ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03325.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03326.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03327.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03328.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03329.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract(±)3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”), a ring‐substituted amphetamine derivative first synthesized in 1914, has emerged as a popular recreational drug of abuse over the last decade. Pharmacological studies indicate that MDMA produces a mixture of central stimulant and psychedelic effects, many of which appear to be mediated by brain monoamines, particularly serotonin and dopamine. In addition to its pharmacologic actions, MDMA has been found to possess toxic activity toward brain serotonin neurones. Serotonergic neurotoxicity after MDMA has been demonstrated in a variety of experimental animals (including non‐human primates). In monkeys, the neurotoxic dose of MDMA closely approaches that used by humans. While the possibility that MDMA is also neurotoxic in humans is under investigation, other adverse effects of MDMA in humans have been documented, including various systemic complications and a number of untoward neuropsychiatric sequelae. Notably, many of the adverse neuropsychiatric consequences noted after MDMA involve behavioral domains putatively influenced by brain serotonin (e.g., mood, cognition and anxiety). Given the restricted status of MDMA use, retrospective clinical observations from suspecting clinicians will probably continue to be a primary source of information regarding MDMA's effects in humans. As such, this article is intended to familiarize the reader with the behavioral pharmacology and toxicology of MDMA, with the hope that improved recognition of MDMA‐related syndromes will provide insight into the function of serotonin in the human brain, in health as wel

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03330.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe “matching hypothesis”—the concept that treatment will be improved if matched to individual needs or characteristics—has, over recent years, attracted attention, and some research to test its validity has been conducted. These studies are briefly reviewed and an analysis then reported which focuses on exploration of the possible interaction between treatment intensity, patient characteristics with particular reference to degree of dependence on alcohol, and 12‐month treatment outcome. The data derive from a controlled trial in which patients were randomized between “Treatment” and “Advice”. No significant interactions of the kind postulated were identified and, at least for this data set, the matching hypothesis is not confirmed. Possible interpretations of these findi

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03331.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ) has been developed as pan of a treatment evaluation package. The LDQ is a 10‐item, self completion questionnaire designed to measure dependence upon a variety of substances; it has been shown to be understood by users of alcohol and opiates. The questionnaire was designed to be sensitive to change over time and to be sensitive through the range from mild to severe dependence; the follow‐up data are insufficient to demonstrate change over time, but are encouraging. It is expected that both clinicians and researchers will find it useful to have a single measure relating to substance use, but not limited by specific substances. All items are scored 0‐1‐2‐3; there are no normative data. The procedure for establishing content validity is described and estimates of concurrent, discriminant and convergent validities are reported; these validities are thought to be satisfactory. A principal components analysis produced a single factor accounting for 64% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94. Test‐retest reliability was found

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03332.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAccording to the “bi‐axial” concept of alcohol dependence, the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS) constitutes an axis or dimension of alcohol difficulties, while other alcohol‐related problems (social, legal, etc.) constitute one or more separate dimensions. The validity of the bi‐axial distinction was investigated in a stratified probability sample of 3212 US current drinkers who were interviewed in their households. Indicators of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome and potentially distinct alcohol‐related problems were covered in a structured interview administered by carefully trained interviewers. This interview provided extensive coverage of drinking patterns and problems. Aspects of the ADS covered included narrowing, salience, tolerance, withdrawal, withdrawal relief/avoidance and compulsion/control. Other alcohol problems included difficulties with work, health, the law, general social difficulties and problems in marriage/home life. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were used to determine whether a single factor (dimension) or two or more factors fit the data best. Using all methods, we found that one general factor explained the structure of the data better than a two‐factor model or other models for males, females, blacks and whites. Thus, the utility of this approach to distinguishing between types of alcohol problems was challenged, raising some questions about abuse/dependence distinctions in various

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03333.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing data from the first epidemiological study of mainland Puerto Rican drinking, the authors explore the relationships between negative affect, alcohol expectancies and drinking problems. Results revealed that the co‐occurrence of depressed mood and drinking problems was strongly moderated by alcohol expectancies. More specifically, the co‐occurrence was strongest among those Puerto Ricans who most expected alcohol to elevate their mood. Findings are discussed in terms of their explication of the co‐morbidity of depressive symptomatology and alcohol

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03334.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY