ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1080/09652149639484

出版商:Carfax Publishing Limited    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A key question in addiction studies is why do governments not readily adopt policies that research shows to be effective in reducing harm? In this paper, it is argued that policy development can best be understood as a political activity, which is not necessarily scientific. A descriptive model of policy analysis is illustrated by case examples from alcohol and tobacco policy arenas. By understanding policy development as a process, it is suggested that policy advocates can match their strategies to the stages of the process, and thus raise the probability that the advocated policy will be adopted.

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.91912652.x

出版商:Carfax Publishing Limited    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Prospective data from the California Tobacco Surveys (n=2066) were used to perform a critical test of the Prochaska et al. (1991) stages of change model. When the stages of change model was used as a stand alone predictor, smokers in preparation at baseline were more likely to be in cessation at follow‐up than smokers in pre‐contemplation at baseline (OR adj="1.9)" When stage membership was combined with baseline measures of addiction including smoking behaviors and quitting history, it was not a significant predictor of future cessation. A prediction equation that combined daily vs. occasional smoking, cigarettes per day smoked, life‐time quits of at least a year, and quits of more than 5 days in the previous year discriminated smokers in cessation at follow‐up of 1 to 2 years better than did the stages of change model. The area under the ROC curve for the equation based on addiction measures was 69.3% vs. 55.1% for the stages of change. Cessation rates ranged from 7.7% to 35.7% for the four‐category addiction equation compared with 15.1% to 24.9% for stages of cha

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.91912713.x

出版商:Carfax Publishing Limited    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1080/09652149639510

出版商:Carfax Publishing Limited    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A non‐combustible nicotine inhaler, administered orally, has been developed for treatment of smokers. The inhaler allows weaning from nicotine while maintaining partial reinforcement of the ritual/sensory phenomena of smoking. Subjects were randomly assigned to active (n=112) and placebo (n=111) groups. Some behavioral intervention occurred as a function of participation. Strict abstinence (primary outcome criterion) was defined by CO 8 ppm with no slips allowed at any time and cotinine values 14 at 1 year. Survival analysis showed active inhaler was superior to placebo (p0.01). Active vs. placebo success rates were: 63% vs. 47% (day 3), 46% vs. 28% (week 1), 36% vs. 19% (week 2), 33% vs. 16% (week 3), 29% vs. 14% (week 6), 24% vs. 10% (3 months), 17% vs. 9% (6 months) and 13% vs. 8% (1 year). chi2 analyses were significant through 3 months but not at 6 months (p0.08) or 1 year. Craving was relieved with active inhalers at day 3 and week 1. Subjects averaged six inhalers/day. Cotinine levels were 57‐61% of smoking levels. Common side effects included throat/mouth irritation and coughing. Failure was predicted by early slips. The inhaler is clearly useful for short‐term smoking cessation with potential for long‐term efficacy. Extended access to the inhaler and relapse prevention training could improve success rates. Another promising approach would be to combine the inhaler with a nicotin

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.91912935.x

出版商:Carfax Publishing Limited    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this paper was to analyse the role of social class concerning changes in alcohol consumption and severe alcohol‐related problems from the end of the 1960s to the 1990s in Stockholm County, and in the whole of Sweden for consumption. Survey data showed that the prevalence of moderate and/or high alcohol consumption in adults of both sexes was highest among non‐manual employees at medium and high level, in 1967 as well as in 1980 in the whole of Sweden. After 1980, an equalization occurred. A similar change in the social class pattern of alcohol consumption was noted in young people. We analysed all 36 404 male and 10 648 female hospitalizations and all the 3175 male and 713 female deaths with a diagnosis of alcoholism, alcohol psychosis or alcohol intoxication in Stockholm County during 1970‐86 (1970‐84 for mortality) linked to individual census data. There was a greater increase in rates among women than among men, especially among women outside the labour market. We found pronounced social class differences between manual and non‐manual employees, which widened up to 1986 (1984 for mortality)‐a period with an initial increase and a subsequent decrease in alcohol consumption. Thus, the changes in consumption and alcohol‐related problems developed differently in principal social classes over time, suggesting that an expanded theory on alcohol consumption in the population should take socio‐economic facto

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.91913076.x

出版商:Carfax Publishing Limited    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This is the first study of alcohol use, alcohol problems and alcohol dependence in a general population sample of Australian women using a standardized screening instrument developed by the World Health Organization, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Sixty‐six percent of a sample of 6000 women randomly selected from the electoral rolls responded to the questionnaire. The majority of women (87%) had drunk alcohol at some time in their lives, while 82% had consumed alcohol within the past 12 months. Of the women who currently drank alcohol, 34% were classified as hazardous drinkers, 4% as harmful drinkers and 1% as dependent according to AUDIT definitions. Using a cut‐off score of 8 for the AUDIT, 8% of women were classified as currently having a drinking pattern of hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption. These women were more likely to be younger (17‐44 years), single, or living in a de facto relationship. The results of this survey provide important data which can be used as a bench‐mark to measure changes in women's drinking behaviour and drinking related p

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.91913257.x

出版商:Carfax Publishing Limited    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Estimation of time trends in alcohol consumption for recent years in Switzerland is complicated by the fact that the assessment method was changed from personal interview to self‐administered questionnaire. With a large‐scale study which compared the two methods, it is possible in estimating time trends to allow for adjustment of the effects produced by this change of assessment method. Results indicate that alcohol consumption decreased by about 17% between 1987 and 1993. This decrease was observed uniformly for both genders and all age‐groups, which supports the basic assumptions of Skog's revised theory of Ledermann (1985). Personal interviews resulted in considerably higher reported alcohol consumption (+22%) than written questionn

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.91913358.x

出版商:Carfax Publishing Limited    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We have analysed data from a longitudinal representative study to explore aggregate and individual level changes in alcohol use from late adolescence to early adulthood. The sample, which consisted of 2000 Norwegians, was assessed at ages 19‐22, 21‐24 and 25‐28 years. Only a bare majority of the respondents reduced their alcohol intake during the course of the study, whereas a substantial proportion showed an increase. The initial drinking level in individuals whose consumption declined was quite high, and the opposite was true for those who increased their consumption. The findings seemed to reflect true changes, implying that they only could be attributed to measurement errors to a limited extent. The stability in absolute alcohol intake was rather low, especially at the very high consumption levels. However, the respondents clearly tended to maintain their relative drinking position over time. Furthermore, the very high consumers were actually somewhat more apt than others to hold their position relative to the group. In contrast to previous research, these results thus suggest that there is a substantial stability in alcohol use over time. This in turn underscores the importance of implementing preventive programmes targeted towards factors that promote heavy drinking in adoles

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.91913459.x

出版商:Carfax Publishing Limited    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research staff typically gather treatment outcome data, whereas clinicians perform aftercare contacts. To date no alcohol treatment outcome study has examined the utility of therapists collecting outcome data through aftercare contacts. Using the Alcohol Timeline Followback (TLFB) method modified for clinical aftercare contacts, 154 problem drinkers who were part of a cognitive‐behavioral intervention completed the modified TLFB with their primary therapist during aftercare telephone contacts conducted 1 and 3 months after their last treatment session. Clients reported their daily alcohol use over the past 30 days using four consumption categories (i.e. 0 drinks, 1‐4 drinks, 5‐9 drinks and 10+ drinks). At a 6‐month follow‐up research interview, a trained research assistant gathered standard TLFB data from the clients that included the time period for aftercare contacts. Correlations between the two TLFB formats showed good alternate form reliability, especially for frequency of alcohol use. Discrepancies between reports were positively associated with heavier pre‐treatment and post‐treatment drinking, suggesting possible memory biases among heavier drinkers. Subject reports also closely paralleled collateral reports of the subjects' drinking. These results support the utility of a brief TLFB instrument for use by therapists in assessing clients' outcomes by telephone during after

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.919135910.x

出版商:Carfax Publishing Limited    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY