ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1080/09652149639006

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe current paper examines critically the literature on deaths attributed to heroin overdose, and examines the characteristics and circumstances of such deaths. In particular, the dominance of the widely held belief that heroin‐related fatalities are a consequence of overdose is challenged. Deaths attributed to overdose represented in the literature are typically older, heroin‐dependent males not in drug treatment at the time of death. Fatalities involving only heroin appear to form a minority of overdose occasions, the presence of other drugs (primarily central nervous system depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines) being commonly detected at autopsy. Furthermore, deaths attributed to overdose are likely to have morphine levels no higher than those who survive, or heroin users who die from other causes. It is concluded that the term overdose is, in many cases, a misleading term, since it implies the same mechanism of death in all cases, an implication that is neither clinically useful nor consistent with published data. Implications for the prevention of heroin‐related deaths are disc

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911217652.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious reviews have concluded that there was no evidence for the superiority of inpatient over outpatient treatment of alcohol abuse, although particular types of patients might be more effectively treated in inpatient settings. In this review, we first consider the conceptual rationales that have been offered to support inpatient and outpatient treatment. Following that, the results of the relevant research on setting effects are presented. Five studies had significant setting effects favoring inpatient treatment, two studies found day hospital to be significantly more effective than inpatient treatment, and seven studies yielded no significant differences on drinking‐related outcome variables. In all but one instance in which a significant effect emerged, patients in the ‘superior’ setting received more intensive treatment and patients were not ‘preselected’ for their willingness to accept random assignment to treatment in either setting. Studies finding significant setting effects also conducted more treatment contrasts (18.6 vs. 4.9), on average, and had a mean statistical power level of 0.71 (median 0.79) to detect a medium‐sized effect, whereas studies with no significant findings had an average power level of 0.55 (median 0.57). When inpatient treatment teas found to be more effective, outpatients did not receive a respite in the form of inpatient detoxification and the studies were slightly less likely to have social stability inclusion criteria and to use random assignment to treatment settings. We consider the implications of our findings for future research, especially the need to examine the conceptual rationales put forward by proponents of inpatient and outpatient treatment, i.e. mediators and moderators of sett

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911217733.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSix trends that are likely to influence the future content, format, delivery and reach of smoking cessation therapy in the United States are discussed: (1) changing characteristics of smokers (e.g. more likely to be poor, have psychiatric co‐morbidity and be more nicotine dependent), (2) health care reform demands for cost‐effectiveness, (3) development of guidelines/algorithms that recommend stepped‐care approaches, (4) continued emphasis on smoking as a form of drug dependence requiring intensive pharmacological and behavior therapy for some smokers, (5) interest in harm‐reduction strategies for smokers unable or unwilling to qua (and 6) smoking cessation therapies become reimbursable on par with other drug depen

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911217974.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1080/09652149639042

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03804.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03805.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03806.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03807.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03808.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY