ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03760.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGiven the current epidemiological and behavioural risk profile of HIV infection among injecting drug users in the UK, the main strategic task continues to be to develop interventions to prevent the spread of HIV infection. Outreach to drug injectors is an important part of the wider UK HIV prevention strategy. Tins paper reviews critically and reassesses practically the role of outreach interventions among drug injectors in the UK. It is argued that despite the development of innovative outreach activity, the full potential of outreach has not been realized due to its theoretical orientation and inbuilt structural limitations. Outreach has predominantly operated with an ‘individual’ orientation, aiming to work with individual clients to help them to change their behaviour, gain access to services, or to become better users of services. The main thesis of this paper is that current outreach provision needs to be complemented by ‘community change’ models which seek to engender changes in the social etiquette of drug use within communities of drug injectors. The paper argues that the social networks through which HIV may be transmitted are the same social networks that may be coopted for HIV prevention. Future outreach services must turn to these networks as a way of targeting and encouraging changes among broad populations of drug injectors. Such models might use indigenous advocates, working within social networks, supported by community outreach facil

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03761.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlcohol abuse within the medical profession has long been an issue of concern. Recently, the General Medical Council reported that half of the doctors reported for health difficulties liable to affect professional competence were found to have an alcohol problem. This paper examines how rates of alcoholism among male doctors in Scotland have changed over the last three decades. Admission and discharge rates for doctors to psychiatric inpatienl beds with diagnoses of alcoholism are compared with non‐medical professions, for the years 1963–87. The results, assessed in the light of changing Standardized Mortality Rates for liver cirrhosis for the medical profession, suggest that doctors as a group remain at a higher risk of alcoholism compared to other professionals, but that this increased risk appears to be largely accounted for by a cohort of heavy‐drinking doctors over the age of 45

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03762.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFive hundred and ninety‐time French‐Canadian pre‐adolescent children for whom the alcoholic status of the parents was known were subdivided into eight groups, according to family structure (intact, non‐intact), alcoholic status of the father (alcoholic, non‐alcoholic) and gender of the target child (girl, boy). ANCOVAs were conducted (controlling for income, a factor which contributes to illness) for health‐related variables in order to test the hypothesis that children of alcoholic fathers have more physical health problems compared to children without alcoholic fathers. Data pertaining to use of medical services, serious and minor illnesses and pregnancy‐related events were analysed. It was found that overall, pre‐adolescent children of alcoholics were not more ill than children of non‐alcoholics. There were, however, some differences worthy of note. Children of alcoholics had significantly lower birthweights than the children of non‐alcoholics. Boys in non‐intact alcoholic families were of shorter stature than the other children. A three‐way interaction showed that daughters of alcoholics and sons of non‐alcoholics living in non‐intact families were more likely to have used psychologists' services, as were sons of alcoholics in intact families. The results were discussed in terms of the heterogeneity of alcoholic families as well as the need to identify subgroups of children of

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03763.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA research interview was used to evaluate the relationship relationships between DSM‐IV, DSM‐III‐R and ICD‐10 diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders. The sample of 1992 subjects, including both men and women, was composed of subjects and their relatives from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcohoism (COGA) study. With regard to diagnoses of substance dependence, the analyses revealed that the proportions of individuals diagnosed in the three systems were similar, with the highest numbers observed for DSM‐III‐R, the lowest for ICD‐10 and the figures for DSA4‐IV between the two. The kappas for dependence diagnoses ranged from 0.54 to 0.83, with the majority at 0.7 and higher, indicating that the same subjects were being given the same labels in the three systems. However, the criteria for abuse or harmful use resulted in rather disparate proportions labeled across the three systems, with kappas that rarel

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03764.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing data collected in a random‐digit dial telephone survey in a northern California county, an examination of the impact of alcohol beverage container warning labels was conducted. In a broadly conceived approach to the possible impact of warning labels we examined recall and content as well as risk assessment and the use of warning labels as public policy to combat drunk driving. In a repeated measures pre‐ and post‐design, respondents reported significantly higher recall of labels and their content in the post‐introduction period. Evidence from a multivariate analysis of post‐introduction data indicate that both drinking drivers and impaired drivers (based on self‐reports) were more likely to recall the labels and their content, an indication that wanting labels are reaching “at risk” individuals. In addition, increases in the perceived risk of driving and drinking are consistent with the notion that warning labels, as one part of a larger social movement, are helping to create an atmosphere in which drinking and driving is less acceptable. However, our findings also indicate that, at least among at risk drinking and impaired drivers, increased use of public policies such as warning labels in an effort to reduce the negative consequences of drinking and driving may generate a public o

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03765.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing survival analysis, the association was explored between positive and negative alcohol expectancies measured on admission to a non‐residential alcohol dependence treatment unit and post‐treatment relapse to a first drink (first slip). A reliable association between negative alcohol expectancy (but not positive) and relapse was found. The active negative alcohol expectancies were distal rather than proximal: proximal expectancies surround consumption (‘same day’ expectancies) and distal expectancies relate to the ‘next‐day’ following consumption or those longer term expectancies coming from ‘continued drinking’. Only the ‘next day’ component of distal expectancies formed a reliable association with relapse. The use to which negative alcohol expectancy as measured by the Negative Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire might be put is discussed in terms of (i) a bottom‐up representation of motivation for recovery to help treatment match and (ii) a provisor of detailed, client‐specific information for structuring m

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03766.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe impact of drug addiction in suicide with respect to gender and trend changes in drug addiction was assessed from Norwegian data on 1608 drug addicts admitted to treatment over the past three decades. The mean annual mortality rate was 2.3%, and 14.7% of those who died committed suicide. The incidence density of suicide was significantly higher among drug addicts than in the total population, and the excess mortality by suicide was higher for women, higher in the youngest age group, and higher for those who died during the 1970s. No differences in suicide intensity were found between male and female drug addicts, whereas an effect of admission period on suicide intensity zvas found for women but not for men. Hence, among female drug addicts, those admitted to treatment in the 1970s and 1980s tended to take their own lives during a shorter observation period than those admitted during the 1960s. The degree to which the elevated risk of suicide among drug addicts varies with gender and period is discussed with reference to the impact of gender roles and varying features of drug addicts in Norway over time.

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03767.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper we examine period or secular changes in the association between drug use and delinquency among Ontario adolescent students between 1983 and 1991. The results show that during this period drug use and drug‐setting declined significantly, whereas reported non‐drug‐related delinquency increased. In addition to differing secular trends in rates of drug use and delinquent behaviour, the association between the two behaviours weakened. There was a steady decline in the correlations between drug use and delinquency across time, and the typological patterning of drug use and delinquency changed signific

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03768.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between benzodiazepine and regular amphetamine use was examined in a sample of 301 regular amphetamine users. Benzodiazepine use was widespread, with 37% of subjects having used them in the month preceding interview, and 55% in the preceding 6 months. Injectors of amphetamines were more likely to have ever used, and to be currently using, benzodiazepines. Comparisons of benzodiazepine users with other subjects indicated that benzodiazepine users had higher levels of polydrug use and psychopathology, as well as poorer health and social functioning than non‐users. The odds of benzodiazepine using injectors having injected with a borrowed used needle in the preceding month were 3.8 times those of non‐benzodiazepme‐using injectors. These results are consistent with studies of other groups of illicit drug users, such as heroin users, in indicating that benzodiazepine use is associated with greater levels of risk and psycho‐social dysf

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03769.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY