ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02103.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInter‐cultural comparisons point to associations among aggregate rates of consumption and certain alcohol‐related complications, particularly chronic effects, such as liver cirrhosis mortality. Accidental, poisoning and violent incidents are not considered to have as strong an association with societal drinking patterns, since situational, environmental and interactional features contributing to the incident are likely to play a strong role relative to the volume of alcohol consumed. This paper compares annual alcohol consumption rates and male and female mortality rates for liver cirrhosis and 12 main accidental/violent causes of death for Canada, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the US between 1965 and 1987, Using filtering techniques to account for autocorrelation, conservative measures of association were developed. The results indicate that while statistically significant correlations were evident with regard to liver cirrhosis and suicide in some jurisdictions, in most instances the comparisons were not significant. Further work is suggested with regard to the following: utilizing more refined approaches to examine the covariations of casualties and alcohol consumption, and studies combining aggregate level investigations with those focusing at the group or interactional level‐in particular those specifying and examining societal norms and risk‐taking at the group and sub‐populati

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02104.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a review of the English language literature on alcohol and unintentional injury we identified 21 studies on falls, 36 on drownings and 32 on bums from 1947‐1986. The proportion of fatal and non‐fatal fall victims who had been drinking ranged from 21–77%, and 18–53% respectively. In three more recent studies, 35–63% of persons fatally injured in falls had been drinking. In five other studies 13–37% of persons injured in non fatal falls had been drinking. In our earlier review of drowning studies with complete ascertainment and duration of submergence specified, 27–47% of those who drowned had positive BAC's. In eight subsequent studies, alcohol was identified in 21–47% of drowning deaths. In our earlier review alcohol was involved in 9‐86% of bum deaths. In five more recent US studies, alcohol was found in 12–61 % of fatally injured burn victims. Case control studies are needed to establish whether alcohol increases the risk of trauma. Studies are also needed of interventions to reduce the proportion of these injuries where

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02105.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA classification system for methodologies and problems in research on alcohol‐related accidents and injuries is introduced. On the basis of this system, possible designs and statistical methods are presented, and their possible contributions to research on alcohol‐related accidents/injuries are evaluated. Special consideration is given to potential biases in secondary data sources, and to methods of overcoming these biases. Finally, the need for more theory‐driven research is establ

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper discusses issues related to the cognitive and communicational activity of ascribing a causal role to alcohol use in accidents. It is argued that in addition to the empirical relationships to be explained causal attribution is limited by two other types of empirical contingencies: the cognitive processing of information available for causal attribution, and the representation of this information in language (encoding and decoding as pan of communication). Only the latter two types of restrictions in causal attribution are discussed, since its logical requirements are covered by well known methodological principles. On the linguistic and communicative side, limitations and biases in causal ascription are introduced by (1) the three central concepts (‘alcohol’, ‘cause’, ‘accidents’) due to properties inherent in language; (2) the (often implicit) selection of boundary conditions; (3) heuristic inference rules; and (4) the tendency towards thematic closure in describing and explaining phenomena. It is suggested that social, psychological and interactional causal processes have been overlooked in attributing causal links between alcohol use, hazardous behaviour an

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines some of the major ethical and research issues associated with the measurement and recording of alcohol‐related problems. Because self‐reports of the history of the amount of alcohol ingested are sometimes unreliable, the assessment of the role of alcohol in casualties often relies on a variety of methods which are both diverse and interrelated. The unique measurement problems posed by the diversity of alcohol measures are reviewed and issues in selection and recording bias of alcohol's involvement in injury are discussed. A number of fundamental ethical and moral issues related to measurement are identif

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper argues that if scarce resources are to be allocated efficiently and to greatest advantage then it is necessary to have explicit monetary measures of the benefits of reduced accident rates so that these benefits can be weighed against costs in the process of determining the appropriate amount to expend on alcohol‐related accident prevention programmes. The conceptual issues related to the definition and estimation of monetary values of safety are discussed and the case in favour of basing such values on individual willingness to pay for safety is developed. The paper then summarises existing empirical estimates of wittingness‐to‐pay based values for the prevention of fatalities and reports the preliminary results of recent work aimed at estimating willingness‐to‐pay based values for the prevention of non‐fatal injuries. The paper concludes by examining the applicability of existing empirical estimates of the value of safety in the alcohol‐related accident context and the transferability of estimates derived in developed countries to the developing co

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02109.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reviews emergency room (ER) studies from a number of countries which have focused nn the association oj alcohol and casualties. The review emphasizes studies which used probability sample of patients to represent the population of the emergency facility where the data were collected, and which separated injured patients from patients with medical conditions not due to injuries (the ‘non‐injured’). Reviewed here are studies concerned with: (1) estimated prevalence of positive blood alcohol at the time of the ER visit; (2) self‐reported alcohol consumption prior to the event resulting in a need for ER treatment; (3) patients' descriptions of their usual drinking patterns and alcohol‐related problems; (4) predictions of casualties and of alcohol'related casualties. Comparisons of findings from several countries are also presented. Comments on limitations of ER studies as well as other issues pertaining to the usefulness and interpretation of such data, and future directions for research in emergency room populations are

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe part that alcohol plays in non‐motor vehicle unintentional injuries is not well known. Injuries at home and during leisure form a very heterogeneous group. Alcohol involvement varies considerably from one subgroup to another: for example, all cases of alcohol poisoning involve alcohol by definition, whereas alcohol involvement is very infrequent in sports injuries. One‐third of falls, half of drownings and fire deaths and two‐thirds of hypothermia deaths involve alcohol. Young and middle‐aged males form a risk group of alcohol‐related trauma. Alcohol involvement varies also from country to country: deaths from alcohol poisoning are several times as common in Finland as in other Western countries. In contrast to experience in Western countries, in Dares Salaam, Tanzania, wealthier injured Africans were found to have alcohol involvement more often than poor Africans. Alcohols seems to increase the risk of falling, bicycle and motor vehicle injuries largely to the same extent. The relative importance of the two main components of alcohol‐related risk–risk‐taking and impaired psychomotor functions‐requires further exploration in each main external cause category of home and

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02111.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper presents a review of published literature on alcohol‐related occupational injuries. Based on the information presented the true magnitude of the problem of alcohol‐ and work‐related injuries has not been accurately assessed and the epidemiologic features of this problem have not been properly evaluated. There is some evidence, albeit incomplete, that alcohol contributes to work‐related injuries, but the extent is not known. Further, the risk of injury by specific industry and occupation has not yet been elucidated. Analytic studies which include control groups and which assess confounding variables are needed so as to aid in the design of effective countermeasure strategies. Even when alcohol is detected, its role in the causal pathway from the worker‐energy interaction to injury onset (or exacerbation) has not bee

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02112.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY