摘要:

AbstractThis review examines the role of the general practitioner in assisting patients to stop smoking and in reducing levels of excessive drinking. After over a decade of clinical trials, vie discuss what interventions work in general practice and interpret the results of clinical trials conducted predominantly in Australia and the UK. Studies have generally found a superiority of GPs’ brief advice over non‐intervention groups. Very brief GP advice results in smoking abstinence rates from 5% to 10%, reduction in alcohol consumption of around 25–35% and reduction in proportions of excessive drinkers of around 45%. The greater investment of GPs’ time and the more comprehensive interventions which include follow up usually resulted in higher abstinence rates among smokers from between 20% to 36%, and reduction in proportions of excessive drinkers of up to 60–70%. The contributions of the adjuncts nicotine chewing gum, follow up visits and the personalisation of health effects are discussed. It is difficult to make comparisons between studies and toe examine some of the reasons. The predictors of successful outcome are presented as they are of particular interest to GPs in terms of targeting health promotion a

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00847.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reviews some of the issues related to the appropriateness of generalizing the results from clinical trials which have been conducted in genera] practice for smokers and excessive drinkers. We discuss the representativeness of the results related to the method of recruitment of general practices and patients to the study populations. We examine methodological issues and reasons associated with general practitioners’ and patients’ non‐compliance with maintaining the research protocols and intervention requirements which relate to the practice worthiness and the future uptake of interventions. When assessing the applicability of interventions to general practice, there are three basic research questions which should be looked at quite separately that relate to: efficacy, effectiveness and implement

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00848.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article reviews the main methods of dissemination of interventions to doctors for the benefit of patients who are smokers and excessive drinkers. Firstly, the modes of delivery of interventions are discussed suck as: postal delivery, face‐to‐face strategies such as an educational facilitator, courier, training workshops, reinforcement contact after training, and teaching in medical school. Secondly, vie examine GPs' delivery of interventions working in association with others such as with: the health visitor, health facilitator, practice nurse, and specialist clinic. Thirdly, we discuss the debate about the public health impact of GP interventions for smokers, which is about rates of recruitment of patients to programs and about the most effective interventions that will continue to be used by GPs. Fourthly, doctors underutilize their opportunities to identify and intervene with smokers and excessive drinkers and we explore many of the barriers to intervention. Finally, there are several new initiatives in general practice that require research including: matching GPs to specific treatments, comparing the uptake and continued use of different levels of interventions, evaluating the most effective ways of delivering interventions to GPs, and the training of doctors in the intervention meth

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00849.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDirect effects of modeling and indirect effects of social perception processes have been implicated in the acquisition and maintenance of alcohol use. Parental and peer drinking behavior (assessed from self‐reports), and student perceptions about parent and peer drinking (assessed from student estimates of their parents' and friends' alcohol use) were examined through surveys of college students, their parents, and a same‐sex best friend. Results showed that students' perceptions about their parents' drinking and parents' self‐reported quantity of alcohol consumed mere significant correlates of students' own drinking. Perceptions about their friends' alcohol use were found to mediate the strong correlation between student and friend drinking. Perceived similarity to parents, but not perceived similarity to their friend, moderated the relation between students' alcohol use and their perceptions about the alcohol use of significant others. When parents were asked to estimate the alcohol use of their sons, daughters, and the average college student, they consistently estimated lower consumption for their offspring than for the average st

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00850.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe goal of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of primary alcoholics with alcoholic hallucinosis. Six hundred and forty‐three primary alcoholic men were recruited from a 28‐day Alcohol and Drug Treatment Program at the San Diego VA Medical Center. Subjects only experiencing perceptual abnormalities during alcohol withdrawal, drug‐related hallucinosis, as well as those having abnormal sensations that did not meet criteria for hallucinations were excluded from the present study. The remaining 532 subjects were divided into Group 1 {n =48}, which consisted of subjects with a DSM‐HIR and ICD‐10 diagnosis of alcoholic hallucinosis, and Group 2 (n –484) which consisted of those without any history of hallucinations. A comparison of the two groups revealed that Group 1 men were younger at the onset of alcohol problems, consumed more alcohol per occasion, developed more alcohol‐related life problems, and had higher rates of drug experimentation as well as more different types of drugs used. This study suggests that primary alcoholics who consume more drugs and/or alcohol might be at an increased risk for developing alcoholic

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00851.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA survey was undertaken of needle‐sharing and sexually risky behaviour among 231 Australian amphetamine users, half of whom usually injected amphetamine. The prevalence of risky needle use and sexual behaviour was similar to that observed in recent Australian surveys of opioid injectors. About a third of those who had ever injected had shared needles, and the variables that best predicted frequency of sharing needles were having an injecting drug user as a partner, having experienced symptoms of dependence on amphetamines, and having sought medical treatment for an amphetamine related problem. Regular condom use with either regular or casual partners toas low; only the minority employed in the sex industry regularly used condoms. Sexual risk‐taking was not related to needle‐sharing or amphetamine use. Although Australian amphetamine and opioid users have reduced their risks of transmitting HIV, there remains a substantial minority of both types of drug injector who continue to place themselves and others at risk by sharing needles and engaging in unsafe sexual beha

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00852.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo date, none of the studies on gender differences in physical morbidity have focused on persons classified as DSM‐III‐R alcohol abusers and/or dependent in the general population. This Data Note presents data from a nationally representative survey on drinking practices and related problems for the purpose of examining gender differences in physical morbidity among respondents receiving these diagnoses. Results indicated that for certain major sociodemographic subgroups of the population, gender differences in morbidity were significant. The female‐to‐male odds ratios of these subgroups generally varied within the range of 1.5 and 2.0, reflecting about two times greater odds of experiencing morbid conditions for females when compared t

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00853.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00854.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00855.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00857.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY