ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02051.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere is increasingly widespread acceptance of a protective effect of alcohol against coronary heart disease and a consequent delay of mortality among the elderly. This information has been widely disseminated in the popular media and by industry related sectors. The policy arguments based on the epidemiological data are that moderate alcohol use is beneficial, therefore policy should not impact on moderate drinkers, only on heavy drinkers. This fits well with the arguments of those opposed to population public health measures such as taxation, controls on availability, and enforcement of drink‐driving laws like random breath testing. However, there is a growing consensus among public health researchers that population measures are most effective at reducing alcohol‐related harm. Concern has been expressed that the current public discourse on benefits of moderation will influence individuals to drink more. Of equal, or even greater, concern is the likelihood that this public discourse will decrease the chances that effective population focused policies will be implemen

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02052.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA proposal for a trial to provide heroin to dependent users in a controlled manner is currently being considered in the Australian Capital Territory. The political background to this proposal is outlined, as is the current ‘drug scene’. A Stage 1 examination found that a trial of controlled provision of heroin is feasible in principle and recommended a further stage (Stage 2) of feasibility investigations to explore the practicalities. The results of the Stage 1 investigations and the proposals for Stage 2 are incorporated into discussion about three important issues: the feasibility research process, the therapeutic relationship, and social control. These considerations have wider applicability, both for treatment services for illegal drug users generally and for informing drug policy debates. Much can be learnt from the feasibility considerations, whether or not a trial of the controlled provision of heroin eventuates in Austra

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02053.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSimilarities in the trends of the number of offences and the level of alcohol consumption are often used as evidence as a link between alcohol and many forms of criminal activity. However, such crude correlations may be misleading as they neither take account of other factors that might be important, not assist the understanding of the causal links between alcohol and crime. In this paper, the role that economic models may play in furthering the understanding of the potential links between alcohol and crime are explored. A complete model is presented which allows for complex interactions between alcohol, crime and the criminal justice system. Results from testing this model with time series data (1960–88) for England and Wales for different types of crime are discussed in detail. Data defined by standard regions and for the years 1980 to 1988 were also compiled and a summary of the results discussed. The argument that alcohol consumption may be one of the determinants of a wide range of crimes receives some support and is also found that alcohol consumption may affect the probability of detection for some types of crim

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02054.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe alcohol availability literature indicates that under some conditions, physical availability is positively associated with per capita alcohol consumption. Smart (1980) suggested that at the individual level, subjective and social aspects of availability may mediate and outweigh the influence of physical availability. The study described here examined the simultaneous effects of physical, subjective, and social availability on alcohol consumption. Standardized telephone interviews were conducted with 781 adult drinkers. As hypothesized, physical availability was not a significant multivariate predictor of alcohol consumption for residents of high, medium, and low alcohol outlet density counties in Michigan (USA). Subjective and social availability indicators were significant predictors of alcohol consumption. Similar patterns of results were found in multiple regression analyses for blacks and whites and women and men, although blacks and women consumed less alcohol than did whites and men. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02055.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present paper addressed the problem of the origin of alcohol‐related social norms in the Saami minority in northern Norway. Based on data from studies of comparable ethnic minorities in Greenland, North America and Australia it could be expected that alcohol use‐ and abuse would be more prevalent in the Saami than in the Norwegian populations of northern Norway. No data to support this hypothesis exist. On the contrary, available data suggest that drinking problems in this group are similar to those of the majority in the area. The present paper developed the hypothesis that Saami alcohol‐related social norms originated in the Laestadian religious revival. The paper investigated the impact of the Laestadian culture in the formation of alcohol‐related social norms. It was concluded that the Laestadian sobriety norm, and the norm of abstinence from the use of adiafora, have influenced alcohol‐related behaviour in the Saami group in such a way that this group does not conform to the drinking behaviour found in comparable m

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02056.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData are presented on the patterns of drug use and HIV risk‐taking of daily amphetamine and opioid injectors among 1245 injecting drug users who were interviewed in Sydney in 1989. About one‐third of the sample had injected amphetamines during a typical month of injecting, and 12% were using amphetamines on a daily basis. Daily amphetamine injectors were younger, less well educated, and less likely to have engaged in drug treatment, but they were no more likely than daily opioid users to have shared injection equipment or to have engaged in other behaviour likely to transmit HIV. Although there seemed to be no special cause for concern about HIV risk‐taking among amphetamine injectors, there was nonetheless a high prevalence of sharing injecting equipment, with over half of daily amphetamine and heroin injectors having shared in the past several months. In addition, approximately a third of amphetamine injectors were injecting on a daily basis, a pattern of use which increases the risk of developing a severe dependence syndrome, and of experiencing an amphetamine‐induced ps

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02057.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined the extent to which self‐report of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors might depend upon socially desirable response tendencies, and whether socially desirable responding might serve as a confounding variable in the study of risk behaviors and HIV serostatus. The subjects were 2885 intravenous drug users participating in the ALIVE study in Baltimore, Maryland. Participants completed an interview and were tested for HIV serostatus. The interview covered HIV risk behaviors, and included established scales to measure ‘self‐deception’ and ‘impression management’, two separate dimensions of socially desirable responding. Seven items for each scale were scored true/false, with a summary score used for analysis. Scores on self‐deception and impression management were inversely related to self‐reports of sharing injection equipment, injecting at shooting galleries, and injecting more than once a day. Neither self‐deception nor impression management was associated with cocaine use. Self‐reported receptive anal intercourse was associated inversely with self‐deception but not with impression management. HIV serostatus was not associated with social desirability, and statistically controlling for social desirability had a negligible impact on the magnitude of associations between risk behaviors and HIV serostatus. The results indicate that measures of social desirability may be used to ascertain sensitive areas of inquiry in interviews of i

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02058.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBoth driving speed and speed of detection of potentially hazardous events while driving have been found to correlate positively with accident rates across individuals. Alcohol ingestion is also known to increase risk of a traffic accident. This paper reports two double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies: one on the effect of alcohol on driving speed and the other on the effect of alcohol on time taken to detect potential traffic hazards. Moderate drinkers aged between 30 and 55 took part. Each subject underwent three experimental conditions on separate days: no alcohol, low alcohol (0.025% BAC) and moderate alcohol (0.05% BAC). The order of conditions was counterbalanced. The moderate alcohol dose increased mean time taken to respond to hazards (2.5 s in no alcohol condition compared with 3.2 s in moderate alcohol condition) but did not affect mean driving speed (indexed by time taken to travel sections of a fixed route; 19.3 s in no alcohol compared with 19.0 s in moderate alcohol). The results support the view that at least part of the excess risk of accident associated with alcohol ingestion is attributable to an increase in the time taken to respond to traffic haza

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02059.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aim was to evaluate if recycling of failures from a smoking cessation study may be of value. The study comprised 126 smokers (50%) of 252 failures, from a double‐blind smoking cessation trial with nicotine patch, who accepted recycling after 1 year. Subjects were allocated nicotine patches delivering 15, 20 or 25 mg of nicotine (over 16 hours) according to their base‐line saliva cotinine concentrations in an open trial. The treatment period was 12 weeks followed by tapering over 6 weeks. The percentage of quitters after 3, 12, 26, and 52 weeks was 44, 20, 7 and 6%, respectively. After 26 weeks, all subjects had relapsed in the group previously treated with active nicotine patch compared with 12% abstainers in the previous placebo subjects. The sustained abstinence rate without slips after one year was 2%. Recycling does not seem to be of long‐term clinical relevance in our set‐up for subjects initially treated with nicotine, but of some value in subjects quitting without nicotine therapy in

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02060.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY