.) D.Sc. (Leeds). In 1893 he went to Paris to undertake research at the Pasteur Institute and the following year returned to Yorkshire College for a similar purpose. In 1895 he became an assistant to Dr J. A. Voelcker chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society and director of the Experimental Station Woburn. He left in 1900 to go to India on his appointment as scientific adviser to the Indian Tea Association Calcutta later becoming principal of the Poona Agricultural College and agricultural chemist to the Bombay Government. He was awarded the Kaisar-i-Hind medal, first class in 1917. The following year he was appointed director of agriculture for Bombay Presidency. He returned to Britain in 1928 to take control of the farm and experiments at Woburn Experimental Station which had recently come under the direction of Rothamsted Experimental Station.He continued his active research even after his retirement in 1956 at the age of 84 and was preparing some of his results for publication at the time of his death. ‘To the end his inquiring mind remained a source of stimulus to his colleagues and his infectious enthusiasm, kindliness and generosity will long be remembered by his very numerous friends.’ Samuel Shrowder Pickles. B. 15.4.1878. Ed. Owens College (now the University) Manchester 1900-03 D.Sc. (Manc.). He became a research assistant to Professor W. H. Perkin from 1903 to 1905 when he took a post as head assistant in the scientific and technical department of the Imperial Institute London.He left in 1912 on his appointment as chief chemist to George Spencer, Moulton & Co. Ltd Bradford on Avon a position which he held until his retirement. He was the author or co-author of a number of scientific papers. George Allan Russell. B. 16.5.1893. ‘ Ed. Armstrong College (now King’s College) Newcastle upon Tyne 191 1-14. B.Sc. (Durh.). In 1914 he became a research chemist in the United Alkali Co. Ltd Widnes. He left five years later to take a post as chief chemist and departmental manager at T. Vickers & Sons Ltd Widnes. In 1928 he joined Synthetic Ammonia & Nitrates Ltd (now Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Billingham Division) as a plant manager a position which he held until his retirement in 1955. ( A .1894 F. 1898) D. 1.12.61. (F. 1925) D . 12.2.62. (A4. 1921) D. 12.7.61 19621 THE REGISTER 259 Robert Shuttleworth. B. 10.1 1.03. Ed. Accrington Tech-nical School 1920-2 1 ; Blackburn Technical College 192 1-23; University of Manchester 1924-25. He became an apprentice at Thornbers (Chemists) Ltd Accrington in 1919 and four years later took a post as assistant at Braddock & Bagshaw Ltd Oldham. In 1926 he returned to Thornbers (Chemists) Ltd as manager. In 1934 he joined the technical staff of Bayer Products Ltd, becoming works chemist and assistant research chemist in 1942, and works chief chemist and head of the fine chemical manu-facturing department in 1943. He relinquished his appointment in 1959 after a serious illness and took over as proprietor an old-established dispensing pharmacy which he continued to manage for the rest of his life.Krovvidi Venkatrathnam. B. 7.8.15. Ed. University of Madras 1933-37 ; Osmania University 1944-46 ; University of Manchester 1946-49. B.Sc. (Madras) M.Sc. (Osmania), M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). In 1940 he became a chemist in H.E.H. The Nizam’s Government Industrial Laboratory Hyderabad, and the following year was transferred to the Electricity Depart-ment where he remained until 1946. In 1950 he went to Canada for a short period of practical training in the Steel Company of Canada Ltd. He returned to India later the same year and shortly after joined the Commerce and Industries Department of the Government of Hyderabad as assistant industrial engineer. Later he became deputy director of the Central Stores Purchases Department a position which he held until the time of his death.(-4. 1951) D. February 1961. Harry William Webb. B. 29.9.1893. Ed. University of Birmingham 1910-14. D.Sc. He served in H.M. Forces from 1914 to 1915 when he was released to take charge of the research department of H.M. Factory Oldbury. In 1919 he was ap-pointed head of the department of chemistry and industrial chemistry and chemical engineering at the Technical College, Cardiff. He left in 1928 to become Principal of Aston Technical College Birmingham and two years later took a similar post at North Staffordshire Technical College Stoke on Trent. He was appointed O.B.E. in 1945. On his retirement in 1958 he set up a practice as a ceramics consultant which he continued to conduct for the rest of his life.Harry Raymond Whitehead. B. 25.4.15. Ed. Milford Haven Secondary School ; University College Cardiff 1933-38. B.Sc. (Wales). In 1938 he joined the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. Ltd (now the British Petroleum Co. Ltd) as a development chemist in Abadan. He returned to this country in 1946 and obtained a post as a research chemist at Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd (now Associated Electrical Industries (Manchester) Ltd). In 1956 he was promoted to section leader in the Process and Insulation Section of the company a position which he held until the time of his death. ( A . 1946) D. 21.12.61. Ralph James Wilkins. B. 5.6.11. Ed. East London College (now Queen Mary College) 1930-32. B.Sc. He remained at the College for a further year to carry out research and in 1934 was appointed a research chemist at Jenson & Nicholson Ltd.Thereafter he became chief chemist F. H. & H. S. Pochin Ltd, I938 ; experimental officer Chemical Inspection Department, Ministry of Supply 1943 ; chief chemist British Shoe Machinery Co. Ltd 1948; chief chemist Brown & Forth Ltd 1950; chemist, Industrial Asphalts Co. Ltd 1953; assistant chief chemist Kelsey Industries Ltd 1956. Three years later he joined British Cello-phane Ltd as senior research chemist Research and Development Division a position which he held for the rest of his life. ( A . 1933, F. 1944) D. 16.12.61. Walter Joseph Wright. B. 4.12.1878. Ed. Merchant Ven-turers’ Technical College Bristol 1891-96.He remained at the College for a further two years as a demonstrator and in 1898 he was appointed chief assistant chemist to the Cotton Powder Co. Ltd Faversham. During 1910 and 191 1 he was assistant manager, then manager of the company’s works in Scotland. He returned to Faversham in 191 1 on his promotion to chief chemist becoming technical manager in 1915. Subsequently he became chief safety inspector F. N. Picket et Fils Wimereux France 1921; works manager Sabulite (Great Britain) Ltd Ware 1922. He joined Nobel’s Explosives Co. Ltd (now Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Nobel Division) in 1927 as a research chemist and later became technical librarian a position which he held until his retirement. ( F . 1917) D. 15.1.62. ( A . 1945) D. 25.1.62. ( A .1917 F. 1921) D. 8.2.62. THE REGISTER NEW FELLOWS (P) ADER George B.SC.(WALES) PH.D.(LOND.) (P) AYREY Geoffrey B.SC. PH.D.(LOND.) (C) CATTERALL Eric M.SC.(BIRM.) (P) CURTIS Norman Sidney B.SC.(LOND.) (OG) GUPTA Ami Chandra B.SC.(ALLD) (P) (a) KIMBERLEY Harold Maynard B.sc.(N.z.) B.A. PH.D. (F) (P) (H) (N) (P) (R) (P) DE VILLIERS Raoul Reenen M.SC. (STELL.) JOLLES Zvi Enrico D.SC. (FLORENCE) DIP.PHARM. ( CANTAB. ) MCPHILIP James B.SC. (DUB.) M.I.C.I. MILLEN Douglas James BSC. PH.D. (LOND.) PARFITT Geoffrey Derek B.SC. PH.D. (BRIST.) PETERS Arnold Thornton D.SC. PH.D. (MANC.) ROBERTSON Andrew John Blackford M.A. PH.D. (CANTAB.) SPICE John Edgar M.A. B.SC. D.PHIL.(OXON.) WALKIDEN George William B.SC. (LOND.) ASSOCIATES ELECTED TO THE FELLOWSHIP ADAMSON Alan Featonby B.SC.PH.D. (DURH.) AZIM Muhammad Abdul M.SC. (PUNJAB) PH.D. (LOND.), BELL Colin Frank M.A. D.PHIL. ( OXON.) BOWCOTT John Edward Llewellyn B.SC. PH.D. (R’DG), PH.D. (CANTAB.) BRINDLEY Peter Bertram B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) CARTMELL Edward B.SC. (LOND.) COULING Thomas Edward CRICK Robert George Denton B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) DEEKS Arthur Sydney B.SC. (DURH.) DORAN Arthur Henry Patrick A.H.-W.C. EALEY John Alfred A.M.I.CHEM.E. A.R.A.C.I. ELVIDGE John Arthur D.SC. PH.D.(LOND.) A.R.c.s. D.I.C. FIRTH Frank Oxtoby FORD Robert Lionel HALL John Ives HARRISON Leslie M.SC. ( LOND.) A.M.c.T. A.I.R.I. HAWKINS Dennis Ernest B .SC. ( LOND .) A. R. c .s. INMAN Eric Richard BX. PH.D.(LEEDS) KANDASAMY Thambipillay B.SC. (CEYL.) M.SC.(LOND.), LIGHTON Charles LITTLEJOHN Alan Charles B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) MACSWEEN Duncan Robertson B.SC. ED.B.(GLAS.) MAHOMED Ramon Sidick BSC. PH.D. (EDIN.) MITCHELL Colin Fernie B.SC. (EDIN.) NARAYANAS WAMY Krishnaswamy M. A. B .sc. (ANN AM. ) NORRIS John B.SC.(LOND.) O’HARA James B.SC. (ST AND.) OLDLAND Hubert Charles B.SC. PH.D.(LOND.) A.R.C.S. PERYMAN Roland Verney M.sc.(N.z.) PH.D. (LEEDS) PHILIP Maxwell Charles PHILLIPS Samuel David B.SC. (LOND.) POTTER Robert Towns A.H.-W.C. RAO Pulle Annapurnadevi Shrikanta M.SC. (BAN.) PH.D. (LOND.) RICHARDSON Richard William B.SC. ( LOND.) SHELDON Ronald Percival B.SC. PH.D. (LIV.) SHELLARD Edward Joseph PH.D. (LOND.) B.PHARM. PH.C., SIDDAPPA Gurunanjappa Siddappa M.A. (MADR.) PH.D. (BRIST.) STOCK Frank George M.PHARM.(WALES) PH.C. STOCK Ralph B.SC. PH.D.(LOND.) TWEEDIE Frederic B.SC. (LOND.) WEBB Charles Ernest B.SC.(LOND.) F.I.R.I. WILD George Lewis Edgar B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) D.I.C. D.I.C. F.P.S. F.L.S. NEW ASSOCIATES ANDERSON Iain Howe B.SC. (ABERD.) (J) (OF) ARUR Prabhakar Vithalrao M.SC.(KARN.) (C) ATTWOOD Edwin Charles B.SC.(S’TON) (OH) BALKRISHNA Sankara M.SC. PH.D. (DELHI) (P) BARR Robert Gilchrist B.SC.(GLAS. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL BARUAH Jogendra Nath .B.SC.(GAUH.) M.SC.(CALC.), PH.D.(TEXAS) BIRKINSHAW John Pearson B.A. (CANTAB.) BOWDEN Derek B.SC. (SHEFF.) COWDELL Ronald Trevor B.SC. PH.D. (S’TON) CRABB Trevor Arthur B.SC. (LOND.) PH.D.(EXE.) CUTMORE Ernest Alan M.SC. (WALES) DANDY Alan John B.SC. PH.D.(BIRM.) DAVIES Vincent B.SC.PH.D. ( LIV.) DIXON Kenneth B.A. (CANTAB.) DONNELLY The Rev. Noel Stephen B.SC. (GLAS.) Du PREEZ Jan Gysbert Hermanus D.SC. (STELL.) DYER Alan B.SC. (SHEFF.) PH.D.(LOND.) ELSWORTH John Francis M.SC. (CAPE T.) FOREMAN Brendan Thomas B.SC. (LOND.) FREELAND Joan Christina B.SC. (RAND) GOVINDEN Herby Silvester B.SC. (s.A.) B.SC. (RHODES) HALLACK John Stephen B.SC.(CAPE T.) HANDS Joan Dorothy B.SC.(LOND.) HELFER Werner Ernest M.SC. (NATAL) HORROCKS Derek B.SC. PH.D.(LIV.) HUMPHREYS Gwilym Esmor B.SC. (WALES) IRUDAYASAMY Arokiasamy B.SC. (MADR.) IRWIN Ivan Gordon B.SC.(LOND.) A.R.T.C.S. JAMES Philip Cedric M.SC. (LOND.) JAQUES Derek B.SC. PH.D.(SHEFF.) JERVIS William Frank B.SC.(LOND.) JONES Peris Pritchard B.SC. PH.D. (BIRM.) KEEN Ian Montgomery B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) KERSHAW Denis Noel B.SC. (SHEFF.) MCCALL John Sutton M.SC. (LOND.) MCCLURE Alexander B.SC. (EDIN.) MCGREGOR William Robert B.SC. (S’TON) MAHENDRAN Kandiah B.SC. (CEYL.) MARTIN Eric Francis Joseph B.sc.(s.A.) MIDGLEY John Morton M.SC. (MANC.) MILLER Michael Charles B.SC. (LOND.) MORGAN Alistair Ralph B.SC. (LOND.) NAGARAJAH Subramaniam B.SC. (CEYL.) NOBLE John Alfred B.A.(OXON.) PATIENCE Donald MacAngus B.SC. (ST AND.) RAMAN Natesan Kalyana B.SC.(BOM.) PH.D.(LOND.) D.I.C. RICHARDS Kenneth Edward B.SC.(EXE.) RIZVI Syed Safdar M.SC. (PUNJAB) ROBERTS David John B.SC.(WALES) ROBINSON Keith Wardley B.SC. PH.D.(BRIST.) ROMANI Muhammad Nazir M.SC. (PANJ.) SCOTT John Casper B.SC. (S’TON) DIP.CHEM.ENG. SEKHAR Ranganatha Chandra B.SC. B.sc.TECH. (MADR.), MAC. ( CONN.) SHARMA Man Mohan B.CHEM.ENG. M.SC.TECH.(BOM.) SIDDIQUI Mohammad Nasimuddin M.SC. (ALIG.) SMITH John Malcolm B.SC. (LOND.) SNEEZUM John Stuart B.SC. PH.D. (ST AND.) SUNDARAM Subrahmanyam BSC. M.A. (ANNAM.) SUR Bimal Kumar M.SC. PH.D.(NAG.) TEMPLETON William B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.) THOMAS Griffith B.SC. (WALES) THORNTON Peter Denton B.SC. PH.D. (DUB.) VELTHUIS Roelof Geert B.SC. (ENG) . PH.D.(RAND) VOKINS Michael David White M.A. B.SC.(OXON.) GRADUATE MEMBERS ELECTED TO THE ASSOCIATESHIP ABBOTT David B.A. (CANTAB.) BARFIELD Peter Austin A.R.T.C.S. BARKER Michael Raymond BEHR Omri Marc Nathan M.A. B.SC.(OXON.) PH.D.(GLAS.) BENNETT George Keith BODEN David Paul BURCH Cora Rosemary B.SC. ( LOND.) BURCH John Eaton B.SC. (LOND.) CASLAW James Sabeston CATTANACH Christopher John B.SC. (S’TON) CHOWN James Philip B.SC. ( LOND.) CHRISTIE Ian Robert Arthur CROCKETT John Michael INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY CROSS John Thomas Daniel DALE Anthony Richard ELLIS Raymond John A.C.T. (LIV.) GRIFFITHS David Lloyd HILL Margaret Jean B.SC.(BIRM.) HOWELL Roy Michael B.SC. (WALES) HUGHES Albert Douglas HYNE Roger Alfred M.SC. (LOND.) JARVIS John Walter LAWS John NEVETT Brian Anthony B.SC. PH.D.(LOND.) O’DONNELL Gerard A.R.T.C.S. POLL Gerald Sydney PUGH Gladys Yvonne RAWDEN David Alan B.SC. (NOTT.) RAYNER Graham Harry RICHARDSON John A.C.T. RICHMOND Joan Wendy B.SC.(BIRM.) RICKWOOD Peter Cyril B.SC. (LOND.) SHERRY Peter Edward SPEAKMAN Kenneth WHEELER Brenda Margaret Mary M.SC. (DUB.) M.I.C.I. NEW GRADUATE MEMBERS BENCH Robert John B.SC. (SHEFF.) CAMPBELL Richard McDermid B.SC. (GLAS.) DENMAN Ian Whitney DIP.TECH. ELLIOTT Margaret Wreford M.SC. (EDIN.) EPTON Roger B.SC. (LIV.) GRAHAM Richard James Terence M.SC. (SHEFF.) GRAY Angus John B.SC.(BRIST.) HOBMAN Jack B.SC. (NOTT.) HORNSBY John Beal B.SC. (NOTT.) KENT Noel Richmond B.SC.(MANC.) MCKENNA Michael Peter A.H.-W.C. MCQUEEN James Stewart DIP.TECH. PANVALKAR Suresh Gajanan B.SC. (BOM.) DIP.TECH. PARTRIDGE Derek Bernard DIP.TECH. PLUNKETT Brian ARTHUR B.SC. (S’TON) RIGA DE SPINOZA George B.SC. (LOND.) DEATHS Fellows HENLEY The Lord M.A.(OXON.). Died 21 April 1962, aged 85. A. 1904 F. 1908. HOLLELY William Francis. Died 15 April 1962 aged 72. A. 1913 F. 1917. HURST Richard Henry B.SC. PH.D.(LIV.). Died 2 May, 1962 aged 65. MORRELL George Francis B.SC. (LOND.) PH.D. (KIEL). Died 16 April 1962 aged 76. NUTTER Arnold. Died 9 April 1962 aged 57. A. 1929, F. 1939 PRATT David Doig c.B.E. HON.LL.D. M.A. B.SC. PH.D. (ST AND.). Died 5 May 1962 aged 68. F. 1956. RUSSELL William Lyle. Died 29 April 1962 aged 63. ’4. 1923 F. 1948. A. 1923 F. 1936. A. 1910 F. 1914. Associates CONNEL John Arthur B.SC.(EDIN.). Died 23 July 1961, aged 58. A. 1926. HORTON Harold Vivian B.SC. (LOND.). Died 24 February, 1962 aged 63. A. 1922. MURDOCH Barclay Brown o.B.E. M.A. B.SC.(EDIN.). Died 19 May 1962 aged 75. A. 1919. PAUL Stanley B.SC. PH.D.(LIV.). Died 3 May 1962, aged 47. A. 1946. PYE Dennis Ronald B.SC.(LOND.). Died 1 January 1962, aged39. A. 1954. QUAYLE Geoffrey Liviston B.SC.(LIV.). Died 4 May, 1962 aged 47. A. 1950. Erratum.-On J. 2 16 the Register entry for the late John King, o.B.E. should read ‘aged 68.

ISSN:0368-3958    

DOI:10.1039/JI9628600217

出版商:RSC    

年代:1962

数据来源: RSC