ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02035.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe methodological issues surrounding the use of a privileged access interviewer team to generate a network sample of drug users are examined. Traditionally network samples have tended to be used by qualitative researchers. Privileged access interviewing provides a mechanism for the application of a structured instrument to a network sampling model. In doing so some problematic issues in this area for structured methodology are overcome, reduced or standardized. The use of this method is appraised in terms of meeting the methodological requirements of the Drug Transitions study. The practical experiences of our group in using a privileged access interviewer team to interview more than 400 heroin users, many of whom were not in contact with treatment services, are discussed. This method is most appropriate for the quick collection of data, from diverse networks of drug users, by use of a structured instrument. Success is likely to be dependent cm careful implementation. The ongoing monitoring of data quality is of particular importance, as is good management practice and the establishment of supportive and non exploitative relationships with the interviewer team.

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02036.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe cross‐cultural validity of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome was tested on 13 symptoms of alcohol dependence which were assessed as part of a WHO collaborative study of the early detection of harmful drinking. The subjects were drinking patients in health care settings in Australia, Bulgaria, Kenya, Mexico, Norway, and the US. Principal Components Analyses were performed on the symptoms in each centre, and the degree of agreement between the results was assessed by calculating coefficients of congruence between the item loadings on the first principal component. In all six centres the first Principal Component accounted for at least half of the total variance and all symptoms had positive loadings greater than 0.40 on the first Principal Component. The coefficients of congruence were all 0.98 or more, and the 13 symptoms had internal consistency coefficients of 0.94 or more. An alcohol dependence score defined by the sum of positive responses to the 13 alcohol dependence symptoms was positively correlated with self‐reported alcohol consumption, alcohol‐related problems, serum gamma glutamyltransferase and a clinical examination assessment of alcoholism in all six sa

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02037.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMemory and likeability ratings for emotion‐laden and neutral stimuli were investigated in Korsakoff amnesics, former heavy drinkers and light drinkers. Tasks were recall of self‐generated paired‐associates, primed recognition and likeability ratings for faces previously paired with emotional or neutral descriptors, and ratings of the emotionality of items in a 64‐word list. The Profile of Mood States and Geriatric Depression Scale were also administered. Despite severely impaired recall in Korsakoff's amnesics, the effects of emotional versus neutral material were not distinguishable among the three groups. These findings indicate a need to re‐examine the notion that flattening of emotional responsiveness is a central characteristic of Korsakoff's

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02038.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe first relapse into alcohol dependence after abstinence is characterized by sudden immoderate drinking. The time after abstinence to re‐establishing dependence has never been compared to the time taken to establish dependence initially. Thirty one subjects who had been dependent on alcohol, had subsequently been abstinent for at least 2 months, and had had a relapse into dependence were interviewed. The median time to first dependence on alcohol was 13 years (Mean (SD) 14.7 (8) years); median time to dependence when relapsing was 7 days, a 700‐fold acceleration (p<0.00003). Only three subjects drank for more than 30 days (range 90‐1825 days) before re‐establishing dependence; the average was 82 (330) days overall and 9.3 (8.0) days if these subjects were excluded. Times to initial and subsequent dependence were not correlated nor related to the duration of abstinence (median 9, mean 16.9 (22) months). While abstinent the subjects had felt as if they were healed. It should be emphasized to abstinent patients that alcohol dependence has a latent sequel: they are at risk of accelerated dependence after recurrent drinking, which should be regarded as an em

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present study examined the effect that perceived social support has on the relationship between having a family history of alcoholism and alcohol use in a sample of 85 adult children of alcoholics and a control group (n = 68). Social support from both peers and from family members were assessed for their potential differential effects. Gender differences were also examined. Overall, perceived social support from friends significantly moderated the relationship between family history of alcoholism and several indicators of alcohol use. In contrast, perceived social support from family members did not moderate any of the relationships examined. These findings emphasize the importance of considering different sources of social support when using social support as a moderating variable and the need to examine the underlying processes and variables involved in the relationship between having a family history of alcoholism and alcohol use.

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBoth over time and between countries within our cultural domain there seems to be a persistent male predominance in the suicide rate. Based on Durkheim's theory of social integration as a key issue in egoistic suicide, the present study aimed at analyzing two empirically operational aspects of social disintegrative factors on the male and female suicide rates in Norway; namely alcohol consumption and divorce. Times series analyses on differenced data from 1911 to 1990 showed that both alcohol consumption and divorce were independently and statistically significantly associated with the male suicide rate, but not with the female suicide rate. The results are discussed on basis of gender roles and social integration.

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02041.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFollowing the development of theReadiness to Change Questionnairedescribed by Rollnick et al.,1this article reports on the predictive validity of the questionnaire among a sample of 174 male excessive drinkers identified by screening on wards of general hospitals. Relationships between patients' “stage of change” derived from questionnaires administered prior to discharge from hospital and changes in drinking behaviour at 8 weeks and 6 months follow‐up are analysed. Allocated stage of change provided statistically significant relationships with drinking outcome. Multiple regression analysis showed that stage of change remained a significant predictor of changes in alcohol consumption when other possible predictors were taken into account. Two methods for allocating stage of change on the basis of questionnaire responses for use in different circumstances, a “quick” and a “refined” method,

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02042.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis second report on a follow‐up study of drug users focusses on changes that occurred on a number of variables between intake and follow‐up and during the follow‐up period. The length of abstinence from opiates was considered as a proportion of the total follow‐up period. Overall there was a reduction in opiate use, in injecting and sharing equipment at follow‐up. There had been, however, a high level of these risky activities during the follow‐up period. Sustained abstinence from opiates was associated with increased employment, enhanced social stability and mental health. Intake drug use was strongly related to follow‐up drug status. In particular, those who were injectors of multiple drugs at intake were far less likely to be long term opiate abstainers at fallow‐up than those who were not injectors at intake or injectors

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02043.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough European and Australian studies of syringe exchange programs have reported safer injection among participants and no increase in drug use, the generalizability of these findings to the US is uncertain. We report on the operations and potential effectiveness of the longest‐operating syringe exchange in the US and compare our results to studies of exchange programs outside the US. The sample of 204 study subjects reported no change in the frequency of injection, from 155 to 152 injections per month, and a decline in the frequency of unsafe injections, from 56 to 30 times per month, while participating in the program. In all studies, participants report reduction in unsafe injections, and no increase in illicit drug use. However, the comparison also suggests that a high proportion of Tacoma exchangers have higher initial rates of drug injection, unsafe injection and homelessness, all of which were associated with unsafe injection while using the exchange. These indicate a need for additional services but that the Tacoma program is no less effective than European and Australian program

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02044.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY