ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02759.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02760.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAfter reading the deterrence literature, particularly the work of H. Laurence Ross, I concluded in the late 1970's that many road accidents could be prevented through the whokhearted implementation of random breath testing (RBT). RBT is a system of drink‐drive law enforcement which aims to increase the perceived likelihood of apprehension through the use of mass breath testing techniques at roadblocks which are highly visible, are unpredictable in their locations and give the impression of ubiquity. As the result of public pressure, RBT was introduced in NSW in December 1982, with spectacular results. The law was intensively enforced and extensively advertised, partly due to the advocacy of researchers such as myself, but also because there was an acute political need for instant results. Since RBT is a difficult enforcement technique for police to sustain in effective form, researchers must strive to improve their understanding of what works, and remain in close contact with police, policy makers and politicians. Although this process is costly in terms of time and, possibly, academic ‘pay‐off’, it is essential if the fragile understanding of deterrence principles amongst these groups is not to lead to superficially attractive, but probably ineffective techniques such as low visibility mob

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02159.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlcohol is used in most cultures despite knowledge of the physical, psychological and social problems associated with its abuse. Behavioural impairment is a function of several factors, including blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and the rate of alcohol metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase and the microsomal ethanol‐oxidizing system. Their availability and activity depend upon alcohol use history, ethnicity, other drug use and gender. Adverse social consequences related to alcohol intoxication include impaired driving, acts of aggression and violence towards self and others, and various types of accidents. About 40% of all fatal traffic accidents in Canada and the US in 1986‐1987 were alcohol‐related. Similar statistics have been reported in the UK and Europe (e.g. Sweden). The risk of a fatal car accident increases exponentially with a driver's BAC, prompting recommendations to lower the legal BAC limit for driving and piloting aircraft. Risks of falls, drownings, and fires and bums may also be increased by alcohol intoxication. At least 22% of work‐related accidents may have involved alcohol use. These data are probably conservative estimates as under‐reporting of alcohol use is likely. Alcohol facilitates aggressive behaviours, but it is difficult to separate the pharmacological effect from psychosocial effects or some other common factor (e.g. low CSF levels of the serotonin metabolite 5‐H1AA have been reported in alcoholics, suicide attempters, violent offenders). In addition, alcohol interacts with other drugs to increase or decrease their behavioural and therapeutic effects. An acutely high BAC inhibits the metabolism of other CNS depressants (e.g. benzodiazepines), but long‐term alcohol use increases the metabolism of most drugs. A potential amethystic agent, to block or reverse alcohol's effects, has been identified in preclinical studies (Ro15‐4513, an imidazobenzodiazepine). Some clinical studies indicated that naloxone, lithium, ibuprofen, zimeldine and catecholamine agonists may reduce ethanol‐induced behavioural or cognitive effects but the results have not been consistently replicated. More research is needed to determine the potential clinical use of amethystic agents and other pharmacotherapies in the prevention and treatment of problem behaviours associated with alcohol abuse

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02761.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines the public policy campaign that led up to the passage of New Zealand's Smoke‐free Environments Act 1990, arguably the toughest tobacco control legislation in the world, focusing on the critical interaction between advocacy and research. The paper argues that had it not been for the Toxic Substances Board Report and the publicity it received, it is doubtful that the Smoke‐free Environments Act would have been enacted. The tobacco industry catch cry that ad bans don't work, largely fell on deaf ears because of the Toxic Substances Board Report's findings, and the public health advocate's ability to refer to an authoritative Department of Health docum

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02160.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlcoholic beverage advertising in Australia is allowed provided it conforms with a Code of Conduct approved by the Media Council of Australia (a collective of media proprietors). This system, known as self‐regulation, has come under increasing critical scrutiny. It is argued from a systemic perspective that research has been one factor that has led to this increased scrutiny of alcoholic beverage advertising. Important other factors include the advent of the Australian National Campaign against Drug Abuse (which crucially included alcohol on its agenda), some erosion of the alcoholic beverage producers political status, declining per capita consumption, and an increase in media reporting on alcohol and drug issues. By examination of five research reports recently released on alcohol advertising it is argued that, in order to influence policy makers in an area where there is substantial opposition to change, research must be deftly marketed, contain information of political relevance, such as opinion poll material, and be used as a lobbying tool. The role of researchers in this process is considere

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn 1990, a small research project costing about Aus. $4500 conducted in a Perth shopping centre directly influenced the development of a national policy within 4 months of its completion. The policy in question is a recommendation by Australia's Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy that all alcoholic beverage containers should many labels indicating the number of ‘standard drinks’ they contain. The purpose of this paper is to describe the events leading up to so unusual an event with a view to discerning what factors may have been critical or its occurrence. The paper attempts to analyse the nature of the interactions between the research team and the policy makers. It is argued that the critical factors included there being a favourable policy climate created by the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse, the support of influential public servants and, in turn, politicians, the consultative process which lead to the study's design and the manner in which the findings were dissemina

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper puts the role of research into perspective in the policy‐making context. It points out that there are differing ‘policy’ goals of government and the use of research might be vital for one element, e.g. health policy, but of lesser significance in, say, international policy. The paper then goes on to describe case studies of where research has had a major impact on government decision making in Australia in the past 2 years, notably in the area of proposed changes to the marketing and sale of alcoholic beve

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02163.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent changes in alcohol availability and access in the United States are reviewed and the role public policy research played in such changes are discussed. The paper finds that there are two concurrent trends, i.e. increased alcohol availability through changes in wine and spirits structural availability, lower prices and increased outlet densities, and decreased availability and access through higher minimum drinking ages, server intervention and training, server liability, low‐ and no‐alcohol beverages, and warning labels on alcohol containers. This paper discusses these trends and the implications for policy development to which research is an in

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02164.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractScales to measure five survival rules proposed by Black (1979) and Wegscheider (1976) as characteristic of children of alcoholics were developed and tested among a sample of 112 adolescents. Scales representing the lost child, the acting out child, and the mascot were highly intercorrelated, but use of the placater role was relatively unrelated to other roles. The relationship between parental drinking and role use was examined using hierarchical multiple regression which controlled for sex, age and three family variables, intimacy, deliberateness and cohesiveness. Parental alcoholism contributed to children adopting the acting out role, did not contribute to explaining variation in the lost child and mascot roles, but was the sole predictor of the adoption of the responsible child role. In the case of the placater role, controlling family deliberateness led to the emergence of a previously masked relationship with parental alcoholism. The survival roles appear to be as much a response to family disorganization as to parental alcoholism.

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02764.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY