ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00948.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00949.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00950.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00951.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00952.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00953.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDespite the widespread use of psychotherapy for patients with substance use disorders, the effectiveness of psychotherapists conducting such treatment has received little research attention. In this paper, empirical studies of therapists' differences in patient outcome and dropout rates are comprehensively reviewed. The main conclusions are that therapists show diverse rates of effectiveness, and that such differences appear independent of both therapists' professional background and of patient factors at the start of therapy. The primary therapist characteristic thus far associated with higher effectiveness is the possession of strong interpersonal skills. Guidelines for research on therapist effectiveness are presented.

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00954.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo determine risk factors for HIV–1 among drug injectors in Rio de Janeiro, where cocaine is the dominant drug of injection, subjects were recruited using the criteria and interview instrument of the World Health Organization's Cross–National Study of HIV infection and risk behaviour in injecting drug users. HIV antibody test results were derived both from serum tests and from self–reports of previous tests (documented evidence of self–reported seropositivity was required). The analytical sample consists of 123 subjects, recruited both at drug abuse treatment sites and at street locations. Of 27 subjects with both serological and self–reported antibody status data, 20 reported previous negative tests; of these three had positive sera and may have seroconverted. Seven subjects reporting prior positive serostatus all tested positive. For the 123 subjects, seroprevalence was 34%. Independent significant risk factors in multivariate logistic regression with backwards elimination are: years of injection greater than 5; being a male who has had sex with men in the previous 5 years; and not having taken deliberate steps to protect oneself against AIDS. These findings indicate that homosexual/bisexual male drug injectors may be a bridge group through which HIV is entering drug–injecting networks in Rio de Janeiro. Efforts by drug injectors to reduce their risk of infection seem to have protective effects. This underscores the importance of HIV prevention efforts aimed at dru

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00955.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the rate at which young people can purchase alcohol without age identification in off‐premises businesses, and the factors which influence the rate of purchase. All retail outlets licensed to sell distilled spirits and/or full strength beer and wine in 28 northern Minnesota communities were visited on different occasions by three 21‐year‐old female buyers who appeared to be aged 19 or younger. These youthful buyers were able to purchase beer without age identification in 47% of the 336 purchase attempts. Almost four‐fifths of the businesses sold beer to these buyers at least once in three attempts. These results provide clear evidence that many commercial off‐sale businesses in the US supply alcohol to youthful buyers, and that practices vary significantly by community and by business. These results support the need for greater attention to availability as a factor in teenage drinking

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00956.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA theoretical model is presented in which alcohol consumption patterns are expressed in terms of frequencies of initiation and probabilities of continued drinking once consumption has begun. The model is used to explicate the relationships between measures of drinking frequency, drinking quantity, modal or typical drinking and total alcohol consumption. A mathematical realization of this, model is developed and applied to data on quantities and frequencies of alcohol use obtained from a general population survey of California consumers. These data were used to estimate the basic parameters of the alcohol consumption model, obtain drinking pattern estimates derived from the model and analyse these measures in the context of background demographic variables. Pattern estimates from I fie model mere bench‐marked against, self‐reports available in the original data. The results of these analyses showed that: (1) frequencies of drinking were exponentially distributed; (2) probabilities of continued drinking were best characterized by a log‐logistic function; and (3) estimates of modal and total drinking levels derived from the model were substantively related to self reports. Estimates of total consumption obtained from the model were 28% greater than those obtained from standard quantity‐frequency estimates. This difference was consistent with expectations based upon the theoretica

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00957.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY