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Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry. May 1963 |
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Journal of the Royal Institute of Chemistry,
Volume 87,
Issue May,
1963,
Page 151-184
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摘要:
EIGHTY-FIFTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING The Eighty-Fifth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Institute of Chemistry was held in the Science Lecture Theatre of the University of Leicester on Friday 19 April 1963 at 9.30 a.m. Sir William Slater K.B.E. F.R.s. President was in the Chair and 161 corporate members signed the record of attendance. The notice convening the Meeting was read by the Secretary. The Minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting, which had been circulated to all corporate members (see J. 1962 194-197) were taken as read. ORDINARY ANNUAL BUSINESS I. REPORT OF THE COUNCIL AND REPORT OF THE BENEVOLENT FUND for the Year Ended 30 September 1962 THE CHAIRMAN called on the Honorary Treasurer to present the Statements of Account (including those of the Fund for the Development of Education in Chemistry and other special Funds administered by the Institute) and the Section of the Annual Report of the Council relating to Finance House and Staff Matters, together with the Report of the Benevolent Fund.THE TREASURER (Professor Harold Burton) said that as he was about to retire from office he did not intend to confine his remarks to matters relating to the year under review. He also wished to refer briefly to some of the more important developments of the ten years during which he had been responsible for the finances of the Institute and its subsidiary Funds. The slight decline in the support given by members to the Benevolent Fund during the year ended 30 September 1962 was both surprising and disappointing to him personally.Economic conditions had not been quite so favourable and this might have caused some members to reduce the amount of their subscriptions, especially as the income of the Fund in recent years had been more than sufficient to meet immediate commitments and a substantial legacy had been received during the year. He therefore wished to emphasize as strongly as possible that the help of every member who could reasonably afford to make an annual contribution large or small was still needed and thoroughly deserved. Although he had been criticized for saying so he was of the opinion that members should regard it as a duty and a privilege to assist the Fund as much as possible whatever commitments and responsibilities they might have in other directions.However this slight setback should not cause undue concern as annual income for current purposes had doubled in ten years and even after making allowance for the growth in membership of the Institute over the same period (about 22 per cent) the steady develop-ment of the income and activities of the Fund gave grounds for quiet confidence in the future. With reference to the Financial Statements of the Institute and the relevant Section of the Annual Report of the Council the Honorary Treasurer expressed regret that his departure should coincide with the submission of Statements that showed a deficit on the main Income and Expenditure Account. However, the deficit was a small one and was due largely to the fact that preparation for the admission of Licentiates had to be made well in advance of the date at which the first applications had been received.Consequently, the expenditure in many directions had risen appre-ciably but on the other hand income from Licentiate subscriptions had been negligible. But this was not the sole reason for the deficit; costs of all kinds had continued to rise and the activities of the Institute were continually being expanded for the benefit of its members and the profession of chemistry as a whole. Unfortunately there were very few activities that did not cost money and the time might again be approaching when it would be necessary either to restrict further developments or find ways of increasing income, possibly by raising annual subscriptions. Provided that further growth in membership came up to expecta-tions the next Honorary Treasurer would not have to face this problem immediately and if he was lucky he might even complete his period of office without having to make himself more unpopular than he must expect to be! As would be seen from the Financial Statements there were substantial revenue reserves that could be drawn upon to meet any deficits that might arise in the next few years and the general financial position of the Institute was much stronger than it had been several years ago.To illustrate this the Honorary Treasurer then made some comparisons between the position at the end of the year under review and the situation at the end of the year in which he was elected (1953). The market value of securities representing the Investment Fund had risen from about L30,OOO to over LlOO,OOO not including investments valued at &29,000 earmarked for the Building Fund.The accumulated surplus of income over expenditure together with the General Contingencies Reserve had amounted to about jC;4,700 at the end of 1953 whereas the corresponding figure on 30 September 1962 including the General Reserve established in 1959 had been approximately &20,000. 15 152 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY Moreover the Institute’s building which had become seriously dilapidated as a result of war damage and post-war restrictions on repairs and redecorations had been renovated and the cost of proper maintenance in the future should not be more than normal for a building of its size.Unfortunately it was already too small for the growing needs of the Institute and this might well present the biggest problem that the next Honorary Treasurer would have to face but in this as in all other matters his successor could count on the loyal co-operation and enthusiastic help of the Administrative Officers and staff of the Institute. Professor Burton then expressed his personal thanks to Mr D. A. Arnold for his valuable work as Secretary of the Benevolent Fund Committee and in connexion with the general administration of the Institute and also to Mr J. F. Harding for his zeal and efficiency in dealing with all financial and staff matters. In conclusion the Honorary Treasurer said that as he was about to retire he would like to offer two parting comments on the future welfare of the Benevolent Fund and the Institute.As a result of his last appeal for increased support of the Fund he had received a number of letters from individual members some of whom had put forward a variety of suggestions for campaigns and schemes to raise additional funds, while others had complained about unjustifiable appeals addressed to those who were already doing their best to help. In the light of his experience he felt sure that the wisest course was the one that had been followed for the past ten years. The Annual Reports gave a straightforward but moving account of the work that was being carried out through the Fund and they were accompanied by a letter asking each member to judge for himself whether his personal support could be justified or not.Apart from the valuable efforts of Local Section Committees in organizing social events for the benefit of the Fund it was unnecessary and undesirable to exert further pressure or to indulge in any activities that might give offence or jeopardize the spirit of voluntary service that is the mainspring of any worthwhile charitable organization. If the Institute itself was to survive and prosper, its income would have to keep pace with rises in general price-levels and in the incomes of its members. I t was the duty of an Honorary Treasurer to remember the hard facts of life and if the next holder of this office had to ask for more he should receive sympathy and encouragement.Finally Professor Burton expressed his thanks for the forbearance and understanding of the Honorary Officers and Members of the Council with whom he had worked and offered personal good wishes to his successor. THE CHAIRMAN said that although a vote of thanks to all the retiring Officers and Members of the Council would be proposed in due course he wished to give expression to the deep appreciation and warm regard of all those who had been associated with Professor Burton during his tenure of the office of Honorary Treasurer and were therefore in the best position to judge the immense value of his outstanding work for the Institute not only in connexion with financial and Benevolent Fund matters but also in many other ways. He had an unusual combination of good qualities including shrewd judgment firm determina-tion modesty and a warm heart.Characteristically, he had made no mention of a number of projects that he had either initiated or brought to fruition. Among these were the series of descriptive Annual Reports of the Benevolent Fund in which human interest was more important than dull statistics; the new and greatly improved pension scheme for the Administrative Officers and staff; and the highly successful canteen at 30 Russell Square which was appreciated not only by the staff but also by Members of the Council and all who attend meetings there. Local Section Secretaries and Institute Liaison Officers in Technical Colleges also had reason for being grateful to him for his understanding of their problems and his generous hospitality at their Conferences.It would be noted that all these activities arose from the same motive-concern for the comfort happiness and welfare of others. Members could never repay the debt that they owed to him but if they wished to show their appreciation they could choose no better way of doing so than by sending additional gifts to the Benevolent Fund for which he had worked so untiringly. DR D. W. KENT-JONES (Past President and former Honorary Treasurer) warmly endorsed the President’s tribute to Professor Burton and thanked him on behalf of former Officers and Members of the Council. A letter of appreciation from Mr E. L e a . Herbert (Imnzedzate Past President) who was unable to be present owing to ill-health was also read.At the suggestion of the Chairman it was then unanimously agreed that a special vote of thanks be accorded to Professor Burton for his outstanding services as Honorary Treasurer of the Institute. THE CHAIRMAN then drew attention to some of the more important matters referred to in the Annual Report of the Council for the year 1961-62 and said that the admission of the first group of Licentiates in July 1962 had marked the end of a long period of preparative work by the Council and its Committees and the beginning of what might well prove to be a new era for the Institute. Corporate membership would henceforth be open to a very large number of persons who had previously been ineligible and in due time the Institute would become truly representativ 19631 EIGHTY-FIFTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING 153 of all those who had a valid claim to recognition as qualified chemists.By the beginning of April 1963, the number of Licentiates had risen to 621 and it therefore seemed reasonable to expect a total of nearly 1,000 by the end of September. Most Local Sections in Great Britain had already revised their Rules so that Licentiates might soon begin to take their proper part in Section affairs. A new information leaflet on ‘Qualifications in Chemistry’ which explained the significance and standing of all grades of membership of the Institute and their relationship to university degrees and other qualifications had recently been printed and widely distributed in order to ensure that the position would be properly understood and as soon as the Licentiateship grade had become more firmly established the question of its recognition for grading and salary purposes would be taken up with the appropriate authorities.The number of persons enrolled during the year under review as Fellows Associates and Graduate Members had been 803-a figure that compared very favourably with that for the previous year. In this connexion the Chairman pointed out an error in Section A of the Annual Report where it was wrongly stated that most of these new members had secured complete exemption from the Institute’s examinations because they had obtained first or second class honours in the Diploma in Technology taken on courses approved by the Institute. I t should have been stated that most of these new members had secured such exemption by virtue of having obtained university degrees with first or second class honours or equivalent qualifications, including a small number with first or second class honours in the Diploma in Technology but part of the sentence had been accidentally omitted.Members of the Institute were engaged in many different fields of work and co-operation with Societies representing the special interests of particular groups of members was desirable. The Institute had therefore become one of the constituent bodies of the British Nuclear Energy Society so that it could take part in advancing the work of this Society for the benefit of the large and constantly growing number of qualified chemists who were concerned with various aspects of nuclear technology.Although the Institute was not a trade union and could not undertake to act as a protective body in the normal sense of this term it was nevertheless able to carry out a great deal of valuable work in promoting and safeguarding the professional status and economic welfare of its members. The latest Remuneration Survey had been published in August 1962 and copies had subsequently been sent to a great number of employers including professional bodies societies and other organizations. In view of the flood of inquiries that had since been received there was no doubt that it had attracted even wider interest than previous statistics and that most employers studied the Survey very carefully even if they were not prepared to admit it.As a result of the establishment of the Fund for the Development of Education in Chemistry the educational activities of the Institute had been notably extended and as announced in the April issue of the Journal, the Council had now decided to launch a new quarterly journal of chemical education the first issue of which would probably appear early in 1964 (see J. 132). I t was intended that the journal would eventually be self-supporting but the cost in the first few years might be heavy and the venture would not have been possible without the generous support of the Nuffield Foundation, which had made an exception to its general policy of not supporting new publications and had promised a grant of up to E10,000 on the understanding that this advance would be repayable only if the new journal eventually made a profit.Thus no part of the cost would have to be borne by the general body of members. In conclusion the Chairman expressed his thanks for the help and guidance that he had received from the Administrative Officers and staff of the Institute and especially to the former Secretary and Registrar, Dr H. J. T. Ellingham and his successor Dr R. E. Parker to whom he also offered good wishes for a long and happy association with the Institute. THE CHAIRMAN then formally proposed : That the Report o f the Council for the year ended 30 September 1962 including the Statements of Account be adopted. The motion was seconded by Mr E. J. Vaughan. Questions and comments were then invited on matters covered by the Report or arising from the observations of the Chairman and the Honorary Treasurer in presenting it.There being no questions the resolution was put to the meeting and carried unanimously. DR H. J. T. ELLINGHAM o.B.E. asked leave to place on record his gratitude to Professor Burton with whom he had worked so closely as Secretary and Registrar and to express his personal thanks to the Deputy Secretaries Mr D. A. Arnold and Dr F. W. Gibbs, and the other Administrative Officers and staff of the Institute for their unfailing support and friendly co-operation during his period of office. 11. ELECTION OF OFFICERS GENERAL MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL AND CENSORS At the request of the Chairman THE SECRETARY ‘We have examined the ballot papers and report as read the following report of the Scrutineers : follows : The total number of ballot papers received was 3,010 of which 2 were invalid 154 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY The votes were cast as under-Censors Ernest LeQuesne Herbert 3,001 ; Sir Harry Jephcott 3,002; Douglas William Kent-Jones 2,999; Sir William Kershaw Slater 3,004.Votes for other eligible Fellows 2. Harry Julius Emelkus 3,005. Votes for other eligible Fellows 1. Harry James Barber 3,004; Robert William Bolland 3,004; Frank Stuart Spring 3,001. Votes for other eligible Fellows 3. Ernest James Vaughan 3,005. Votes for other eligible Fellows Nil. Ralph Clark Chirnside 2,055 ; Henry Norman Rydon 1,753 ; Norman Booth 1,735 ; David Thomas Lewis 1,659; David Woodcock 1,639; John Ernest Salmon 1,382 ; Charles Latham Cutting 1,298; Herbert Harding Armstrong 1 187 ; Stanley Arthur Ray 1,120; George Vaughton James 1,093; Arthur George Catchpole 1,065 ; Everard Peter Hart 989; George Tolley 898; James Harvey Pryor 822; John Rose 709.President Vice-presidents Honorary Treasurer General Members of Council Signed H. G. Smith A. J. Feuell 17 April 1963 Scrutineers’ THE CHAIRMAN accordingly declared elected to their President Harry Julius Emelkus Vice-Presidents Harry James Barber ; Robert William Bolland ; Frank Stuart Spring. Censors .- Ernest LeQuesne Herbert ; Sir Harry Jephcott ; Douglas William Kent-Jones Sir William Kershaw Slater. respective capacities : Honorary Treasurer Ernest James Vaughan.General Members of Council Norman Booth Ralph Clark Chirnside; Charles Latham Cutting; David Thomas Lewis; Henry Norman Rydon; John Ernest Salmon; David Woodcock. A vote of thanks to Dr H. G. Smith and Dr A. J. Feuell for their work as Scrutineers was proposed by the Chairman and carried by acclamation. VOTE OF THANKS TO THE RETIRING OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL DR R. F. PHILLIPS Chairman of the East Midlands Section Committee proposed that a vote of thanks be accorded to the retiring Officers and Members of the Council. He said that all members would wish to express their most grateful thanks to the retiring President Sir William Slater who in spite of his many other activities had found time to guide the affairs of the Institute with great distinction and notable success.Fortunately he would continue in office as a Vice-president ex oscio. Dr Phillips also spoke of the valuable services of Mr E. LeQ. Herbert who was retiring after a long period of service first as a member of Council then as President and later as a Vice-Presi-dent. His suggestion that a message wishing Mr Herbert a speedy recovery from his indisposition was unanimously approved. Dr Phillips then endorsed the expression of thanks to Professor Burton in the name of all members of the Institute and also acknowledged the services rendered by the retiring Vice-presidents Mr G. Dring Dr F. A. Robinson and Mr E. J. Vaughan as well as the hard work of all the retiring members of the Council, all of whom had given much valuable time and energy to the work of the Institute and it was fitting that an expression of sincere appreciation should be recorded.MR R. C. CHIRNSIDE seconded this vote of thanks which was carried unanimously and with acclamation. THE CHAIRMAN thanked Dr Phillips and all those present at the meeting for this vote of thanks and the manner in which it had been received. He then welcomed the new President Professor H. J. Emelbus, and wished him a happy and successful term of office. PROFESSOR H. J. EMEL~US thanked members for the honour that they had done him and said that although he found himself in the position of a cricketer who was expected to bat immediately after Rradman or Hobbs, he would do his best to achieve a creditable performance.111. ELECTION OF AUDITORS MR L. P. PRIESTLEY submitted a proposal that Dr D. I. Coomber and Dr K. G. A. Pankhurst be re-elected as Honorary Auditors for the year 1962-63, This motion was duly seconded and carried unanimously. PROFESSOR HAROLD BURTON proposed that Messrs J. Y . Finlay Robertson and Co. Chartered Accountants, be re-elected as Professional Auditors of the Institute for the year 1962-63 at a fee of 275 guineas this being an increase of 50 guineas on the former fee in view of the growth in the amount of work that they were required to undertake. The motion was seconded by Mr E. J. Vaughan and was carried unanimously. A proposal that a vote of thanks be accorded to Dr Coomber and Dr Pankhurst for their services as Honorary Auditors was submitted by MR E.R. PIKE and approved by acclamation. There being no further business the Chairman then declared the meeting closed THE POWDER METHOD IN X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS By C . K. PROUT M.A. D.PHIL. Christ Church Oxford A crystal is an ordered repetitive three-dimensional array of atoms extending in principle indefinitely through space. Such an array is said to constitute a space lattice. The smallest repeat unit of the lattice that fully represents the spatial symmetry is defined as the unit cell. In discussing X-ray diffraction by crystals it is convenient to consider a simple array consisting of an identical atom at each lattice point. A more compli-cated crystal may be considered as several such arrays somewhat displaced with respect to one another.When an electron happens to be in the path of an X-ray wave then the fluctuating electrical field associ-ated with the electromagnetic wave will set the electron into forced vibration and the fluctuating electrical disturbance associated with the vibrating electron will in turn produce an electromagnetic wave of the same frequency as the original wave. By the interaction, the electron is said to scatter X-rays. An atom consists of a group of electrons around a positive nucleus and each electron in the atom scatters X-rays. The atom as a whole therefore scatters X-rays to an extent dependent on the number of electrons it contains. The scatter decreases as the angle between the original beam and the scattered radiation increases due to phase differences that occur in the scattering process within the electron cloud.When a wave front impinges on a set of atoms each atom scatters X-rays and if the atoms are centred on a plane for example a plane (hkl)* in the lattice array of a crystal two 1 FIG. 1 * If a plane ABC cuts a set of non-coplanar axes of lengths a b and c making intercepts OA OB and OC then the plane is customarily defined by the Miller indices (h k 1,) where h = OA’ k = -and 1 = b OB OC’ directions of scatter have special properties as shown in Fig. 1. These directions correspond to the continua-tion of the direct beam and the reflection of the direct beam by the plane in which the atoms lie. A lattice array of atoms can be regarded as an infinite stack of parallel planes.Apparent reflection is FIG. 2 the condition for in-phase scattering by any member of the stack. Considering the stack of rational planes (hkl) as a whole (Fig. Z ) the condition for in-phase scatter is that the path-length difference between rays reflected from adjacent planes is an integral number of wavelengths (nX) where X is the wavelength of the incident beam. In the figure the path-length differ-ence d is AB + BC where AB = BC = dhkzsin6 where 6’ is the glancing angle. The condition for in-phase scatter is therefore n = 2dhkl sin6’. This is Bragg’s law. If we now consider the whole crystal as a set of mutually displaced lattice arrays each array contributes to the resultant wave scattered by the whole crystal. The glancing angles at which crystals reflect X-rays of a given wavelength depend only on d which in turn depends only on the lattice dimensions and therefore the unit cell dimensions.The intensities of the reflection depend on the number type and arrangement of atoms within the cell. The combination-the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms within it-is the crystal structure. The positions and relative intensities of the reflections in an X-ray diffraction pattern however it is recorded are characteristic of a particular crystal structure. Whether or not any further interpretation of the pattern can be made it is at least a ‘finger print’ of a particular structure. THE POWDER METHOD The simplest method of obtaining a diffraction pattern from a crystalline solid is to shine an X-ray beam, 15 156 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY defined by a pin-hole system on to a randomly-orientated powdered sample of the solid and record the pattern on a photographic film normal to the X-ray beam beyond the sample (Fig.3). Amongst the grains of the powder sample many will be orientated so as to satisfy the Bragg condition for a given set of planes. The reflected beam will make an angle of 28 to the direct beam and will be in the form of a cone of half-angle 28 the grains having no preferred orientation. It can be shown that absorption by the laminar specimen does not affect the line positions. Practical versions of this camera have been described by de Wolffl and D’Eye.2 In both cases the mono-chromator crystal is cut at a small angle to the reflecting planes to increase the distance OP relative to 0s without increasing the total path-length.When the highest accuracy in the position and intensity of the lines is required the diffraction pattern is obtained by reflection from a planar sample and recorded with a Geiger scintillation counter. FIG. 3 This technique with minor modifications has for a long time been the most commonly used method of recording a powder diffraction pattern but is subject to considerable systematic errors in the recorded positions of the pattern. The most important contributory factors are : ( I ) the absorption of X-rays by the rod specimen giving a shift in the line position; (2) the eccentricity of the specimen with respect to the axis of the film cylinder; (3) the divergence of the X-ray beam from the pin-hole system; (4) the lack of exact knowledge of the film radius.The Guinier type of focusing camera with mono-chromatic radiation and a planar sample largely over-comes the first three of these errors. Reflection by Bragg’s law from the (1011) lattice planes of a curved quartz lamina cut from a single crystal parallel to these planes with a surface of radius 2R and bent round a cylinder of radius R is used to focus and monochromatize the X-ray beam (Fig. 4). All rays diverging from a source S on the circle of radius R will strike the lattice planes of the quartz lamina at the same glancing angle and if this angle 8 satisfies the Bragg condition for the wave-length (A) of the incident beam the reflected rays will converge to a point P also on the circumference of the circle.If a sample of powder in the form of a thin lamina is placed at X on the surface of a cylindrical film holder the diffraction pattern will be recorded in sharp focus. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS BY POWDER DIFFRACTION PATTERNS The powder diffraction pattern of a crystal structure is characteristic of that structure and may be employed to identify the structure when it occurs either on its own or with other structures. It is therefore a conveniently recorded characteristic property of a compound in the solid state; it requires very little material and is non-destructive. The method was first used in qualitative analysis by Hull3 in 1919 to show the presence of sodium and fluoride in supposedly pure sodium fluoride NaHF, by comparison with standard photographs of the pure compounds.Clearly if a limited field is being investi-gated it is possible to compile a library of standard photographs of all known compounds likely to be encountered. In general such a library would be ex-pensive and unjustifiable. S FIG. 4 At a given wave-length a powder pattern has two unique characteristics-the position of the lines and their relative intensities. Following on a suggestion in 1938 of Hanawalt Rinn and F r e ~ e l ~ the America 19631 THE POWDER METHOD IN X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS 157 Society for Testing Materials and later the International by the type and arrangement of the atoms in the Union of Crystallography5 have catalogued many structure; and V the volume of the sample in the beam, thousand diffraction patterns in the relative orders of is a measure of the amount of diffracting material.For intensity of the three most intense lines on the pattern. a mixture of two substances A and B the ratio of the The catalogue is in the form of a card index and is also intensities of reflections from sets of planes hkl from both available on Keysort and I.B.M. cards. Each card substances is given by represents one pattern and records the spacings in angstrom units and the intensity relative to the most intense line together with general crystallographic information if available the analysis of the material, origin of material and the sources of the data. The general procedure for use of the index is obvious if one is dealing with a single substance.The spacings and relative intensities of the lines in the observed pattern are measured and compared with the index taking the three most intense lines. A small group of probable patterns may be reflected and checked against the observed pattern to obtain the one giving the best agreement. It is wise to check the final conclusions by an independent analytical method. Unless the specimen is known to be a single substance an attempt should be made to estimate the number of compounds by microscopic examination and the chemical origin of the sample should be borne in mind to identify probable components and eliminate their diffraction lines from the pattern. Trios of most intense lines are then compared with the index until a component is identified.Its lines are eliminated from the pattern the intensities re-scaled to the most intense remaining line and the procedure repeated. A brilliant demonstration of the power of X-ray diffraction techniques in analytical chemistry was given by Bunn Clark and Clifford6 as early as 1935. They were able to disprove Odling's formula Ca(OCl)Cl, for bleaching powder. I t was shown that in the earlier stages of the chlorination of lime the basic hypochloride CaCl,.Ca(OH),.H,O was formed and that further chlorination resulted in a partial conversion of the basic chloride into calcium chloride tetrahydrate. I t is doubtful xvhether the 25 years of development in analytical methods since the publication of this work have resulted in a more successful approach to this and similar problems than the combination of optical crystallography and X-ray diffraction methods used by Bunn and his co-workers.QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS The intensity Inrl of the reflection from the plane (hkt) is given by the expression where K is a constant for all reflections recorded on the. same film and includes the direct beam intensity; Lp is a geometric factor depending on 8 (the Bragg angle) and easily calculated; A is an absorption factor depending on the chemical constitution of the diffrac-ting material; FfZ, is the structure amplitude defined -&kl,A/lhkl,B = FI?kl,A*vA*AA/Fh2,1,B* VB.AB after correction for the factor Lp. The F$l,A/Fhkl,B ratio can only be evaluated if the structure is known and the ratio AJAB if the ratios VA/VB are known.Direct evaluation of VA/VB the measure of the relative amounts of A and B in the mixture is therefore impossible. Alexander and Klug' suggested that the absorption factors may be eliminated by the introduction of a known amount of a known substance to the mixture and determining the volumes V' and V relative to the known volume of an added substance C. If the ratio of the structure amplitudes for the pair of lines being considered cannot be found from known structures it can only be side-stepped by comparison with patterns from known mixtures of substances. Since the relation-ship between volume and intensity is linear if one is studying a mixture of two unknowns only two known mixtures are required to construct a graph (percentage composition against line intensity) for any line on the diffraction pattern assuming that there is a uniformity of procedure (sample preparation film processing and so on) throughout the analyses.STRUCTURAL INFORMATION In using X-ray diffraction procedures as a tool in qualitative and quantitative analysis it is not necessary to understand the detailed relationship between the crystal structure and its diffraction pattern. Since the diffraction pattern is a characteristic of the number, type and arrangement of atoms in the repeating unit of the crystal structure it should clearly be possible to extract information about this repeating unit from the pattern. In deducing the source of the diffraction pattern each line was considered as a reflection from the plane (hkl) for which Bragg's law was satisfied.In order to represent these crystal planes in a pictorial and mathe-matically useful form the concept of the reciprocal lattice must be introduced. The idea of this reciprocal vector system was originated by Willard Gibbs in 1884 and first used for crystallographic purposes by Ewald and by von Laue in 1913. From a point within a crystal imagine lines drawn normal to all lattice planes. Along these lines points are marked at distances from the origin inversely proportional to the spacings of the lattice planes. These points form a three-dimensional lattice in which all planes with the same h k or I index give corresponding vectors in the same plane in the reciprocal lattice.In general d*(hkl) = k/dhkl where d* is the distance from the reciprocal lattice poin 158 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY corresponding to the planes with spacing dhkz. The ( 6 ) conditions for co-planarity : constant h is usually taken as being equal to the wave-length of the X-rays used in the experimental work. If d*hkZ = h/dhkl then by Bragg’s law it is equal to 2 sine 0 being the glancing angle. The angle 8 can be found from a powder pattern and therefore the length of the reciprocal lattice vector but no informa-tion about the direction of the vector is forthcoming. The problem of indexing a powder pattern that is of discovering which set of crystal planes gives a particular line of that pattern the crystal planes being defined by the unit cell of highest symmetry is in fact a problem of determining the directions of the vectors in reciprocal space.If a* b* c* a* /3* y* are the sides and angles defining a general oblique reciprocal unit cell then the length of the reciprocal lattice vector d*hkl is given by 4 sin2 8hki = h2R, + k2R2 -+ 12R, + hkR, + klR, + klR, + hlR13 = Q2 The symmetrical terms are of the form R, = X2a*2 and the unsymmetrical terms R, = 2X2a*b* cos y * . For lattices of higher symmetry the expression simplifies e.g. tetragonal Qx= R,,(h2 + k 2 ) + R,,12 = N,.H22 + PR,, hk hexagonal Qiz = R,,(k2 + - -/- 12) + R,,E2 = 2 where N,, Ny are integers with limited values. For a cubic crystal all lines of the powder diffraction pattern will be related by the expression QzI - Q z ~ = nR11 = AQ that is R, will be the smallest value of AQor a simple fraction of it.For hexagonal and tetragonal symmetries the relations Qi; -Qz2 = nRii = AQ and Qji -Qx2 = nR, = A Q hold respectively for planes with the same 1 index and for planes with the same h and k indices. If the values of AQX are tabulated then two groups of AQ- values will be found such that within the group the values of AQjl are related by a small integer. The smallest A& values of each group will be R, and R3, respec-tively or simple multiples. the differences of lengths of reciprocal vectors has been extended to the orthorhombic system by Hesse but it is more profitable to treat the orthorhombic crystal as a special case of the-triclinic system.For a general oblique lattice it is possible to write down conditions in terms of the square of the vector length QX? for either (a) co-linearity or ( 6 ) co-planarity of a group of reciprocal vectors. cubic Q g = K,,(h2 + k 2 + 12) = Nt Kll “ J 2 2 + 12&, This approach through“ ( a ) conditions for co-linearity : (i) n2Qz1 = m2Qz, whefe n and m are integers; or in a general form where n is an integer and no pair of Qvalues in any expression satisfies the colinearity condition. Given two reflections defining a line in reciprocal space or four reflections defining a plane the Qvalues for any other point on the line or in the plane may be generated. If three intersecting planes in reciprocal space can be defined then a reciprocal lattice is defined.In order to be accepted as the correct lattice it must explain all lines of the powder pattern. The techniques of finding co-planar groups from the powder data are discussed in detail by Ito8 and de Wolff? Although three intersecting reciprocal lattice planes necessarily define the lattice the unit cell so defined is not necessarily the simplest primitive unit of the lattice. This unit cell the reduced cell having the three shortest non-coplanar translations of the lattice as cell edges is readily deduced by graphical or vector methods. The characteristics of the reduced cell indicate the crystal class (triclinic monoclinic etc.) and the Bravals lattice type (body-centred face-centred etc.). This inter-pretation of the powder pattern is quite general but it is simpler if the possibility of high symmetry is eliminated at the start of the investigation.This analytical approach to the problem of indexing powder patterns particularly as developed by de Wolff for automatic high-speed computing techniques has removed the greatest obstacle to the determination of crystal structures of polycrystalline materials from the powder diffraction patterns. The methods of deter-mining the structures from the powder pattern having indexed it are strictly analagous to the techniques used for single crystal data. These techniques have been discussed at length by a number of reviewersl0,l1. It is however of some value to discuss the relative advan-tages and disadvantages of the powder method. This method is really advantageous in only one case that is when single crystals cannot be obtained although use of powder patterns may be justified on the grounds of speed of data collection when a very few atomic para-meters have to be determined.With the best quality of crystalline powder under ideal experimental con-ditions it is rarely possible to observe more than one hundred powder lines and very often the number is much less than this. Each atom in a crystal structure is described by a minimum of .four parameters three defining its position in space and one the degree of thermal motion. The values of the three spatial para-meters may be restricted by symmetry considerations. In order to determine by any means these parameters, the total number of observations (intensities of inde-pendent X-ray diffraction lines) must be at least twic 19631 THE POWDER METHOD IN the total number of independent variables.The higher this factor is the better if reasonable reliability is to be obtained. Under ideal experimental conditions in the triclinic system one has in fact little chance of carrying out a structure determination with reasonable accuracy if there are more than six to eight atoms in the asym-metric unit. In structures of high symmetry (e.g. cubic) in which the parameters of many atoms are fixed the number of observable reflections is also curtailed by the symmetry and the situation is little improved. These factors together with the rapid fade-out of diffraction pattern with 8 found in most organic compounds limit the use of the powder method to simple inorganic compounds if a degree of accuracy comparable with a single crystal determination is required.Such compounds indeed are often the most difficult to obtain in a macrocrystalline form and in this way the powder method is complementary to single crystal techniques. Excellent examples of the powder method giving quite accurate results are provided by de Wolff’s12 investigation of basic metal halides and the limits to which it may be pressed in a favourable case to give a general structural picture are provided by Lomer.13 He was able to deduce a structure for potassium caproate from only 26 observed powder lines, including unresolved pairs for this 2 7-parameter problem by making assumptions about the general configuration of the hydrocarbon chain.A ‘least squares’ procedure was used to fit the calculated pattern to the observed and very good agreement was obtained. De Wolff in the determination of the structures of the basic halides Mg2C1.4H20 and Mg2( OH) ,Br.4H20 and in other cases has demonstrated the possibility of X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS 159 calculating electron density projections from powder data. Here the observationlparameter ratio was more favourable and the accuracy of the final structure is comparable to that in single crystal work. I t is clear that the powder method in structure determination can with modern techniques compete with single crystal work in a restricted field. In problems where the number of parameters is very limited or where single crystals cannot be obtained there is a case for the serious consideration of the use of powder data.GENERAL READING X-ray Dz$‘iraction by Polycrystalline Materials. London Institute KIug and Alexander X-ray DiJraction Procedures. New York : Wait and D’Eye X-ray Powder Photography. London Butter-Beuger and Azanoff The Powder Method. New York and of Physics 1955. Wiley 1954. worths 1960. London McGraw-Hill 1958. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. REFERENCES De Wolff Acta Cryst. 1948 1 207. D’Eye A.E.R.E. C/R 1524. Hull J. Amer. chem. SOC. 1919 41 1 168. Hanawalt Rinn and Frevel Industr. Engng Ghem. (Anal. Wilson Norelco Reporter 1954 1 64. Bunn Clark and Clifford Proc. Roy. SOC. 1935 A151 141. Alexander and Klug Analyt.Chem. 1948 20 886. Ito X-ray Studies on Polymorphism. Tokyo Manazen 1950. De Wolff Acta Cryst. 1957 10 590. Wheatly The Determination o f Molecular Structure. London : Brand and Speakman Molecular Structure. London Arnold, De Wolff and Walter-LCvy Acta Cryst. 1953 6 40. Lomer Acta Cryst. 1952 5 14. Ed.) 1938 10 457. O.U.P. 1959 p. 94. 1960 p. 196. SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS Somewhat radical views about the future of scientific journals were put forward at a recent meeting of scientific information specialists. Scientific journals are now an outmoded expensive and unnecessary form of communication. The scientific paper came into existence for the purpose of claiming priority for a discovery an observation or a new experi-mental method and later became also a method of communicating results especially when the number of scientists grew so large that it was no longer possible to keep in touch by means of personal contacts or correspondence.Thus it was possible by reading the journals to keep in toiich with work in one’s own field and also with a* number of allied topics. The paper thus became a means of communication and of obtaining recognition. This situation no longer applies, since the volume of scientific information makes it very difficult to keep abreast of work in one’s own field and individual contribution becoming known to the reader-ship at large. The scientist now gains recognition for his work through personal knowledge and contact with scientists doing similar work throughout the world.I t is suggested that the scientific paper should die a natural death and that personal contacts between scientists doing similar work should be promoted ; that the review paper be encouraged; and that a scientific newspaper devoted to new developments should take the place of the scientific journal. A recent percentage analysis of the languages of 9,000 chemical journals currently abstracted by Chemicnl Abstracts gave the following results : English Russian German Japanese French Others Journals 35.0 17.0 6-5 6.5 5.5 29.5 Individual Papers 47.0 22.0 10.0 7.0 6.0 8.0 impossible to follow many developments in related These figures indicate which additional languages are research and since joint authorship prevents a scientist’s the most useful for chemists to acquire RUSSIAN FOR CHEMISTS LESSON 17 By P.L. WYVILL B.SC. PH.D. F.R.I.C. aopor6li dear K O ~ ~ T K H ~ ~ short JIerKHfi light COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES The comparative degree of Russian adjectives and MOJIOA6E young adverbs may be formed in two ways. Hki3KHG low 1. The words 66nee (more) or M6Hee (less) may be used with the adjective or adverb in a similar way to the English words ‘more’ or ‘less’ e.g. Masc. 66nee YhCTbIfi M k e e YBcTbrii Fem. 66nee YBcTaa MeHee YIicTaR Neut. 66nee YiicToe M6Hee YkiCToe more pure (purer) less pure P1 66nee YiiCTbIe M6Hee YgCTbIe bad simple rare old stable firm hard quiet stout thick thin The words 66nee and M6Hee are not inflected but the adiective which follows is declined in the usual way e.e.xop6IIIIlji XYA6fi good bad aop6xe Kop6Ye n6rse M o J I 6 x e Hkixe xljme np64e p6xe CThpme cT6iiqe T h m e T6nLqe TBepXe TOHbIIIe nysme xyxe 4 , v YhCTbIG frequent vawe YkiCTbIfi clean pure Yhwe 4PKHfi bright sip ye &hee Hh3KHe TeMIIepaTypbI TP66YIOTCII An5I H3Mep6-HHR CK~POCTH 5 ~ 0 f i peBKqm of the velocity of this reaction UIHP6KHfi broad wide IIIlipe Lower temperatures are required for the measurement 3 T a PeaKUHR 06M6Ha BOBOp6Aa H M k T MAJIYEO METHODS OF MAKING COMPARISON 3H6pTHEO aKTHBaqElkI H AOCTHrheT 6onbm6ii CK6-POCTH IIPH 66nee ~ 8 3 ~ 0 6 TeMIxepaType This hydrogen exchange reaction has a small energy of activation and reaches a high (great) velocity at a lower temperature The comparative degree of adverbs may be formed in OH& I I O ~ T e4e 66rree Kpacho She sings even more beautifully a similar tvay e.g.2. The suffix -ee is added to the stem of the adjective or adverb e.g. adjective adverb comparative form of adjective and adverb KpaCBBbIfi KpaChBO Kpackisee 6dICTpbIfi 6dICTPO 6bICTp6e XOJT6aHbIfi X6nOAHO XOJIOAH6e M6nJIeHHbIfi M6flJIeHHO M6AneHHee Several Russian adjectives form an irregular com-parative form. Those below occur most frequently. near rich big high smooth loud distant cheap comparative form 6nkixe 60rhre BdIure 66nbIIIe maxe rp6we J$lnbure AeIII6Bne 1. The conjunction YeM is used in a similar way to the English word ‘than.’ The nouns pronouns and adjectives joined by YeM are put in the same case e.g.OH& B&IIIIe 9eM CBOfi 6 p a ~ She is taller than her brother O H HHTepeCyeTCX XkiMHeg 6 6 J I b ~ ~ e YeM @h3EiKOs He is interested in chemistry more than physics O H rOBO@T rp6MYe YeM II He speaks louder than I The tree is less high than the house a 6 p e B O M6Hee BbICOK6 YeM AOM 2. The word YeM may be omitted from the comparison. In this case the noun pronoun or adjective at which the comparison is directed is put in the genitive case e.g. OH BdIzrre c B o e r 6 6ph1-a He is taller than his brother $TOT ra3 n6rYe ~6sayxa This gas is lighter than air COMPARISON OF EQUAL QUALITIES This is expressed in Russian by TaK x e . . . KaK . . . , which corresponds to the English ‘as .. . as . . . ’ e.g. 3 T O H6PeBO TaK Xe BbICOK6 KaK MOg AOM This tree is as high as my house USE OF YeM . . . TeM . . . The juxtaposition of comparatives is used in English to indicate that one is a consequence of the other in such 16 RUSSIAN FOR CHEMISTS 161 phrases as ‘the more the merrier.’ This is achieved in Russian by using the comparative with YeM . . . TeM . . . (instrumental of TOT) e.g. q e M 66nbwre TeM JIY9IJ.E The more the merrier (literally better) Y e M 60~1brrre 3H6PTHR aKTHBaqHH TeM M6aJleHHee CK6POCTb PeaKIJHH The greater the energy of activation the slower the velocity of the reaction USE OF KaK M6XHO The phrase KaK M ~ X H O followed by a comparative is equivalent to the English ‘as . . . as possible’ e.g. MbI K6HYHJIH6IIbIT KaK M6XHO CKOp6e We finished the experiment as quickly as possible SPECIAL COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES In addition to their ordinary comparative form a few adjectives form a special comparative which is declined like the soft adjective (i.e.like cs6m~fi). These forms are usually translated into English by the comparative, though sometimes the superlative is more appropriate. adjective special comparative form 6~10~1b~u6ii big 66nb111~fi BbIC6KHs high B ~ I C I U H ~ ~ MaJIbIfi small M6HbUHfi H h 3 K d low Hh3IIIHfi CThpbI6 old C T h P U I d xy~dii nnoxoii bad XY,If,I.IIHii MOJIOA6G young MJIhArUHii: xop6ruHfi good JIYYUIHii Some of these comparatives are used in a limited context e.g. C T ~ ~ I I I H ~ ~ and MJI~AII.IH~ only refer to the ages of persons e.g.flPHMeH6HHe B€kIIIefi MaTeMhTHKH IIO3BOJIheT pas-B6THe @kl3EheCKMX M XkIMheCKHX Te6pHS The use of higher mathematics permits the develop-ment of physical and chemical theories USES OF THE INFINITIVE Here are two which are frequently encountered. 1. An expression of purpose. infinitive to express purpose e.g. The conjugation ~ ~ 6 6 b 1 is often used with the Y~66b1 H3M6PHTb CK6POCTb STOrO BOAOp6flHOrO 06MdHa H a g 0 H3YYkiTb PehKrlHIo IIPH 66~1ee HEi3KOlci: TeMnepaType In order to measure the velocity of this hydrogen exchange it is necessary to study the reaction at a lower temperature 2. The conjugation ~CJIH may be used with the infinitive to express a condition e.g. ECJIH HCII6JIb30BaTb 5TOT M6TOA IIPH~OTOBJI6HHX IIpH 66nee ~ ~ 3 ~ 6 j i TeMnepaTgpe TO n o n y s 8 e T c x roph3,qo 66~1bm~jj.B~IXOA If this method of preparation at a lower temperature is used then a much greater yield is obtained. DECLENSION OF CARDINAL NUMBERS We have learned how to count in Russian but it is often necessary to put the numbers in cases other than the nominative. For this the numbers are declined. We shall begin with the declension of O A ~ H (one). Singular Plural Masculine fleuter Feminine Nom. OABH OAH6 OAHh OAHB Gen. OAHOT6 OAHOI-6 OAH6ii O A H ~ X Dat. OAHOM~’ OAHOM~’ OAH& OAHBM (like Nom. (like Nom. OAHY orGen.) OAH6 or Gen.) Instr. OAHL~M OAHBM 0 ~ ~ 6 i i (610) OAHE~MH Prep. O A H ~ M O A H ~ M 0 ~ ~ 6 i i OAHE~X Xote.-The plural of O A ~ H is used to mean ‘only’ ‘alone’ or ‘by oneself’ or to qualify nouns with a plural form and singular meaning (see J.3). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. EXERCISE XVII A Translate into English 162 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. This student is three years older than his sister. The days are now shorter than the nights. He calls here more frequently than she. If the temperature is raised then this compound will decompose. (Use the infinitive for the conditional clause.) He works more slowly than the other students. He works more rapidly than his sister but his work is less accurate. The quicker we separate the precipitate the more accurate is the analysis.My method is more accurate than yours. This metal is as hard as iron. I t is colder in Moscow than in London. I t is possible to obtain a great number of derivatives of benzene by means of the substitution of hydrogen by other atoms or groups. We arrived in Moscow at 3.0 a.m. Benzenesulphonic acid can be obtained by heating I would protect this surface if I were able. We do not think that this process would go to benzene with concentrated sulphuric acid. completion (to the end). Vocabulary author activation most important introduction hydrogen around conclusion chiefly mostly much enormously deuterium heavy water deuteroxide deutero 19631 RUSSIAN FOR CHEMISTS 163 A ~ H O P AOCTkIraTb (1) (+ gen.) AOCTIhHYTb (1 p) ppp .AOCThHYTbIfi 3aBkiCeTb (OT) (2) 3aHHMaTb (1) 3aH6Tb (1 p) fut. 3affMy,3afiMeKLIb ppp. 3aHXTbIfi 3HaYkiTenbHO E13MePGTb (1) kI3M6PHTh (2 p) M30T6nH 61 ff KOMIIJIkKC MaTeMaTHKa MeXfiY6TOMHbIfi, MeXhTOMHbIfi HeBeJikiKMfi He3aBkiCMMO HeIIOAkJieHHbIi% 0 6 e C I I h i B a T b (1) 06ecnth~~b (2 p) 060~16.1~a 0 6 ~ 6 ~ 66pa3 061;RCHkHEie OAHOBPkMeHHbIg OKk3bIBaTb (1) OKa3kTb (1 p) OpEieHThuHX ~KOJIO (+ gen.) o p y A H e OTP~IB napa n e p e M e w k H a e npeanaran (1) OWBfiAHO IIpeAJIOXkTb (I p) IIpeACTaBJTkTb (1) IIpeACTaBMTb (2 p) IIpOMeXy TOqHbIfi IIO3BOJI6Tb (1) IIO3B6JIHTb (2 p) IIXTHBankHTHbIff ppp. IIpeAJI6XeHHbIfi n p k i s e & a a e 1-1p0~6t-r nonomkaae pa3BriTHe paccToriHMe CBkAeHHe CHnaH C03AaBhTb (1) like AaBhTb COOTBkTCTBHe C03AaTb (p) like AaTb c x k M a TE1l-l donor Tp660Bal.b (1) to reach attain achieve YM6HbUJHTb (2 p) Ype3BbIYhfiHO to depend on 3JIeKTP6HHbIfi @)Ei3HKa to occupy take up borrow often means busy considerably to measure isotopic isotope complex ma therna tics interatomic not great small independently unshared to guarantee envelope sheath shell exchange form shape manner explanation simultaneous to prove show near toward round about orientation instrument tool gun breaking away break tear obviously pair transfer shift to offer propose suggest to present show display bringing intermediate middle proton to permit enable position pentavalent development evolution distance knowledge information siIane to create establish conformity correspondence scheme type 1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1 1 . 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. to require demand need to decrease make smaller physics unusually excessively electron electronic Key to Exercises EXERCISE XVII A He is playing more than he studies. After the rain the grass seems yet greener. He speaks Russian better than his brother. Your house is lower than ours. This village is nearer to you than my house. Who is younger she or her brother? She is two years younger than her brother. He is four years older than his sister. Now it is summer and the days are longer than the nights.The velocity of this reaction depends on the state of the electron shells around the oxygen atom. The greater the electron density around the oxygen, the faster does this reaction go. This exchange of hydrogen is as fast as a reaction between ions. If there were a free electron pair near the reaction centre the reaction would be much faster. In order to guarantee the accuracy of this analysis it is necessary to separate the precipitate as quickly as possible. If the temperature is raised then the velocity of the reaction decreases owing to the decomposition of the intermediate compound. The use of isotopes has proved an important instrument of the study of chemical structure and of the mechanism of chemical reactions. The replacement of atoms of organic compounds by isotopic atoms permits a closer approach than other methods to the solution of important theoretical problems (permits to approach closer than by other methods).Studying the reactions of aromatic substitution we began to understand one important problem of organic chemistry. The students working in our laboratory call at this library once a month. They call here more frequently than the other students. This student works more slowly than his sister but he achieves a greater accuracy. The solubility of hydrogen chloride in alcohols is greater than in hydrocarbons owing to the unshared electron pair near the atom of oxygen. EXERCISE XVII B Hydrogen Exchange Important information on the mechanism of chemical reactions can be obtained by the study of isotope exchange.The introduction of isotopic atoms int 164 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL definite positions in molecules enables conclusions to be drawn on their paths of transfer in reactions without thereby changing their ordinary mechanism. The use of isotopes also enables a closer approach than other methods to the solution of a most important problem for theoretical chemistry the dependence of reactivity and reaction path on chemical structure. The hydrogen isotope deuterium has proved an important instrument for the study of many hydrogen-exchange reactions. The exchange of hydrogen with donors of deuterium proceeds unusually quickly in 0-H S-H and Cl-H bonds. For example it is known from experiment that the exchange of deuterium oxide (D,O) with alcohols and water goes very quickly.According to the theoretical explanations of this rapid exchange proposed by several authors the reaction velocity depends on the state of the electron shell around the reaction centre. Let us consider the exchange between deuterium oxide (D,O) and an alcohol (ROH) on the basis of this theory. Near the oxygen atom of the alcohol there is an unshared electron pair and the deuterium adds to it with a simultaneous breaking away of the proton from the other pair. The formation of an intermediate complex enables two simultaneous processes to proceed. I t is possible to present this reaction by the scheme: R O H RC)H+DoD- 1‘ J. -RQD+DQH The energy of activation which is required chiefly for bringing the interatomic distances into correspondence with the formation of the complex is obviously very small.The entropy of activation connected with the orientation of the molecules on formation of the complex, is also small. Exchange therefore occurs extremely rapidly. The presence of free electron pairs guaran-tees a rapid exchange independently from other properties of the molecules. I t is only possible to measure the velocity of exchange by ordinary methods at a very low temperature. D ~ D INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY In certain cases reactions of hydrogen exchange do not go or they proceed considerably more slowly than the reactions described above. For example in the Si-H bonds of silanes and the P-H bonds of pentavalent phosphorus compounds there is no exchange with deuterium oxide (D,O).If there is no free pair round the reaction centre, then the deuteron can add only to the pair occupied by the proton. The energy of activation of this process is much greater than the energy of activation of the first exchange mechanism. Exchange of such a type proceeds only in conditions which are created by a high electron density near the reaction centre. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 . 6 . 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. BRITISH ASSOCIATION ANNUAL MEETING ABERDEEN 28 AUG.-4 SEPT. This year for the fourth time in its history the British Association will meet in Aberdeen. The President of the Association Sir Aric Ashby F.R.s. will give his Address on ‘Investment in Man.’ The President of Section B-Chemistry Professor J.Monteath Robertson’ F.R.s. will speak on ‘A Physical Approach to Chemical Structure.’ Other addresses by Presidents of Sections include ‘The price of growth,’ Professor T. Wilson O.B.E. (Economics) ; ‘Future of the aeroplane in civil and military fields,’ Dr S. G. Hooker o.B.E. F.R.S. (Engineering) ; ‘The con-tribution of clinical studies to physiology’ Professor John McMichael F.R.S. (Physiology and Biochemistry) ; ‘Per-sonal values in education,’ Sir Charles Morris (Educa-tion); ‘Providing food for man and beast,’ Professor Martin Jones (Agriculture). The main topics to be dealt with in the Chemistry Section are the Kelvin lecture structure of proteins, polymer chemistry chromatography and the physical chemistry of soils. There is also a full programme of social events including an orchestral concert and a number of excursions and visits.Registration is neces-sary and further details of the registration fees and preliminary programmes are available from The Secre-tary’ British Association for the Advancement of Science, 3 Sanctuary Buildings Great Smith Street London, S.W. 1 Book Reviews CHEMISTRY O F EXTRACTION PROCESSES. v. v. Fomin. Translated by A. S. Kertes. Pp. 145. Jerusalem The Israel Program for ScientifiG Transla-tions Ltd 1962. 60s. This is a most stimulating book. It deals quite generally with the problems of extraction processes which are now of such wide use in both analytical and preparative chemistry. Many research papers have been devoted to the reduction of the large number of experimental observations to simple mathematical expressions.The Nernst equation is the simplest of these and this equation is the starting point of the book. Subsequent developments really only represent con-sideration of more and more complicated equilibria, association and dissociation in the two bulk phases between which all the components are distributed. Very great care is required however in attempts to simplify the mathematical equations. As the com-plexity of the systems increases so the possibility that more than one set of assumptions about the variation of the extraction with the concentrations of the solutes and solvents becomes greater especially over wide regions of the variables. The particular aim of the book under review is to examine published studies of different extraction systems say of ferric chloride into ether stating which equations authors thought gave the best representation of their findings.Professor Fomin approaches much of this work in a very critical fashion never hesitating to show when some other interpretation is also possible. In a manner typical of Russian writing he is not in the least embarrassed by having to point out errors of either distant or immediate colleagues. In the introduction Dr Kertes also stresses the originality of the approach used by Professor Fomin but in my opinion this is not a particularly strong point of the work. The book is concerned more with where the problems lie than how the problems can be solved. I have no hesitation in recommending its disciplines to all who are concerned with a systematic attack on extraction processes, Unfortunately it is decidedly expensive for a paper-backed book of 145 pages.R. J. P. WILLIAMS A N INTRODUCTION TO T H E CHEMISTRY OF COMPLEX COMPOUNDS. A. A. Grinberg. Translated from the Second Edition by J. R. Leach. Edited by D. H. Busch and R. F. Trimble, Jr. Pp. xxi + 363. Oxford Pergamon Press 1962. 105s. This is a translation by Mrs J. R. Leach of the second edition (1 95 1) of this work by an outstanding Russian inorganic chemist. The book reads well in English and the editors have done an excellent job in clarifying the text and adding explanatory-and sometimes critical-notes at various points. The book is essentially factual and rather old-fashioned on the theoretical side e.g.crystal field theory is not mentioned. However in their preface the editors justify the presentation of this translation on two main grounds first that it presents a sound exposition of the factual material of co-ordination chemistry-at least up to 1950-and point out that books of this type are lacking in the English language; secondly it enables one to become more familiar with Russian chemists and their work as seen by one of their own people. I believe that the editors have indeed done us a useful service but I am tempted to suggest that the book will prove of greater value as a source book for teachers (and perhaps students) than as a textbook for students. Without adequate supplementation by more modern texts a student could gain a wrong impression of the present state of thinking in this field.The 360 pages cover all the classical material con-cerning Werner 4- and 6-coordinate complexes. The nature of complex formation is discussed first largely in terms of electrostatic interaction with some polariza-tion of the ligand. (On p. 176 a hefty side-kick at the Resonance Theory is delivered but it must be remem-bered that this was written in 1951.) The wave mechanical theory is dealt with fairly briefly. I t is valuable to have readily available the detailed discussion of the trans effect from the Russian viewpoint. The editors have attempted to remedy the absence of many references to up-to-date work by Western authors by providing a supplementary bibliography.This book will find a place in most libraries for back-ground reading but individual purchasers are likely to be deterred by the high price. R. S. NYHOLM PROGRESS I N INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. VOLUME I I I . Edited by F. A. Cotton. Pp. 551. New York and London Interscience Publishers 1962. 1 13s. I do not think that this present volume is as good as its predecessors or as its competitors in the series ‘Ad-vances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry,’ and the main reason for this is that two of the reviews are so long that the entire balance of the volume is upset. In spite of this reservation the overall standard is still extremely high and this book will be in constant use in any laboratory where inorganic chemistry is either taught or is a subject of research.The opening chapter is ‘Hydrothermal synthesis of single crystals’ by R. A. Laudise. Hydrothermal chemistry was formerly the preserve of geochemists but is now becoming of importance because of the interest in and use of single crystals. ‘High temperature inorganic chemistry,’ by A. W. Searcy seems to me the outstanding chapter in the volume. I t deals with the 16 166 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL -LNSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY simplest systems and yet presents many new data in a way which is absolutely clear and of the greatest possible interest. This chapter could well be required reading for any final Honours examination. ‘Vinyl compounds of metals’ are considered by D. Seyferth. This is a very complete survey of a field which could become of major importance if the full potentialities of the reactive vinyl groups are realized a realization which will surely come in the near future.‘The Coupling of vibrational and electronic motions in degenerate electronic states of inorganic complexes ; Part 1 states of double degeneracy,’ by A. D. Liehr deals with octahedral and tetrahedral complexes the treatment being fairly mathematical but readily understandable by a chemist with a background knowledge of symmetry and mole-cular orbital theory. Finally ‘Primary solid hydrides’ are reviewed by T. R. P. Gibb Jr. These compounds are considered from all aspects and I personally found it rather diffcult to trace a connecting theme through the chapter. The very important molecular transition-metal hydrides are not included.The whole book is very well produced but there are a moderate number of misprints and some rather odd pagination. The volume includes a cumulative title index for all three published volumes in this series. D. W A. SHARP ADVANCES I N FLUORINE CHEMISTRY. VOLUME 111. Edited by M. Stacey J. C. Tatlow and A. G. Sharpe. Pp. 281. London Butterworth and Co. (Publishers) Ltd 1963. 50s. The editors and publishers are to be congratulated on the appearance of these volumes at the rapid rate of one per year. Once again there is that judicious mix-ture of topics which provides something of interest for the inorganic the organic and the technical chemist, Agreeably also the pattern of the articles remains as before; there is a summary with page numbers an introduction which leads the non-specialist easily into the subject an up-to-date treatment and finally, references.The references are ample for the specialist and in some instances include publications of 1962. H. P. Braendlin and E. T. McBee (Purdue University, U.S.A.) deal with the effect of adjacent perfluoroalkyl groups on carbonyl reactivity as one mainly arising from the electronegativity of CF, which always lies below fluorine and generally above chlorine. They discuss base-promoted reactions of a-hydrofluoroketones, bromination enolization and other reactions. Perfluoroalkyl derivatives of the elements are described by H. C. Clark (University of British Columbia, Canada). Such significant properties of perfluoroalkyl groups as their electronegativity size and thermo-dynamics provide a basis for considering the halogen perfl uoroalkyls and the perfluoroalkyls of the elements of Groups VI to I; there are sections on substituted perfluoroalkyl halides ; perfluoroalkyl amines phos-phines and stibines; the basic properties of perfluoro-alkyl halides and hydrides; the hydrolysis of perfluoro-alkyl compounds ; and the perfluoroalkyl analogues of hydrazine diphosphine etc.Some emphasis is laid on the further work necessary in this rapidly expanding subject . The mechanisms of fluorine displacement are con-sidered by R. E. Parker (formerly of Southampton). These are deduced by comparing the reaction of a fluoride with that of its chloride counterpart but also taking into account the ability of fluoride ions to form strong hydrogen bonds.The compounds include those with fluorine attached to carbon silicon phosphorus, sulphur germanium boron nitrogen and cobalt. C. B. Colburn (Rohm and Haas Company Hunts-ville U.S.A.) contributes an interesting account of nitrogen fluorides and their inorganic derivatives. Its scope is indicated by the formulae of the compounds in question NF, N,F, N,F, HNF, H,NF ClNF,, NF,NO. Preparations properties and structures are described together with infra-red spectra and mass spectral-cracking patterns. There is a reasonably comprehensive account of the organic fluorochemical industry by J. M. Hamilton Jr. (‘Freon’ Products Research and Development Wilming-ton U.S.A.) which covers the properties handling, manufacture and applications of materials ranging from refrigerants and propellants to solvents of which the first two account for over 90 per cent of the total production.There is a good deal more than technical interest in this article. The last and longest contribution is from A. K. Barbour C. J. Belf and M. W. Buxton (Imperial Smelting Corporation Limited Avonmouth) . I t describes the preparation of organic fluorine compounds by halogen exchange. Beginning with the preparation of fluorides and halofluorides used for this purpose and their individual applicability in these reactions it passes on to preparations of fluoroalkanes from the fluoro-methanes to the fluoro-octanes and of fluoroaromatics. In addition there is the preparation of fluorine com-pounds containing functional groups and of some con-taining sulphur silicon phosphorus and nitrogen, respectively .There is an air of enthusiasm about all the contribu-tions which sweeps the reader along. The writing is attractively straightforward and the presentation is helped by liberal cross-heading and by the space allotted to the display of structural formulae and equa-tions. These volumes printed on good paper are a pleasure to handle and a help and encouragement to all interested in fluorine chemistry. P. L. ROBINSO Institute Affairs MELDOLA MEDAL FOR 1962 The Meldola Medal which is the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans is normally awarded annually the award for a particular year being made to the chemist who being a British subject and under 30 years of age at 31 December in that year shows the most promise as indicated by his or her published work.Awards are made by the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, with the concurrence of the Society of Maccabaeans, on the recommendation of a specially appointed advisory committee. The Meldola Medal for 1962 has been awarded to JAMES TROTTER for his work in the field of chemical crystallography with special reference to the structures of polynuclear aromatic compounds. JAMES TROTTER was educated at St Joseph’s College, Dumfries at St Modan’s High School Stirling and at the University of Glasgow. He obtained a first class honours degree in chemistry in 1954 and was awarded the Joseph Black medal Muirhead prize and Mackay Smith prize.He was appointed to an Assistantship in the Chemistry Department University of Glasgow and began research under the direction of Professor J. Monteath Robertson on crystal-structure studies of organic molecules particularly polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. In 1957 he completed his work for the Ph.D. degree. The years 1957-59 were spent as a National Research Council of Canada Postdoctorate Fellow at the labor-atories of the Division of Pure Physics Ottawa where he worked with Dr W. H. Barnes. Early work involved an investigation by X-ray diffraction methods of the structures of vanadium minerals; attention was then turned to the crystal and molecular structures of various halogeno nitro aldehydo and carboxyl derivatives of benzene naphthalene and anthracene in particular to a measurement of the deviations from co-planarity resulting from bulky ortho-substituents and to the correlation of these displacements with the steric inhibition of reson-ance suggested by other physical and chemical properties.Dr Trotter returned in 1959 as an Imperial Chemical Industries Research Fellow to Glasgow where he continued the studies of hydrocarbon derivatives and became engaged again in investigations of condensed ring hydrocarbons. In 1960 Dr Trotter was appointed to an Assistant Professorship in the Department of Chemistry Uni-versity of British Columbia and has with the encourage-ment of Professor C. A. McDowell been organizing a crystallographic research group. Investigations have included the elucidation of the crystal and molecular structures of a variety of organic molecules and a study of the stereochemistry of trivalent arsenic in the course of which the structures of a number of derivatives have been determined.The installation of a digital com-puter has enabled Dr Trotter to extend his research interests to more complex organic substances and present work includes studies of alkaloids and other biologically important molecules. He is also a co-editor and a member of the International Union of Crystallography Commission on Structure Reports. BEILBY MEDAL AND PRIZE 1963 The Administrators of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund representing the Royal Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals have decided to make awards from the Fund in 1963-each consisting of the recently instituted gold medal with a prize of 100 guineas-to the following : Professor R.W. K. HONEYCOMBE B.SC. M.SC. PH.D., D,SC. in recognition of his work in physical metallurgy, with special reference to the study of precipitation processes and the modes of plastic deformation of metals and alloys. R. W. B. NURSE B.SC. M.SC. D.SC. in recognition of his work on the chemistry and technology of cement, with special reference to the study of the fundamental chemistry of cement and its application to the practical problems encountered in the setting up of a cement industry in Uganda. The Administrators have decided to revert in future to the practice of awarding the Beilby Medal and Prize annually provided there is a candidate of sufficient merit.The next award will therefore be made in 1964. Annual Conference Proceedings.-The Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held in the Chem-istry Lecture Theatre University of Leicester on Friday, 19 April and a report of the proceedings will be found on p. 151. A great deal of interest was expressed in the symposium on ‘Organization for Research’ and it is hoped to publish the papers by Dr E. G. Cox F.R.s. Secretary of the Agricultural Research Council Dr M. A. T. Rogers, assistant head of the research and development depart-ment I.C.I. Ltd and Mr E. s. Hiscocks director of the Tropical Products Institute in the Lecture Series. Next month’s issue will contain a general account of the meetings and a report of the Conference of Hon.Secretaries of Local Sections. Lecture Series 1963.-The first three items for the 1963 Series have reached an advanced stage of prepara-tion and will be distributed as soon as they are available. No. 1. Living Molecules by J. N. Davidson. This was the twelfth Dalton Memorial Lecture delivered in the Manchester Town Hall on 24 October, 16 168 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY 1962. Professor Davidson discussed the nature of some of the complex molecules that go to make up living matter; while not themselves alive they are intimately involved in the most fundamental processes of life. Price 4s. No. 2. This contains the two Meldola Lectures delivered in 1962 by Dr J. N. Murrell on ‘Quantitative Evaluation of Substituent Effects by Electronic Spectro-scopy’ and Dr R.0. C. Norman on ‘Quantitative Aspects of Aromatic Substitution.’ As the subject titles of the two Lectures were to some extent comple-mentary it has been decided to publish short accounts of the two Lectures together. The Fifth P. I;. Frankland Memorial Lecture by Dr E. G. Cox F.R.s. dealt with ‘Agriculture and some of its Chemical Problems’. Price 4s. Heads of Departments’ and Liaison Officers’ Conferences.-The annual conference of Liaison Officers in technical colleges will be held in Queen Elizabeth College London W.8 on Saturday 29 June, 1963. This meeting will be preceded by a Conference of Heads of Departments of Science arranged by the Ministry of Education to be held this year in the Northampton College of Advanced Technology on Friday 28 June.Heads of Departments who have not yet received invitations to attend the Ministry meeting are requested to apply through their Local Education Authority or if more appropriate direct to the Ministry of Education. Price 5s. No. 3. PERSONAL NOTES News of Hon. Fellow Sir Eric Ashby Master of Clare College Cambridge, has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Honours and Awards Dr J. A. Cranston Fellow formerly principal lecturer in physical chemistry Royal College of Science and Technology Glasgow has had the honorary degree of LL.D. conferred upon him by the University of Glasgow. Dr J. H. Skellon T.D. Fellow Head of the Department of Chemistry Brunel College of Technology has been awarded the degree of Doctor of Science by the Uni-versity of London.Professor R. L. Wain F.R.s. Vice-President professor of agricultural chemistry University of London has been awarded the doctorate honoris causa in Agricultural Sciences by the Agricultural University Ghent Belgium. Societies and Institutions Dr R. S. Cahn Fellow editor of the Chemical Society since 1949 has been appointed to the newly created post of director of publications research with the task of conducting a survey of chemical publications for the Society. Dr L. C. Cross Fellow deputy editor of the Chemical Society has been appointed editor with effect from 1 September. British Plastics Federation.-Mr H. A. Collinson, Fellow managing director of Leicester Love11 & Co.Ltd Southampton has been re-elected Vice-chairman of the Federation. National Society for Clean Air.-Dr A. Parker, c.B.E. Fellow has been elected President of the Society, in succession to Lord Cohen of Birkenhead Honorary Fellow. Royal Irish Academy.-Dr V. C. Barry Fellow, director of the Medical Research Council of Ireland Laboratories Dublin has been elected treasurer of the Academy. Royal Society.-Dr T. S. Stevens Associate was recently elected to the Fellowship of the Society. South African Chemical Institute.-The following Fellows were recently elected Honorary Members of that Institute Professor S. S. Israelstam associate professor of chemistry University of the Witwatersrand and Mr M. Mrost of the Chamber of Mines Research Laboratory Johannesburg.Educational Dr M. F. Ansell Fellow lecturer at Queen Mary College London has been appointed to the readership in organic chemistry tenable at that college. Professor F. Bergel F.R.s. Fellow has been appointed Dean of the Institute of Cancer Research Royal Cancer Hospital London. Mr W. Boardman Fellow formerly senior lecturer in physical chemistry at the Hatfield College of Tech-nology has been appointed principal lecturer in chemistry at that College. Mr S. P. V. Bray Associate formerly science master, King Edward Fiveways School Birmingham has become senior chemistry master at King Edward’s School Camp Hill Birmingham. Dr M. Clarke Associate has resigned his post as senior research officer at the Tin Research Institute, Greenford and has taken a post as lecturer in the depart-ment of metallurgy Sir John Cass College.Dr R. A. Edge Associate has resigned his post with the South African Atomic Energy Board to take up a research fellowship in the chemistry department, University of Southampton. Mr B. A. Hills Associate has been appointed senior lecturer in chemical engineering at the University of Adelaide New Zealand. Dr S. J. Holt Fellow has had the title of reader in cytochemistry conferred on him in respect of his post at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School. Professor D. J. G. Ives Fellow of Birkbeck College, London visited the University of the West Indies, Kingston Jamaica on behalf of the University o 19631 INSTITUTE AFFAIRS 169 J London during February. He afterwards visited the University of Khartoum Sudan as external examiner in chemistry.Mr J. B. Kearns Associate has resigned his position in the department of physical biology New York State Veterinary College Cornell University and has taken a post in the department of biochemistry University College Dublin. Professor M. Stacey F.R.s. Fellow Mason professor and head of the chemistry department University of Birmingham has been elected Dean of the Faculty of Science in the University as from 15 July. Dr T. S. West Fellow lecturer in analytical chemistry, University of Birmingham has been appointed to the readership in that subject tenable at the Imperial College of Science and Technology London. Dr I. D. P. Wootton Fellow reader in chemical pathology at the Postgraduate Medical School of London has been appointed to the chair of chemical pathology tenable at that school.Public and Industrial Dr J. Tu’. Aldington Fellow is to become chairman of Submarine Cables Ltd on 1 August. Mr C. Allport Associate has resigned from his post at the Kumasi Brewery Ltd Kumasi Ghana to take up the position of production manager Sierra Leone Brewery Ltd Freetown Sierra Leone. Mr R. Ashton Fellow at present head of the Overseas Liaison Group of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has been appointed scientific attach6 to the British Embassies in Bonn and Vienna, with residence in Bonn with effect from the autumn. Mr R. Carter Fellow formerly deputy general manager (sales) Paper and Board Division Reed Paper Group has been appointed joint deputy manager (sales) for the group.Mr W. E. Cash Associate formerly assistant managing director Distillers Co. Ltd Chemical Division has been appointed technical adviser to the Chairman of the Chemicals and Plastics Group. Dr J. McDougall Associate formerly senior micro-biologist has been appointed chief chemist of the English Grains Co. Ltd and associated companies within the English Grains group. Mr D. McFarlane Associate formerly chemist, Consolidated Beryllium Ltd has been transferred to the work study staff at the Avonmouth works of the National Smelting Corporation Ltd. Mr J. Mullin Fellow technical officer I.C.I. Ltd, Nobel Division Glasgow has been seconded to the position of production manager at the Gomia factory of Indian Explosives Ltd.Dr J. V. S. Ramanjaneyulu Fellow has been appointed director of research (Laboratories) Research and Development Organization Ministry of Defence, New Del hi, Dr D. M. Robertson Associate has resigned his post as Portsmouth Research Fellow Pathology Department, Medical School University of Leeds to take a post in the research department Marie Curie Memorial Foundation Caterham Surrey. Mr J. B. D. Robinson Fellow has resigned his post as director Coffee Research Station Lyamungu, Tanganyika to join the East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization Kikuyu Kenya. Miss A. E. Stevenson Fellow has returned to her post at Ruakura Animal Research Station Hamilton, New Zealand after a four months’ stay visiting the U.K.agricultural research institutions and attending training courses in automatic analysis in London and New York. Mr J. R. Stevenson Associate managing director of B.I.P. Reinforced Products Ltd has been appointed a director of J. W. Roberts Ltd. Mr J. L. Sweeten Associate has been elected to the board of Steel Process Plants Ltd as engineering director. Professor F. L. Warren Fellow of the University of Natal has been appointed a member of the Scientific Advisory Council recently created by the government of South Africa. Sir Owen Wansborough-Jones K.B.E. c.B. Fellow, technical director of Albright & Wilson Ltd has retired as a member of the National Research Development Corporation on the expiry of his period of appointment. Dr H.K. Whalley Fellow director Distillers Co. Ltd, Chemical Division has been appointed controller of the overseas division of the company and is responsible for liaison with Distillers’ Overseas Associate Companies. Mr E. A. Whitlock Fellow managing director, Wallace & Tiernan G.m.b.H. has also been appointed managing director of Wallace & Tiernan Ltd Chiswick. Retirements Dr E. Kann Fellow has retired from his post as director research and development Marks & Spencer Ltd because of ill-health. Mr E. T. Pickering Fellow has retired from his post as chief chemist West Midlands Gas Board Birmingham. Mr R. Robinson Fellow is to retire from his post as chief chemist International Paints Ltd on 30 October, after occupying the post for the past 34 years.Mr R. Singh Fellow has retired from his position as research officer (Class I) Bhakra Dam India. Mr T. N. G. Wilson Fellow technical director of United Paints Ltd South Africa has retired after a little over 43 years’ service with I.C.I. Ltd its pre-decessors and associated companies. He will however, serve as technical consultant to United Paints Ltd in South Africa during the next few years. Mr J. E. Woodhead Fellow has retired from the consultancy practice of Muter and Hackman analytical and consulting chemists OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF COUNCIL 1963-64 President Harry Julius EMELEUS c.B.E. PH.D. D.SC. A.R.c.s. F.R.S. Immediate Past-President ( Vice-President ex o@cio> Sir William Kershaw SLATER K.B.E. D.SC. HON.D.SC. F.R.S. Hon. Treasurer Ernest James VAUGHAN c.B.E.M.SC. A.R.c.s. D.I.C. Vice- Presidents Harry James BARBER PH.D. D.SC. Robert William BOLLAND B.SC. PH.D. Ernest Harrison COULSON M.SC. A.R.c.s. D.I.C. Sir Christopher Kelk INGOLD D.SC. A.R.c.s. D.I.c. F.R.S. Frank Stuart SPRING PH.D. D.SC. F.R.S. Ralph Louis WAIN PH.D. D.SC. F.R.S. General and District Members of Council Cyril Clifford ADDISON PH.D. D.SC. F.INST.P. Eric Newmarch ALLOTT M.A. B.SC. D.M. F.R.C.P. Richard Maling BARRER D.SC. SC.D. HON.A.R.C.S., Norman BOOTH B.SC. PH.D. George Henry BOTTOMLEY M.SC. Ralph Clark CHIRNSIDE John William CORRAN B.SC. PH.D. London; East Philip Frederick CORBETT LL.B. B.SC. B.SC. (ENG.) , Charles Latham CUTTING B.SC. PH.D. Frank Henry DAY M.SC. PH.D. Cumberland and District; Raymond Ernest FAIRBAIRN B.SC.PH.D. Manchester and Maurice Ernest FOSS B.SC. PH.D. Birmingham and Reginald Oswald GIBSON D.SC. M.I. CHEM.E. F.INST. P. : Harold Marks GLASS M.SC. PH.D. Frederick Wesley HARES Bristol and District; South-Frank HARTLEY B.SC. PH.D. F.P.S. Philip John Courtney HAYWOOD B.SC. South Wales; Paul Frederic HOLT PH.D. D.SC. D.I.c. M.I.BIOL. : Alfred John HOWARD M.A. PH.D. Belfast and District Edward David HUGHES PH.D. D.SC. F.R.S. Louis HUNTER PH.D. D.SC. East Midlands F.R.S. Anglia (1) M.1NST.F. North Lancmhire District Midland Liverpool and North- Western Western Counties Card@ and District Mid-Southern Counties; Thames Valley Eric Richard INMAN B.SC. PH.D. Glasgoru and West of Harry Munroe Napier Hetherington IRVING M.A., David Thomas LEWIS c.B.PH.D. D.SC. Charles George LYONS M.A. PH.D. North Wales Thomas John MORRISON B.SC. PH.D. Aberdeen and Vincent Moss B.SC. PH.D. Newcastle upon Tine and Mamie OLLIVER M.SC. Scotland D.PHIL. D.SC. L.R.A.M. North o f Scotland; Dundee and District North-East Coast; Tees-side Desmond Gerard O'SULLIVAN B.SC. PH.D. D.I.C., M.I.BIOL. F.I.C.I. F.S.D.C. Eva Maria PHILBIN PH.D. D.SC. (N.u.I.) F.I.c.I. M.R.I.A. : Ronald Herbert PURCELL c.B. B.SC. PH.D. A.R.c.s., Magnus Alfred PYKE B.SC. PH.D. F.R.s.E. Edinburgh and East o f Scotland; Stirlingshire and District Philip Alexander RAINE COMP.I.E.E. London; East Anglin ( 2 ) Charles England RHODES B.SC. DIP.ED. Shefieeld, South Yorkshire and North Midlands; Hull and District Henry Norman RYDON D.PHIL.PH.D. D.SC., John Ernest SALMON B.SC. PH.D. Maurice Arthur Thorold ROGERS B.SC. PH.D. Eric TITTENSOR B.SC. PH.D. Leeds Area; IiuddersJield Eric Charles WOOD B.SC. PH.D. A.R.C.S. David WOODCOCK PH.D. D.SC. Norman Charles WRIGHT c.B. M.A. D.SC. PH.D., Dublin and District D.I.C. M.SC.TECH. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.R.S.E. Ouerseas (District Members of Council are indicated by references in italics to the Local Section(s) within their Districts) 17 OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES For the information of members the Officers and Members of Council for 1963-64 are listed under occupational categories below. An asterisk indicates those not serving in any capacity in 1962-63. Registered addresses are in London or the Home Counties unless otherwise indicated.Industry Dr H. J. Barber Vice-president Research Controller May & Baker Ltd *Dr Norman Booth Chief Executive Scientific Division The British Oxygen Co. Ltd *Mr R. C. Chirnside Chief Chemist and Head of the Chemistry and Technical Services Division The General Electric Co. Ltd, Central Research Laboratories Hirst Research Centre Mr P. F. Corbett Industrial Fuels Manager London Division, Shell-Mex and B.P. Ltd *Dr J. W. Corran formerly Chief Chemist J. & J. Colman Ltd (Norwich) Dr R. E. Fairbairn Chemist Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Dyestuffs Division (Macclesfield) Dr R. 0. Gibson Scientific Adviser Associated Octel Co. Ltd (Ellesmere Port) Mr F. W. Hares Research Chemist British Cellophane Ltd (Bridgwater) *Mr P.J. C. Haywood formerly Manager Production Standards Section Monsanto Chemical Ltd (Newport) *Dr E. R. Inman Chief Research Chemist James Anderson & Co. (Colours) Ltd (Paisley) Mamie Olliver Research Investigator and Consultant, Schweppes Group of Companies (Cambridge) Dr M. A. Pyke Manager Glenochil Research Station Distillers Co. Ltd (Menstrie) *Mr P. A. Raine Chief Chemist Crown Cork Co. Ltd Mr C. E. Rhodes Chief Analytical Chemist Reckitt and Sons Dr M. A. T. Rogers Assistant Head of Research and Develop-*Dr F. S. Spring Vzce-President Director of Research Laporte Ltd (Hull) ment Department Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd Industries Ltd Industrial Research Association *Dr C. L. Cutting Director of Research British Food Manu-facturing Industries Research Association Standards Institution Dr H.M. Glass Technical Director British Standards Institution Government Service *Dr A. J. Howard Director Department of Industrial and Forensic Science Ministry of Commerce Northern Ireland *Dr D. T. Lewis c.B. Government Chemist Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Dr R. H. Purcell c.B. Chief Royal Naval Scientific Service Sir William K. Slater K.B.E. F.R.s. Immediate Past-President, formerly Secretary Agricultural Research Council *Dr N. C. Wright c.B. Deputy Director-General Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Rome, Italy; Secretary Designate The British Association Mr E. J. Vaughan c.B.E. Hon. Treasurer Director of Materials Research Royal Naval Scientific Service Hosfiital Dr E.N. Allott Director Group Laboratory Lewisham Hospital Independent Consulting Practice Dr E. C. Wood Analytical and Consulting Chemist Public and Agricultural Analyst (Norwich) OF COUNCIL 1963-64 171 University Chemistry Professor C. C. Addison Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Nottingham Professor R. M. Barrer F.R.s. Professor of Physical Chemistry and Head of the Department of Chemistry Imperial College, University of London *Professor H. J. EmelCus c.B.E. F.R.s. President Professor of Inorganic Chemistry University of Cambridge Dr Frank Hartley Dean School of Pharmacy University of London Dr P. F. Holt Reader in Organic Chemistry University of Reading Professor E. D. Hughes F.R.s. Professor of Chemistry and Director of Laboratories University College London Professor Louis Hunter Professor of Chemistry University of Leices ter Sir Christopher K.Ingold F.R.s. Vice-president Emeritus Professor and Special Lecturer in Chemistry University College London Professor H. M. N. H. Irving Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Leeds *Professor H. N. Rydon Professor of Chemistry University of Exeter *Professor Eva M. Philbin Professor of Organic Chemistry, University College Dublin *Dr David Woodcock Head of Organic Chemistry Long Ashton Research Station with status of Senior Lecturer in the Uni-versity of Bristol University Agricultural Chemistry Professor R. L. Wain F.R.s. Vice-President Professor of Agricultural Chemistry Wye College University of London ; Director, A.R.C. Plant Growth Substances and Systemic Fungicide Unit University Medical School or related Research Institute Biochemistry Dr D. G. O’Sullivan Director D.S.I.R. Research Unit, Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry Middlesex Hospital Medical School Colleges of Advanced Technology Dr R. W. Bolland Vice-President Head of the Department of Chemistry and Biology Bristol College of Science and Technology *Dr J. E. Salmon Head of the Department of Chemistry Battersea College of Technology Technical College Mr G. H. Bottomley Vice-principal and Head of the Chemistry Department Widnes College of Further Education Dr F. H. Day Vice-principal and Head of the Science Depart-ment Carlisle Technical College Dr M. E. FOSS Head of the Department of Chemistry and Metal-lurgy Lanchester College of Technology Coventry *Dr C.G. Lyons Principal Flintshire Technical College Dr T. J. Morrison Head of Department of Chemistry and Biology The Technical College Dundee *Dr V. Moss Head of the Science Department Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough *Dr Eric Tittensor Head of the Department of Chemistry Colour Chemistry and Dyeing College of Technology Huddersfield School Mr E. H. Coulson Vice-president Senior Science Master County High School Braintre Section Activities ABERDEEN AND NORTH OF SCOTLAND A Ladies’ Evening was held jointly by the Institute the Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry on 22 March at King’s College. A talk on cosmetics and a demonstration of make-up techniques was given by Miss G.La Rondie of Dorothy Gray Ltd. The speaker answered the many queries put by the ladies and made suitable replies to the remarks of the gentlemen who formed a vociferous minority of the audience. After the vote of thanks to the speaker for an enter-taining and instructive talk proposed by Mrs Moser, the party adjourned to an ante-room for a buffet supper and further discussion to close a pleasant social evening. The A.G.M. of the Section was held in Marischal College on 11 April. The following Officers and Members of Committee were elected Chairman Dr J. A. Lovern; Vice-chairman, Mr W. Moser; Secretary and Treasurer Dr P. N. Hobson; Members of Committee Dr H. Robertson and Dr Gabrielle Ellinger. Dr W.J. Donaldson was re-elected Hon. Auditor. Ladies’ Evening. Annual General Meeting. BIRMINGHAM AND MIDLANDS A joint meeting with the Cor-rosion Group of the S.C.I. and the Wolverhampton Society of Applied Science was held in the Central Public Library Wolverhampton on 8 March. Mr C. B. W. Richardson Chairman of the Wolverhampton Society presided. Dr R. S. Thornhill of I.C.I. Ltd, Alkali Division lectured on ‘Corrosion Inhibitors.’ Dr Thornhill first gave an historical survey of the kinds of materials known to suppress corrosion of steel in neutral media and then turned to corrosion of steels in acid media and explained how the 600 or so available inhibitors can be classified into a few broad groups. Dr Thornhill continued with a discussion of the mechanism of inhibition and the techniques available for studying it.He described the investigation of oxide films ; the electrochemical approach ; corrosion inhibi-tion from the adsorption point of view; and considera-tions of electrocapillarity. He then gave an account of the latest Russian work in this field. Finally Dr Thornhill discussed the effect of structure mainly for the organic inhibitors and explained the way that surface shielding could take place. He concluded that for best results a ring structure with groups that could lock on to the metal surface would prove most suitable. Mr W. A. Edwards proposed the vote of thanks to Corrosion Inhibitors. I 1 Aromatic Reactivity. At a joint meeting with the Dr Thornhill. Chemical Society and the Society for Chemical Industry in Marischal College on 7 March Professor C.Eaborn A joint meeting with of the University of Sussex gave a lecture on ‘Aromatic the Birmingham and Midlands Section of the S.C.I. Reactivity.’ was held on 21 March in the New Chemistry Building reactions involving the displacement of hydrogen and Stoke On when Professor R* Haszeldine Of of the more electropositive elements silicon germanium the Manchester College of Science and Technology, and tin. ~h~ synthetic of these reactions were lectured on ‘Double Bonds that are Different.’ Mr mentioned. Turning to the quantitative aspects of W. K. Wilde Head of the College Chemistry and Metall-stituents and how these effects varied with increasing meeting. electropositivity of the leaving group. Finally Professor Double Bonds that are Dzferent.Dr R. H. Thomson was in the Chair. Professor Eaborn reviewed aromatic substitution Of the North Staffordshire Of 9 aromatic substitution he discussed the effects of sub- urgY took the Chair at this well-attended Professor Haszeldine’s lecture dealt with the changes Eaborn showed how these results could be correlated in the Of Olefins and that Occur by the Hammett equation Or more completely by when are substituted the Yukawa-Tsuno equation. negative groups such as fluorine Or ‘Yano (see J*> 1962 After an interesting dis-481). proposed by Dr E. J. Greenhow. cussion the vote of thanks was proposed by Dr 0. C. Musgrave. BELFAST AND DISTRICT The vote of thanks to Professor Haszeldine was Annual General Meeting.At the Annual General BRISTOL AND DISTRICT Meeting of the Section held in Queen’s University Annual Dinner and Dance. The Section’s Annual Belfast on 25 March,the following Officers andMembers Dinner and Dance was held at Arno’s Court County of Committee were elected Chairman Mr W. Ford- Club on 22 March. Chief guests were Professor D. H. Kirkpatrick; Vice-chairman Mr S. McConaghy; Everett and Mr G. H. Moore in recognition of the Hon. Secretary Mr I. W. Milligan; Hon. Assistant Section’s debt to both the University and the College of Secretary Dr A. K. Galwey; Hon. Treasurer Dr S. M. Science and Technology. Nelson; Members of Committee Dr T. Caughey; After very brief speeches from the Chairman Dr R. W. Dr D. Hamer; Mr R. T. Ferris; Mr C. Wilson; Dr A. J. Bolland and the guests the 84 diners were joined by Howard (ex-u$;ciu District Member of Council).Dr about 50 per cent of other members and friends who R. C. Pink was elected Hon. Auditor. then had an energetic time on the dance floor. There 17 SECTION ACTIVITIES 173 were intervals for competitions which took the form of naming common objects photographed from unusual angles and also the T.V. programmes associated with tape-recorded signature tunes. This type of meeting evidently gave pleasure and interest to all who came. DUBLIN AND DISTRICT Annual General Meeting. The Section A.G.M. was held on 20 March in the Chemistry Department, University College Dublin. The minutes of the previous A.G.M. were read approved and signed. The reports of the Hon. Secretary and the Hon.Treas-urer were read and approved. On behalf of the Section Mr D. Crowley the new Chairman thanked the Officers for their work during the year. Only two nominations were received for the two vacancies on the Committee: Professor R. F. Timoney and Dr J. E. Gowan. They were automatically elected. The Hon. Auditors Dr V. C. Barry and Mr E. R. Stuart were re-elected unani-mously. Mr Crowley proposed the vote of thanks to the authorities of University College and Trinity College Dublin for the excellent facilities which they had provided for the Institute during the year and asked the Hon. Secretary to thank them. DUNDEE AND DISTRICT Dr K. R. Hargreaves presided at this meeting held on 29 March at the Technical College Dundee. The evening was devoted to techniques in infra-red spectroscopy and chromatography.Two films were shown the remainder of the time being devoted to demonstrations and discussion. This was a most successful venture with a large attendance of members and friends. The following topics were demonstrated infra-red spectroscopy gas chromatography thin-layer chromatography paper chromatography of steroids amino acids indoles, barbiturates and sugars inorganic chromatography in the teaching of chemistry and paper and cellulose-acetate electrophoresis. The demonstrators were Dr K. R. Hargreaves Dr H. McCorquodale Dr D. I. Cargill Mr I. R. McGregor Mr D. A. Whyttock Mr P. J. Stevens Miss M. Browning Dr I;. L. Mitchell, Dr A. Blair Dr J. Mellon Mr N. B. Johnstone and Mr P.H. Broughton. The Committee would like to thank all those who helped to make this such a successful evening. Demonstration Evening. EAST ANGLIA Symposium on Education A symposium entitled ‘The Modern Approach to Chemistry at Pre-University Level’ was held at the City College and Art School Norwich on 6 April. The audience of 155 science teachers was welcomed by Dr J. W. Corran Section Chairman. The Chairman for the morning session was Dr P. J. Durrant of Selwyn College Cambridge. The papers presented were ‘The Periodic Table’ by Professor N. N. Greenwood of King’s College Newcastle and ‘The Structural Approach to Inorganic Chemistry’ by Dr G. W. A. Fowles of the University of Southampton. A discussion on the teaching aspects of these papers was opened by Mr J.G. Raitt of the Department of Educa-tion Cambridge University. The Chairman for the afternoon session was Professor A. R. Katritsky of the University of East Anglia. Papers were presented on ‘Oxidation and Reduction,’ by Dr E. A. V. Ebsworth of Cambridge University, and ‘What Makes a Reaction Take Place,’ by Mr H. F. Halliwell of the University of Keele and Director of the Nuffield Chemistry Project. The brisk dis-cussion on the teaching aspects of these papers was opened by Mr E. H. Coulson of Braintree County High School and the Nuffield Chemistry Project. The fifth paper presented was ‘Practical Chemistry in the Sixth Form,’ by Mr A. C. Cavell of Uppingham School. This was followed by a general discussion on all the papers opened by Mr F.C. Brown of Perse School Cambridge and Honorary Treasurer of the Association for Science Education. The conference was arranged by the Institute in collaboration with the Association for Science Education. Mr D. G. Chisman the Institute’s Education Officer, thanked the Principal Dr Frank Briers and the Staff of the Norwich City College and Mr J. W. Beeson, Director of Education for Norwich for the provision of facilities for the symposium. Mr Sidney Trett of the City of Norwich School and a member of the A.S.E. thanked the lecturers and the Institute for arranging the conference. Practical Chemistry Course. A capacity attendance of 38 students took part in a one-day postgraduate courre on ‘Practical Analytical Chemistry held at the Ipswich Civic College on 9 April.Mr H. S. Hunt the Head of the Science Department at the College introduced the course organized by Messrs D. E. Herring and H. F. Gair. Three topics Infra-red Spectra Schoenigen Flask Technique and New Analytical Reagents were included in the course. The students had two and a half hours’ practical work and a 40-minute lecture on each topic. The infra-red spectra section of the course was supervised by Dr N. Sheppard of Cambridge University, using spectrometers kindly loaned by Perkin-Elmer. The lecture included infra-red units the design of spectrometers and qualitative infra-red analysis. The students had the opportunity to prepare samples by various techniques and to operate the instruments in the laboratory. The simplicity of the Schoenigen flask technique was admirably demonstrated by Miss C .Liddell of Britis 174 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY Petroleum Ltd. The carefully designed experiments convinced the students that they could produce good results once the technique had been mastered. New analytical reagents were discussed by Mr P. G. Quartermain of B.D.H. Ltd. Opportunity was given for the critical testing of these reagents by means of nine experiments set up in the laboratory. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND ‘Three Societies’ Dinner. The Annual Dinner of the local sections of the Society of Chemical Industry the Chemical Society and the Institute was held in the University of Edinburgh Staff Club on 28 March. The Chair was taken by Dr E. A. C. Chamberlain, Section Chairman and the principal guest was the Hon.Lord Cameron Q.c. who proposed the toast to present investigating the latest neutron-activation analysis techniques. Mr Powell paid tribute to the help given by industrial and research laboratories who, as specialists in their own fields were always willing to help the forensic laboratories with advice and the loan of equipment. Occasionally the forensic scientist may be requested by a body other than a police force to apply his often unique experience to the investigation of an unusual problem. Mr Powell illustrated his talk with a number of slides of some interesting case histories in which he had been involved. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr J. V. Edmonds. LEEDS AREA Transition Metals.On 18 February Professor R. S. Nyholm F.R.s. lectured to the Section at the University of Lee& on Co-ordination Numbers of the ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ . Mr w. Stones was in the Chair. In his lecture Professor Nyholm said that although two four and six co-ordinations among the transition the ‘Three Societies.’ During his witty speech Lord Cameron referred to the importance Of in all aspects of human affairs-from beer to anaesthetics. Dr Chamberlain thanked Lord Cameron on behalf of the three Societies and the vote of thanks to the Chair-man was proposed by Professor F. Bell. Easter Lecture to Senior Schools. The 1963 Easter Lecture to Senior Schools was given by Det. Supt J. K. McLellan of Glasgow City Police on ‘Chemistry in the service of the Detective.’ Mr McLellan began his well-illustrated lecture by dealing with chemical methods for the detection and identification of fingerprints.He then went on to deal comprehensively with the criminal use of explosives in ‘safe blowing’ and in anti-personnel devices and showed how the presence of these substances could be detected even in small quantities. He concluded an absorbing lecture by dealing briefly with the identification of blood alcohol and counterfeit money. The Chair was taken by Dr D. M. Anderson of the University of Edinburgh and the vote of thanks was proposed by Mr Eric Tait of George Heriot’s School. HULL AND DISTRICT The annual Lincolnshire mee ting of the Section was held on 25 March at the North Lindsey Technical College Scunthorpe.Mr H. Powell, of the Forensic Science Laboratory Harrogate gave a lecture entitled ‘Scientific Crime Detection.’ Dr T. S. Harrison was in the Chair. Mr Powell outlined the role of the Forensic Science Laboratories in helping the police in the detection of crime and in some cases in proving the innocence of suspect persons. The Harrogate laboratory in the course of its work, as well as using traditional analytical methods uses many modern instrumental techniques including mass spectrography X-ray diffraction infra-red and ultra-violet spectroscopy X-ray fluorescence polarizing and electron microscopy paper thin-layer and vapour-phase chromatography and electrophoresis and is at Crime Detection. metals were well known during the past decade or so many compounds displaying the co-ordination numbers three five seven and eight have been prepared.The general principles governing the formation of these com-pounds were discussed and the reasons for the occurrence of eight and seven co-ordination in complex compounds of the metals of the early transition series were examined. In particular he surveyed the formation and properties of dodecahedra1 complexes of the type [MIV(Diarsine),Cl,]O (MIV = Ti Zr Hf V etc.) and [M?(Diarsine),Cl,]ClO (MV = Tc and Re). At the end of the transition series the factors influencing the formation of four and five co-ordination with metals having a d7 a d8 configuration were examined. After discussion Dr A. F. Adamson proposed the vote of thanks on behalf of the large audience.Space Research at University College. On 4 March, Professor R. L. F. Boyd visited the University of Leeds to talk to the Section on ‘Space Research at University College London.’ Professor Boyd began his account by outlining the organization of space research in this country and in Europe with particular reference to E.S.R.O. He then discussed his research programme which includes studies of the meteorology of the upper atmosphere of the ionosphere and of the atmospheres of the sun and other stars. The instrumentation required to make these studies was described especially the mass spectrometer carried in the satellite Ariel. The results of the re-searches were considered and Professor Boyd made some tentative suggestions to interpret them.After a lively discussion the Chairman Dr R. L. Elliott called on Dr D. McNeil to propose the vote of thanks 19631 SECTION ACTIVITIES 175 Open Meeting. On 4 April Dr A. Werner of the British Museum visited Leeds to give his well-known lecture on ‘The Scientific Examination of Paintings and Antiquities’ to a joint meeting of the Section and the Yorkshire Section of the Society of Chemical Industry (see J. 24). This meeting was for members their ladies and guests and was attended by over 200 people. Mr Foster Chairman of the local S.C.I. Section, introduced Dr Werner and Dr R. L. Elliott proposed the vote of thanks which was enthusiastically endorsed. LIVERPOOL AND NORTH-WESTERN The Section held its 44th annual dinner and dance on 22 March at George Henry Lee’s Restaurant Liverpool.The chief guests were Dr F. A. Robinson and Professor R. N. Haszeldine. Mr P. Eaglesfield Section Chairman presided. Dr R. 0. Gibson Chairman-elect proposed the toast ‘The Royal Institute of Chemistry,’ coupled with the name of Dr Robinson. He referred affectionately to the early students’ meetings held in London and to the commendable work of the Benevolent Fund which ranged far more widely than many people realized. He instanced his own case in which the Fund had loaned him a sum of money which had made it possible for him to take up an offer to carry out research work overseas when he was newly qualified. He had then helped in the discovery of polyethylene. Dr Robinson replied. Mr Eaglesfield proposed the toast ‘The Guests,’ including newly elected members members’ ladies and Dr Robinson and Professor Haszeldine.Professor Haszeldine replied. Annual Dinner and Dance. The evening closed with dancing. Chemical Education Meeting$. The Section completed its 1962-63 programme of evening meetings on chemical education by holding two meetings in March. The first on 4 March was entitled ‘Teaching Elec-tronic Concepts in Chemistry and Physics Courses at G.C.E. ‘0’ level.’ I t was arranged for teachers in con-junction with the Institute of Physics and the audience of 140 consisted about equally of physics and chemistry teachers. The speakers were Mr R. M. Lee Senior Physics Master St Bede’s College Manchester and Mr A. W. Smith Deputy Head Master Manchester Central Grammar School.Mr Lee described how he introduces the theory of the electron through simple experiments in static electricity, and demonstration of electrical discharge through gases. Mr Smith then spoke on his method of using the elec-tronic concept to introduce the regularities of properties in the first part of the Periodic Table and to introduce the idea of molecular structure. Both speakers agreed that the present syllabus does not help in the introduction of electronic ideas. There was a lively discussion in which the general opinion emerged in spite of some opposition that electronic ideas should be brought in as early as possible, even though the syllabus and present examinations only require them in a very rudimentary form. The vote of thanks was proposed by Miss M.Wilson. At the second meeting on 29 March Professor R. S. Nyholm F.R.s. of the University of London gave a lecture for sixth-form pupils on ‘Chemistry and Mole-cular Architecture.’ About 300 boys and girls from schools in a wide area round Liverpool were present. Professor Nyholm described the importance and sig-nificance of ionization potentials and showed how electron distribution controlled the shapes of molecules, and types of crystal lattice. He created great interest by describing the recently discovered compounds of the rare gases and unusual compounds such as caesium auride. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr W. Green Captain of Liverpool Collegiate School. Mr Eaglesfield presided at the A.G.M. held at the Donnan Laboratories Uni-versity of Liverpool on 4 April.The reports of the Hon. Treasurer and Hon. Secretary were approved. Officers and Members of Committee for the coming year are Chairman Dr R. 0. Gibson; Vice-chairman, Mr P. N. Williams; Hon. Treasurer Mr R. Appleby; Hon. Secretary Mr H. R. Jones; Hon. Assistant Secretary Mr C. B. F. Rice; Won. Recorder Mr D. G. Cooper; Members of Committee Professor C . H. Bamford; Dr J. 0. V. Oubridge; Mr H. Powell; Dr A. D. Scott; and Hon. Auditors Mr E. Myer and Mr L. G. Townsend. After the business part of the meeting had been concluded Mr N. F. Baker lectured on ‘Patents and the Chemist.’ He dealt first with chemists and chemical manu-facturers who had invented new processes. They had to consider novelty usefulness and surprise and also to decide which inventions are patentable.Even if grounds existed for a patent they needed further to compare the possible advantages with the disadvantages of publication followed by only limited useful life. If a chemist decided to seek a patent he had to consider his claim carefully drafting it within the known limits of effectiveness but not so narrowly that it could be easily infringed. Mr Baker referred to the consultation of existing patents and said that these often suggested fields for new research work or indicated fields to be avoided. If it was found that patents overlapped existing practice or made claims which were not substantiated there could be grounds for claiming invalidity. The vote of thanks was proposed by the Chairman.Annual General Meeting. Patents and the Chemist. LONDON On 21 February at Borough Polytechnic Professor R. S. Nyholm F.R.s. of Uni-versity College London addressed a meeting of the The Transition Metals 176 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY Section on ‘Higher Co-Ordination Numbers of the Transition Metals’ (see J. 174). Electronic Spectra of Small Molecules. Professor A. I>. Walsh of Queen’s College Dundee lectured on this subject to a meeting at University College London on 26 February. Professor Walsh said that his object was to try to analyse the electronic spectrum of a small molecule tetrachloroethylene by a combination of experimental results and an appeal to predictions of a simplified molecular orbital model regarding the nature of the excited states.He demonstrated how the various molecular orbitals are constructed using the known symmetry properties of the ground state of the molecule and a knowledge of the types of atomic orbitals from which the molecular orbitals were to be formed. He showed how the symmetry properties of these molecular orbitals could be used to yield information as to what changes in bond lengths and angles might be expected. Professor Walsh then proceeded to show that the spectrum of tetrachloroethylene could at least be understood in terms of the theoretical principles he had outlined and suggested that the main change in symmetry between the planar ground state and the Rydberg excited states being discussed was that the planes of the two CC1 units were no longer co-planar.After some discussion the vote of thanks was proposed by Dr J. H. Callomon who pointed out that much of our present knowledge of the excited-state geometries of molecules was due to Professor Walsh’s contributions. First-Row Transition Elements. On 1 March a meeting of the Lea Valley Sub-section was held at Hatfield College of Technology when Professor J. Lewis of the University of Manchester spoke on ‘The Stereochem-istry and Magnetic Properties of the First-Row Transi-tion Elements.’ Professor Lewis reminded his audience that one of the main reasons for the great changes that have occurred in inorganic chemistry over the past ten years was the application of crystal field theory to the interpretation of the magnetic properties of the transition elements.The usual interpretation of magnetic moment (p) in terms of the ‘spin-only’ formula p = y‘n(n + 2 ) Bohr magnetons (B.M.) n being the number of un-paired electrons is highly approximate in that it neglects any orbital contribution to the magnetic moment as well as the possibility of spin-orbit coupling. These factors which can be summarized in a Russell-Saunders coupling scheme give rise to a number of magnetic energy levels and the magnetic behaviour of a transition-metal ion depends on the separation between these levels as compared with the thermal energy kT. In an octahedral compound the transition-metal ion will be subjected to a ligand field so that the originally five-fold degenerate non-bonding d orbitals will be split into two groups.This ligand-field splitting will influence the orbital contribution to the magnetic moment. Professor Lewis then discussed the conditions when such a contribution would be expected to occur and when it would be ‘quenched,’ and demonstrated that ‘quenching’ would be expected for the majority of the most stable transition-metal complexes. Actiue Centres o f Enzymes. On 1 March a meeting was held at Brighton College of Technology when Dr S. A. Miller introduced Professor H. N. Rydon of the University of Exeter who first gave a short account of the nature and structure of enzymes and then summarized methods of identifying the active side-groups in the protein chain. The stereospecific hydrolysis of ct-glycosides by mal-tase is indirect evidence for three-point attachment to the substrate.Studies of the pH have shown optimum regions of activity which correlate well with the pK values of certain groups present in specific residues. Semi-direct methods include investigation of the change in activity after selective destruction of side groups and selective cleavage of peptide links. In this way residues I19 and 121 and some other residue in the range 1 to 20 have been shown to be part of the active centre in ribonuclease which has altogether 124 amino-acid residues. Degradation of the enzyme-substrate com-plex is a more direct method. Pseudo-substrates e.g. radioactive (iPrO) ,POSF which bond strongly to the enzyme can be used for this purpose and it is found that only one serine residue in chymotrypsin and other esterases form such a bond other serine residues and serine itself being inert.The catalytic activity of these esterases is believed to involve the concerted action of three groups viz. -OH from serine -COOH from aspartic acid and f N from histidine which because of the coiling of the molecule are close together in space. Professor Rydon concluded by speculating on the possible catalytic activity of smaller synthetic model compounds with the same critical proximity of groups. Mass Spectrometry of Organic Compounds. On 6 March, Mr R. A. Saunders of I.C.I. Ltd Manchester lectured on this subject at Chelsea College of Science and Technology. As many students were present Mr Saunders gave a brief introduction to mass spectrometry as a process involving the separation of positive ions on the basis of their masslcharge ratios.After an organic compound has been bombarded with electrons the resulting ion currents which may be as low as 10-15 amps are recorded as peaks at different mass numbers. The highest mass number with the largest peak usually represents the molecular weight. The smaller peak at one mass number higher gives a good measure of the number of carbon atoms in the molecules as 13C is normally present to about 1-1 per cent with 12C 19631 SECTION ACTIVITIES 177 With new spectrometers having resolving powers of 20,000 it is possible to determine molecular weights much more accurately than integral values. Thus C6H, (84.16) is easily distinguished from C,H,O (84.1 1).By this method it is easy to assign molecular formulae to organic compounds. Structural formulae are obtainable by the analysis of peaks of lower mass number since portions of the molecule often break off in a systematic way. Thus an alkyl benzoate would steadily lose portions of the alkyl group an oxygen atom and finally a carbonyl group, leaving the benzene ring intact. The presence and number of chlorine bromine and sulphur atoms may be found by the ratios of their isotope peaks. The Chemistry o f Colour Photography. A meeting held on 14 March at Regent Street Polytechnic was addressed by Dr R. Jeffreys. The lecturer briefly explained the principles of sub-tractive colour processes and then described with demonstrations current reversal colour materials in which the three dyes are formed by processing in separate developers containing the colour formers.He also discussed reversal and negative-positive materials in which the colour formers are incorporated in the emul-sions \vi t h consequent simplified processing. Integral masking with coloured colour formers in negative-positive materials was explained. The chemical charac-teristics and properties of spectral sensitizers developers and colour formers and the reaction mechanism of coupling development were discussed. Chemical Patents. At a meeting held in the Sun Hotel, Chatham on 14 March Dr S. I. Levy lectured on this topic. In the early part of his talk Dr Levy outlined the history of patent law and then described the three requirements for a patentable invention it must be a manner of manufacture; novel; and based on an inven-tive step i.e.there must be subject matter. Under British law the filing of a provisional patent protects the inventor while a final specification is being prepared which must be filed within 12 months of the former. In the final specification the invention must be clearly described so that any interested party can carry out manufacture from the information given. At the end of the specification claims must be set out and these are of prime importance as the patent only protects what is included in the claims. The claims must not however be so broad as to be specu-lative; if they are either the Comptroller will refuse a patent or the grant will be invalid.Dr Levy illustrated by reference to actual case histories the nature of the inventive step required and the need for extreme care in preparing a patent specification. For this the chemist should take the advice of an expert in patent law as loose wording could lead to the patent not being upheld in an action for infringement. Non-aqueous Inorganic Solvents. Professor C. C. Addison of the University of Nottingham lectured on this subject at the Northern Polytechnic on 20 March. The products of a reaction depend not only on the reactants but also on the solvent. Until about 1900, water was used almost exclusively but the inorganic chemist now realizes that he requires a wide range of solvents. The three main classes of inorganic non-aqueous solvents are molecular liquids molten salts and molten metals.Molecular liquids were described by reference to the dinitrogen tetroxide system. The use of this solvent has led to the preparation of compounds such as Be,O (NO,) 6 and anhydrous salts of transition metals e.g. Cu(NO,),. Professor Addison said that mixtures of solvents can be important. Both nitromethane and dinitrogen tetr-oxide are without action on metallic copper but if the tetroxide is diluted with nitromethane the metal readily dissolves presumably because the high dielectric constant of the organic liquid increases the self-ionization of the tetroxide. Molten salts (e.g. the LiCl-KC1 eutetic) are easy to handle and offer a wide range of conditions; in particular they allow the use of higher temperatures.Liquid metals provide the simplest solvent system. Professor Addison thought that considerable progress may be made in our understanding of solvent systems by studies of solutions in molten metals and he outlined some recent results. Sub-section A.G.M. The following have been elected Officers and Members of Committee of the Kent Sub-Section for 1963-64 Chairman Dr T. Dewing; Vice-Chairmen Mr L. M. Miall and Mr F. Tweedie; Hon. Secretary Mr A. Jones; Members of Committee, Mr B. P. Abell; Mr J. R. Barr; Mr H. R. Bennett; Mr P. G. Brackley; Dr G. E. Gale; Mr R. Goulden; Dr B. R. T. Keene; Dr C. E. Seaman; and Mr J. R. Simmons. MANCHESTER AND DISTRICT This lecture was given to the Section by Mr D. F. Scott on 28 February at Bury Technical College.Mr Scott introduced his lecture with a brief summary of the history of dyeing explaining the empirical develop-ment of some of the established methods. Today the situation was more complex and science was playing a much greater part. In particular the many different fibres used in fabrics required widely different types of dyes and the development of new dyeing procedures. He said that the main dyes were classified as basic, acid or disperse dyes and discussed the chemical basis of these dyes. The dyeing of cellulosic fibres such as cotton viscose rayon etc. was then considered in detail as an example of the problems which have to be studied by the chemist working in this field. The dye Dyeing-Art or Science 178 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY must be suitable from the standpoint of ease of applica-tion and also have good stability to washing and light.Mr Scott gave demonstrations of vat solubilized vat and azoic dyes and showed that these classes had good wet fastness but required relatively complicated dyeing methods. On the other hand the direct dyes which are readily applied have only moderate fastness to washing. The Procion dyes which form a suitable covalent bond with the fibre have the advantage of being readily applied but are not easily detached from the fibre and consequently have good fastness to washing. Mr D. G. Crosse proposed the vote of thanks. Annual Dinner and Dance. The annual dinner of the Section was held in the Bavaria Suite at Belle Vue Hotel on 8 March.After an excellent meal Mr R. Shackleton Section Chairman welcomed Dr R. E. Parker Secretary and Registrar members and their Dr R. E. Parker (left) Secretary and Registrar with Mrs R. Shackleton and Mr R. Shackleton Section Chairman. guests. In reply Dr Parker said that he had taken considerable interest in the activities of the Manchester and District Section which had the next largest member-ship after London. The dinner was followed by a dance during which a variety of spot prizes added to the enjoyment of the evening. The Section is indebted to Mr V. Husbands and Mr R. N. Heslop for their success in organizing this event. MID-SOUTHERN COUNTIES A joint meeting with the Portsmouth and District Chemical Society was held at the College of Technology Portsmouth on 8 March.Dr C. E. Stickings of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine lectured on ‘Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Fungal Products.’ In discussing fungal metabolites Dr Stickings said that mould products include a large number of organic Chemistry o f Fungal Products. compounds including polyacetylenes tropolones phen-ols quinones dianthraquinones ergot alkaloids steroids, triterpenes and sulphur-containing heterocyclics. He outlined three ways of considering the chemistry of fungal products biochemical taxonomy; the study of their structure; and the biosynthetic approach. The biosynthetic theory gives a unifying view of fungal metabolites especially the Birch ‘acetate hypo-thesis.’ It was shown by using 14C-labelled acetate that the following were acetate-derived orsellinic acid, 6-methylsalicylic acid mycophenolic acid and alter-nariol.Dr Stickings then discussed the biosynthesis of nitrogenous metabolites including the formation of penicillins and said that the work carried out at the School on tenuazonic acid showed that it was derived from acetate and isoleucine. Dr Stickings concluded with a discussion of the alkaloids derived from moulds particularly the ergot alkaloids from Clauiceps purpurea which were shown to be derived from tryptophan and mevalonic acid. Polybutadienes. Mr K. G. Burridge of International Synthetic Rubber Ltd lectured on this subject at a joint meeting with the Institution of the Rubber Industry at the Red Lion Hotel Salisbury on 13 March.The stereo polybutadienes represent a new class of general-purpose rubbers which may be compared with natural rubber (plus the synthetic natural rubbers) on the one hand and the various grades of styrene-buta-diene rubber on the other. Within the stereo poly-butadienes there are currently three commercially avail-able types low cis medium cis and high cis polybuta-dienes. These three types were compared in terms of general structure configuration of the monomeric units and molecular-weight distributions with natural rubber (including masticated natural rubber) synthetic natural rubber and a typical ‘cold’ styrene-butadiene rubber. The behaviour of the stereo polybutadienes with regard to vulcanization ageing mastication tack, processing resilience and abrasion resistance (in the context of tyre-tread life) was compared with that of natural and styrene-butadiene rubber.Mr Burridge concluded that from the viewpoint of the rubber technologist the three types of polybutadienes were very similar and lay intermediate between natural and styrene-butadiene rubber in their behaviour in chemical reactions. Where physical or physico-chemical features were important this was by no means the case. Polybutadienes exhibit a resilience higher than either natural or styrene-butadiene rubber and have a higher abrasion resistance but their tack properties and processing characteristics are poorer than those of natural or styrene-butadiene rubber. Education Symposium. A symposium on ‘The Teaching of Organic Chemistry at Pre-University Level’ was held in collaboration with the Association for Scienc 19631 SECTION ACTIVITIES 179 Education (Southern Counties Branch) at the Uni- methylene to the appropriate olefin were considered versity of Southampton on 23 March and was attended as examples and the products were analysed by gas by over 200 teachers.chromatographic methods. The observed rates of their After introductions by Mr W. F. Thorne the Chair isomerization were then discussed and compared with was taken by Professor R. C. Cookson of the University the complexity (‘effective’ number of oscillators) of the of Southampton. Dr P. Sykes of Cambridge University appropriate activated molecule. lectured on ‘Reactivity in Organic Compounds,’ and Dr R. A. Barter proposed the vote of thanks.hlr B. J. Stokes of King’s College School Wimbledon, spoke on “The Organic Chemistry Content of ‘0’ and ‘A’ Level Syllabuses.” Mr D. G. Chisman the Institute’s Education Officer, presided at the afternoon session when Dr R. E. Parker, Secretary and Registrar lectured on ‘Electronegativity as a Guide to Reaction Mechanisms’ and Dr R. L. Elliott of the Bradford Institute of Technology lectured on ‘Teaching Organic Chemistry with a Purpose.’ NORTH WALES Annual General Meeting. The Section A.G.M. was held in the Denbighshire Technical College Wrexham, on 13 February. Mr N. F. Rapps Section Chairman, presided. The reports of the Secretary and Treasurer were approved and the following were elected or re-elected Officers Chairman Dr W. R. Angus; Vice-Chairman Dr E.B. McCall; Hon. Treasurer Dr E. W. Claydon; and Hon. Secretary Mr S. McLintock. Dr Angus proposed the vote of thanks to Mr Rapps for his outstanding service to the Section. After the business had been concluded members were entertained by a film show. Unimolecular Reactions. A large number of student members attended the meeting held in Flintshire Tech-nical College Connah’s Quay on 27 February when Professor A. F. Trotman-Dickenson of the University College of Wales Aberystwyth lectured on ‘Uni-molecular Reactions.’ The speaker was introduced by the Section Chairman Dr Angus. The lecturer indicated that as unimolecular reactions constituted the simplest possible reactions it was not surprising that many attempts had been made to produce a theory to account for the magnitude of their rate factors.A unimolecular reaction studied in detail was that of the isomerization of cyclopropane to propylene. With improvements in analytical techniques this re-action has now been studied at pressures as low as 0.1 mm or less. Experiments have shown that the early Hinshelwood-Lindemann theory (which assumes a constant energy of activation) was inadequate to explain the observed decline of the rate constant with pressure, whereas the more recent theory due to Slater allowed for this fact and the observed data fitted this theory well, Professor Trotman-Dickenson then discussed a recent approach to the problem of unimolecular transformation, involving the production and study of vibrationally excited molecules.Activated cyclopropane and its fluorinated derivatives produced by the addition of Physical Methods of Analysis. Dr D. A. Pantony of the Royal School of Mines London lectured on this topic to a joint meeting with the North Wales Metall-urgical Society at Denbighshire Technical College, Wrexham on 13 March. Dr Pantony reviewed the four main groups of ana-lytical methods-‘classical,’ optical electrochemical and nuclear-and fundamental equations used in identifying and determining elements; emphasis was laid on energy considerations. He discussed various interrelated factors that helped in deciding on a choice of analytical methods and said that the usefulness and versatility of any present-day analytical laboratory were greatly increased by polarographs and spectrophotometers.For fully routine purposes the more expensive equipment becomes economically worthwhile. He described analytical unit processes to illustrate the difficulties of applying automation to metallurgical analysis. In the light of the demands of sampling, continuity immediacy and simplicity he showed that most existing instruments were unsuitable for adaptation except in the cases of well-mixed solutions and gases, and suggested that general methods were not the most promising and that special properties of elements should be used. Moreover it will be necessary to re-design metallurgical processes in an integrated programme of production analysis and control before automation can be fully applied. Dr Angus presided and Mr E.Whitley proposed the vote of thanks. SOUTH WALES Air Pollution. On 15 February at the Swansea College of Technology Dr B. T. Commins of the Air Pollution Unit Medical Research Council lectured on this subject to a joint meeting with the Western Section of the Society for Analytical Chemistry. Dr Commins described the effects of air pollution upon materials and health and said that records accumulated by bronchitic patients daily over a period of time showed a firm correlation between ‘degree of illness’ (how the patient felt) and the air-pollution records. There was however no such correlation with external temperature humidity or visibility each of which might influence the patient’s judgment of how he should feel. Dr Commins explained the conditions which lead to air pollution especially temperature inversion and went on to describe some of the methods used in analysis.Several points of great chemica 180 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY [MAY interest were made one of the most serious pollutants appears to be nitric oxide and at a concentration of 1 p.p.m. this compound has a half-life of 100 hours, so that at certain times of the year the concentration of nitric oxide is five times as great as that of nitrogen peroxide. An interesting mechanism is proposed for the formation of sulphuric acid in the atmosphere: moisture is adsorbed on small solid particles containing iron or manganese. This dissolves sulphur dioxide and the metal acts as a catalyst in the oxidation to sulphuric acid.There is also a possibility that nitric oxide takes part in a quasi lead-chamber process. The vote of thanks was proposed by Mr E. A. Hontoir, Vice-chairman of the S.A.C. Section. Symposium on Chemical Education A symposium on ‘The Teaching of Inorganic Chem-istry’ held in University College Swansea on 26 March was attended by nearly 150 people; 60 per cent of all Secondary Grammar Schools in South Wales were represented. Professor C. C. Addison of the University of Notting-ham opened the symposium with a lecture on ‘Old and New Concepts in Inorganic Chemistry.’ He showed how an uncritical acceptance of concepts such as the electron octet leads to fixation of ideas and hinders progress and gave as instances of new and ‘unexpected’ developments the compounds of the ‘inert’ gases and the anhydrous metallic nitrates which are found to be covalent volatile and stable in the gaseous state.Dr E. A. V. Ebsworth of Cambridge University, talked on ‘Inorganic Stereochemistry’ and said that the shape of a molecule was as important as its specific heat or boiling point. He showed how considerations of structure simplified the study of many apparently complex materials such as double salts silicates and phosphates. The final lecture was given by Mr M. G. Brown of the University of Nottingham on ‘The Periodic Table.’ Mr Brown said that it was nearly a century since Mendeleef first proposed the periodic law but we were still debating whether we should use it in our schools. He suggested that the Periodic Table should form the basis of the sixth-form chemistry course and gave instances of relationships which could be drawn and problems which could be based upon this study.Dis-cussion leaders were Mr B. W. Bryant of Neath Boys’ Grammar School Mr G. Gregory of Dynevor School, Swansea and Mr R. H. Davies of University College, Swansea. Each talk was followed by a lively discussion. Ladies’ Night. On 1 April at University College, Swansea a large audience which included girls from Swansea schools heard Miss Mamie Olliver research consultant to the Schweppes Group talk on ‘Fruit and Vegetables. ’ Miss Olliver described the differences between the two categories and the basic cell structure in plants. With the aid of slides she showed how the cells of potatoes were affected by boiling and why some potatoes fell apart after cooking.She discussed the Vitamin C content of plants and the effect on it of cooking. Miss Olliver also described the war-time work which led to the discovery that blackcurrants are extremely rich in Vitamin C and the immediate take-over by the Ministry of Food of the country’s entire blackcurrant production. The lecture was followed by an extremely lively dis-cussion which ranged from artificial colouring of jams to the pickling of German cabbage. The vote of thanks was proposed by Miss E. Leyshon. After the lecture there was a sherry reception for mem-bers and friends which was much appreciated. SOUTH- WESTERN COUNTIES On 14 February in the University of Exeter Mr F. Courtney Hanvood Vice-chairman, introduced Dr L.H. N. Cooper of the Marine Bio-logical Laboratory Plymouth who under the title ‘A Chemist at Sea,’ described some of the work of a chemical oceanographer in resolving the problems, not so much of the chemistry but of the biology physics and geology of the sea and sea-bed. The first part of the lecture was devoted to an account of the Plymouth Laboratory and its three research vessels and the second part to the chemistry done at sea. Precision studies of the distribution density show that the Bay of Biscay between a depth of 3200 m and the bottom in 4700 m is in neutral adiabatic equilibrium. In spite of this studies of the distribution of oxygen show that the deep water is stratified with layers of high oxygen content intruded into the resident water masses.Evidence of stratification is however, strongest at around 1900 m where a very complex stratification appears to result from the intermittent overspill of Norwegian Sea water over the ridges between Greenland and the Faeroe Islands. Each overspill or bolus of water has a different mixing history and each leads to a separate lamina of water. Examples of the value of silicate concentration in recognizing water masses were also given. Mr F. W. Hares District Member of Council, proposed the vote of thanks to Dr Cooper who was later entertained to dinner at the Imperial Hotel, Exeter . STIRLINGSHIRE AND DISTRICT Annual General Meeting. The Thirteenth A.G.M. was held on 29 March at Falkirk under the Chairman-ship of Mr J.M. Haig. The Hon. Secretary/ Treasurer’s Report for 1962-63 was presented and approved together with the Financial Statement. Draft Amended Rules for the Section were also sub-mitted to the A.G.M. and unanimously approved. A Chemist at Sea 19631 SECTION ACTIVITIES 181 MADRAS These Rules have as their main aim the modifications necessary to recognize Licentiates as Local Section Members. The following were elected Officers and Members of Committee for the 1963-64 Session Chairman, Mr J. Haig; Vice-chairman Mr R. J. Loveluck; Hon. Secretary/Treasurer Mr R. Nicol ; Members of Committee Dr R. E. B. Duncan; Dr W. Easton; Dr F. S. Fowkes; Dr F. Parker; Mr R. W. Rae; and Mr L. L. Wall. A short report of Council activities of general interest to the Section was read on behalf of Dr M.A. Pyke, District Member of Council. TEES-SIDE On 5 February Professor C. C. Addison lectured to the Section at the Constantine Technical College Middlesbrough on ‘Unusual Proper-ties of Metal Nitrates.’ Dr I. J. Faulkner was in the Chair. Professor Addison said that one of the disadvantages of inorganic chemistry is that it is assumed that every-thing is known about simple compounds. Recent studies of the metal nitrates have shown that this is not so. For example although the melts of alkali-metal nitrates are well known it is not often realized that these liquids have appreciable vapour pressures and that these compounds can be distilled under suitable conditions. Until recently the simple nitrates were those of Li Na, K Rb Cs Ca Sr Ba Ag and Hg.Following the studies of liquid N,O and N,O, organic-solvent systems simple nitrates have been pre-pared of many transitional elements; of these copper nitrate is probably the best known. Copper nitrate is a monomer in the vapour phase and is believed to have a structure in which two oxygen atoms from each nitrate group are covalently handed to the copper. Copper nitrate reacts explosively with diethyl ether but less vigorously with some other ethers and this reaction may be modified by the presence of ligands. Cobalt nitrate forms a 6-coordinate complex with trimethyl phosphine oxide Co(N0,) 2( Me,PO) 2 in which the nitrate groups are bidentate. Beryllium forms the simple Be(NO,) but on heating this goes to the basic compound Be,O(NO,), in which nitrate groups bridge between two beryllium atoms.After a very lively question-time Dr Faulkner gave the vote of thanks. Scientijic Meeting. ‘Terylene.’ On 14 March at the Constantine College of Technology Middlesbrough Dr P. V. Youle of I.C.I. Ltd Heavy Organic Chemicals Division spoke on ‘Terylene Intermediates and Polymerization’ (see J. 1961 190). After a lively and informative question-time Mr W. C. J. Smith Section Vice-chairman, proposed the vote of thanks to Dr Youle. Annual General Meeting. The A.G.M. of the Section was held on 30 March at the Madras Medical College. The Hon. Secretary’s report for the year 1962 was read and approved. Officers and Members of Com-mittee for the coming year are Chairman Dr A. R. Natarajan; Hon.Secretary Mr N. Pitchandi; Members of Committee Mr K. Narayanasamy; Mr M. S. Rama Iyer; Mr R. Subramanian; Dr S. S. Subra-manian; Dr B. S. Thyagarajan; Mr K. S. S. Varadan; and Mr R. Viraraghavan. Dr N. Verghese was re-elected Hon. Auditor. After business had been concluded the Chairman de-livered his address on the ‘Position of Chemists Today.’ Dr Natarajan said that the special emergency in India had created a great demand for chemists in ordnance factories and in analytical laboratories for standardiza-tion and quality-control of food and food products, chemicals and drugs for the defence department. Fifteen years ago the prospects for chemists were not so bright as they are today. Plans for scientific development have been drawn up by the Government to increase industrialization and exports.India had forged ahead in the fields of industry agriculture and the manufacture of chemicals drugs and other materials, and thus had greatly widened the scope for scientists in general and chemists in particular. After the address members and guests were enter-tained with two films-Colour and Power to _Fly-shown by courtesy of the British Council. Dr N. Verghese proposed the vote of thanks. WESTERN INDIA Synthesis of Emetine. Dr T. Walker of Glaxo Laboratories (India) Pvt. Ltd Bombay addressed the Section on ‘The Synthesis of Emetine’ on 2 March. Dr Walker discussed briefly the problems involved in the synthesis of emetine and pointed out that the major difficulty was the introduction of the four asymmetric centres in a reasonably stereospecific manner.He illustrated several different approaches to the problem by reviewing some of the published syntheses particularly those of the Roche group in Switzerland and Dr Battersby and his colleagues in Bristol. In all these syntheses the tetrahydroiso-quinoline system containing the C(i) asymmetric centre was formed only after the benzoquinolizidine portion had been separately synthesized. He briefly discussed the implications of this general method and then went on to outline the radically different approach followed by a Glaxo research group in the United Kingdom which in some respects allowed the introduction of all the asymmetric centres in a more stereospecific manner. Dr S. K. Punshi introduced the speaker and Dr T.P. S. Rajan proposed the vote of thanks News and Notes SPECIAL COURSES Research and Development Course.-The Comparative Administration Trust is organizing a practical four-week residential course on ‘Administra-tion and Management of Research and Development,’ to be held at Gonville and Caius College Cambridge, from 14 July to 9 August (see J. 63). The aim of the course is to improve the practical effectiveness of those engaged in administration and management of technical work in industry in industrial research associations or publicly sponsored research establishments. Practical exercises are a characteristic feature of the course; there will be practical work in management accounting, general management procedures and planning and preparation of technical reports.Application forms and further particulars are avail-able from the Comparative Administration Trust, 30 St George Street London W.1. Russian Course for Graduates.-The liberal studies department of the Battersea College of Tech-nology has organized an intensive full-time course on Russian for postgraduates in industry and Government service to begin on Monday 6 January 1964 and to last three terms. This course forms part of a nation-wide drive sponsored by the Ministry of Education, D.S.I.R. and other organizations to increase the numbers of specialists in various fields with a knowledge of Russian. Applicants should be graduates of British universities though graduates from non-British uni-versities will be considered for the course.Copies of the prospectus are available from Mr R. Lord Principal Tutor in Russian Studies Liberal Studies Department, Battersea College of Technology London S.W. 1 1. Science of Materials.-The Imperial College of Science and Technology has introduced a one-year postgraduate course in the science of materials based on the departments of chemical electrical and mechani-cal engineering chemistry mathematics metallurgy and physics. The course aims to equip graduate engineers and scientists and to broaden the outlook of metallurgists to enable them to participate effectively in materials research and development in industry. At the same time it will provide the fundamental knowledge on which engineering decisions involved in the application of new materials may be based.The course begins on the first Tuesday in October; it is a full-time course of 10 months’ duration leading to the award of the Diploma of Membership of the Imperial College (D.I.C.). Further details are available from The Registrar Imperial College of Science and Tech-nology Prince Consort Road London S.W.7. MEETINGS AND CONFERENCES Biochemical Society.-The Society has arranged the third of its International Meetings to take place in Oxford from 18 to 20 July. These meetings are open to all biochemists and the programme will consist of: the Fourth Hopkins Memorial Lecture to be given by L. F. Leloir on ‘Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars and Saccharide Synthesis’ on 18 July; a Discussion Sympo-sium on ‘Control of Lipid Metabolism’ and two colloquia ‘Methods of Determining Sequences in Nucleic Acids’ and ‘Vitamin B, in Growth and Metabolism of Micro-Organisms,’ on 19 July.The last day of the Meeting will be devoted to free papers on any aspect of biochemistry. Abstracts of the papers should be sent to Dr H. R. V. Arnstein National Institute for Medical Research Mill Hill London, N.W.7 before 4 June. Accommodation will be available in Colleges of the University. Those wishing to reserve accommodation should write to the Admini-strative Secretary The Biochemical Society 20 Park Crescent London W.1 before 1 May. There is no registration fee. IUPAC International Congress.-The 19th Inter-national Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry will be heId in London from 10 to 17 July at various centres (see J.27). An outline of the scientific programme giving the times of Congress lectures and indicating the periods devoted to the discussion of contributed papers is now available and may be obtained from the Secretary. A comprehensive programme of visits to laboratories and works of chemical interest has been arranged including an all-day visit to Oxford or Cambridge. Registration fees are L7 plus L2 for a lady accompanying a Member and a reduced fee of L4 for full-time students. The closing date for applications is 15 June and further information is available from the Hon. Secretary XIXth IUPAC Congress 14 Belgrave Square London S. W. 1. NEW AND RECENT PUBLICATIONS British Universities Annual 1962.-The inten tion of this Annual a new venture by the A.U.T.is to collect in one volume factual information about the actual or intended state of affairs in our university system together with reports on the developments and problems of each year. The short time available after the decision of the Association to start the Annual in 1962 has meant that it is not as comprehensive as could have been wished though the different regions and types of university are with obvious exceptions, fairly well represented. Solvents.-The book ‘Solvents from Heavy Organic Chemicals Division I.C.I. Ltd,’ gives an outline of 18 NEWS AND NOTES 183 the more important properties of the solvents available from the Division together with notes on chemical behaviour physiological properties handling and storage and uses.This edition of 80 pages is designed for use in the U.K. and copies are available from the Division, Billingham Co. Durham. Clean Air.-At a meeting of the National Society for Clean Air on 17 April a comparison was made between the smog of 1952 and that of December 1962. From the meteorological point of view the 1962 fog was much the same as the notorious episode in 1952, except that it lasted one day less. Average pollution for the worst 24-hour period was up to ten times as great as on an average winter’s day for both smoke and sulphur dioxide. Although sulphur dioxide concentra-tions were of the same order in both fogs and sulphur dioxide emission in London had not changed very much since 1952 the emission of smoke had gone down by some 37 per cent in the last ten years.It seems reasonable to assume therefore that pollution by smoke must have been that amount worse in the earlier fog. The exceptional weather conditions last December had been a severe test of the measures so far taken under the Clean Air Act to reduce pollution. Comparison with previous major fogs showed both the value of the steps taken and the need to press on with the full programme for the establishment of Smoke Control Areas. The smaller number of deaths in the 1962 fog is expected to give greater impetus to the clean air policy. Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933.-The Home Office has recently published a notice to trade and other organizations affected by the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933 listing Statutory Instruments giving effect to recommendations made to the Secretary of State by the Poisons Board.Details of the proposed changes in the Poisons List and Rules are available from the Home Office Whitehall London S.W. 1. Research at I.C.1.-The 1962 Annual Report of I.C.I. Ltd reveals that of the A18 million spent on research and development in the U.K. in 1962 the largest single sum was spent on work associated with the invention development manufacture and use of organic polymers. Processes for the manufacture of polypropylene staple fibre for use in pile fabrics and blankets for example were established; and work on converting polypropylene into a film of exceptional strength clarity and sparkle made satisfactory progress and the first full-scale production plant is expected to come into operation at Dumfries during 1963.Research on polyurethanes had led to their increasing employ-ment as rigid and flexible foams elastomers and paints in a wide range of industries. During 1962 two new polyurethane foam laminates were introduced one, ‘Vyweld,’ is for use as interior car-door panelling and the second with ‘Vynair’ coated fabrics can be bonded directly to the inside of a car roof giving better sound deadening without loss of headroom. A substantial research and development effort was applied to new organic chemicals used in the manu-facture of fibres and plastics products. In addition longer-term research work on polymer products and their intermediates will be carried out both in Divisions and by the new Petrochemical and Polymer Laboratory.CORRESPONDENCE STANDARDS OF SCIENTIFIC WRITING SIR,-We have in this College a research project in which we are investigating problems involved in the communication of scientific and technological informa-tion. Our aims are to find out what justification there is for the growing criticism of the standards of scientific and technical writing in universities colleges research centres and industry; to find out what special difficulties there are in this writing; to devise new ways of teaching and testing ability in communication as part of our undergraduate courses; and to provide help for industry in cases where aid with communication problems is required. We are concerned with all kinds of scientific and technical writing whether it is by specialists for other specialists or by specialists for non-specialists and we are examining layout general presentation use of English and use of illustrative aids in that writing.With the co-operation of many companies and research centres we have gathered together a wide selection of the various forms of writing required in industrial commercial and scientific contexts (reports, abstracts memoranda minutes instructions etc.) . We have gathered information about the special layout required by individual companies and evidence of the main difficulties and weaknesses usually shown in scientific and technical writing. We have also collected opinions on what sort of preparation for scientific and technical writing ought to be and could be included in the training of scientists and technologists.We should be pleased to hear from any of your readers in schools colleges research centres and industry who are conscious of difficulties in the com-munication of scientific and technical ideas and to discuss communication problems with them. A. J. KIRKMAN Department of English and Liberal Studies, Welsh College of Advanced Technology, Cathays Park, Cardiff 184 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL TOXIC EFFECTS OF DIAZOTIZED P-NITROANILINE SIR,--Many chemicals used in routine clinical chemistry work are toxic to a greater or lesser degree. In our laboratory a 0.2 per cent diazotized solution of p-nitroaniline is used for developing chromatograms of phenolic acids and amines. Sax1 states that p-nitroaniline has a high toxic rating, both by skin adsorption inhalation and ingestion.The maximum allowable concentration is 1 part per million vapour in air. The toxicity of the diazotized compound is unknown. The effects of inhalation of this spray appear to be progressive and cumulative. In my specific case the clinical symptoms were a marked loss of appetite between two to three hours after inhalation. This was followed by an irritant cough the hands became cold and numb. Attacks of shivering occurred alternating with hot flushes. The temperature rose within the space of a few hours to 102"-103"F. The throat and sinus passages became inflamed and some haemorrhage occurred from the nasal passages. Rest in bed resulted in complete recovery after 24 hours.However further exposure to even low concentration of the vapour resulted in all the symptoms being repeated with increased severity. I would venture to suggest that precautionary measures should be taken when using this spray reagent. The operator should wear rubber gloves and a face mask and the spraying should be done in a fume cupboard fitted with a hood if possible. A. W. STOTT Group Pathological Laboratory, Warwick. INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY Ronald Bridgwater Chinn. B. 30.6.07. Ed. Xottingham University College 1926-3 1. In 1932 he became a general science master under the City of Nottingham Education Committee. In 1940 he was appointed chemistry master at Newbridge (Mon.) Secondary School and in 1943 took a post as senior chemistry master at Whitcliffe Mount Grammar School, Cleckheaton.Some years later he joined Heversham School, Milnthorpe as chemistry master a post which he held for the rest of his life. ( A . 1944) D. 22.11.62. Harold William Christian. B. 19.8.10. Ed. Sir John Cass Technical Institute 1926-29; Battersea Polytechnic 193 1-36. BSc. In 1929 he entered the laboratories of J. Lyons & Co. Ltd and soon joined the Microbiological Section where he worked for over 25 years on bacteriological problems becoming a section research chemist in 1958. He was a quiet kindly man with a great sense of humour and was greatly respected by all his colleagues. He was a very competent pianist and organist and was closely associated for most of his life with his local Methodist Church. ( A . 1937). D. 10.10.62. George Drewry. B. 26.1 1.1898. Ed. University of Birmingham, 1919-23. B.Sc. In 1925 he became senior chemistry master at Prescot Grammar School where he remained until 1939 when he joined H.M. Forces. He served throughout the Second World War attaining the rank of Lieut-Col in the ammunition branch, R.A.O.C. and was awarded the O.B.E. for his duties on active service in Italy. In 1946 he was appointed headmaster of the South-West Essex County Technical School and some years later took a similar post at McEntee County Technical School London. B.Sc. (Lond.) . In 195 1 he was awarded the Territbrial Efficiency Decoration. ( A . 1945) D. 3.12.62. George Van Barneveld Gilmour. B. 28.3.1891. Ed. Omagh Academy; Royal College of Science of Ireland 191 1-15. BSc., Ph.D. (Lond.). In 19 15 he joined the Maypole Margarine Works Ltd as a works chemist and in 1925 he moved to take charge of the laboratory of the English Margarine Works Liverpool. He left in 1929 on his appointment as bacteriologist to the Department of Agriculture Dublin. He retired in 1956 being then Chief Technical Officer and Official Analyst to the Department of Agriculture. For many years he acted as external examiner for the National University of Ireland. His hobbies were fishing and genealogical research. ( A . 1917 F. 1925) D. 22.8.62. 1. Sax N. I. et al. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. New York Reinhold Publishing Corporation 1957 p. 944. THE REGISTER OBITUARY Frederick Thomas Allen. B. 1.2.1878. Ed. Armstrong College (now King's College) Newcastle upon Tyne 1897-1900. M.Sc. (Dunelm.). He commenced his career as a science master at Carlisle Higher Grade School wherevhe remained for three and a half years before becoming lecturer in chemistry and head of the chemistry department at Carlisle Technical School. He took a similar post 7 years later at Ramsey Grammar School Hunting-don where he was later promoted to headmaster. He retired in 1941. John Wilson Armstrong. B. 30.8.15. Ed. Royal Technical College and the University Glasgow 1933-36. B.Sc. In 1937 he became a research chemist at Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd, Billingham Division. Some years later he took a post as a technical representative of the Shell Chemical Co. Ltd and later joined Styrene Co-Polymers Ltd Sale. At the time of his death he was development manager of Mody & Co. Ltd Warrington. ( A . 1944) D. 16.1.63. Terence John Barnes. B. 13.1.35. Ed. Queen Mary College, London 1954-60. B.Sc. Ph.D. In 1960 he went to America to take up a postdoctoral research associateship at the University of Illinois and whilst in America he was fatally injured in a road accident on vacation. ( A . 1960). D. August 1962. ( A . 1918) D. 29.11.62. DEATHS Fellows BAYLEY Dudley Perrin B.SC. (LOND.). Died 20 February, 1963 aged 63. A . 1926 F. 1942. FALLOWS Leonard M.A. (CANTAB.). Died 7 April 1963, aged 70. A . 1918 F. 1928. HAYWORTH William Prince. Died March 1963 aged 77. A . 1906 F. 1910. KIRKHOPE Thomas Bertram. Died 19 March 1963, aged 81. MCCALLUM Louis Francis. Died 12 March 1963 aged 72. A . 1918 F. 1934. MITCHELL Alec Duncan D.SC. (LOND.). Died 26 March, 1963 aged 74. A . 1919 F. 1926. WHITTON James Tod. Died 26 March 1963 aged 89. A . 1896 F. 1899. WHITWORTH James Bell B.SC. (WALES) PH.D. (CANTAB.). Died March 1963 aged 67. WICKENS Rev. George Leonard. Died 21 March 1963, aged 61. A . 1944 F. 1947. A . 1903 F. 1906. A . 1919 F. 1942. Associates PITTMAN Valerie Phyllis B.SC. PH.D. (LOND.). Died 28 February 1963 aged 54. ROBERTS Charles Frederick Aked B.SC. PH.D. (LIV.). Died 14 March 1963 aged 55. A . 1932. A . 1931
ISSN:0368-3958
DOI:10.1039/JI9638700151
出版商:RSC
年代:1963
数据来源: RSC
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