ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1080/09652149541671

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1080/09652149541680

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRitanserin, a 5‐HT2receptor antagonist, decreased alcohol intake in some, but not all, animal studies and in an open clinical study. We tested the short‐term effects of ritanserin in 39 (35 male, four female) heavy social drinkers (consuming at least 28 drinks/week), aged 19–63 years, who were not seeking treatment. After an intake assessment, they received placebo for 7 days in a single‐blind baseline. They were then randomly assigned to one of three double‐blind treatments for 14 days: ritanserin 5 tag/day (n= 12), ritanserin 10 mg/day (n= 13) or placebo (n= 14). Subjects recorded daily outpatient alcohol intake. Feelings of intoxication and interest, desire, craving and liking for alcohol were rated retrospectively at each weekly study visit. Experimental drinking sessions were conducted after baseline (EDS1) and treatment (EDS2); in each session subjects were offered 18 mini‐drinks (total = six standard) and rated their desire to drink, intoxication and mood (POMS). Outpatient results: ritanserin 5 mg/day decreased desire and craving for alcohol (vs. baseline, p0.05) were different (p<0.05). EDS results: in EDS2, desire ratings for the first three mini‐drinks were lower after ritanserin 5 mg/day than after ritanserin 10 mg/day (p<0.05), but the decreases were not statistically significant when EDS1desire ratings were controlled for. Ritanserin 10 mg/day increased alcohol‐induced feelings of intoxication and friendliness, compared with placebo (p<0.05). Both ritanserin 5 mg/day and 10 nig/day enhanced alcohol‐induced decreases in fatigue, compared with placebo (p<0.05). These results indicate that ritanserin may have differential effects on alcohol intake, desire, craving and liking, intoxication and some of alcohol's effects on mood. However, they suggest that ritanserin has limited efficacy in reducing alcohol intake

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9078933.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA meta‐analysis of the efficacy of remediation with drinking/driving offenders included 215 independent evaluations identified through a comprehensive literature search. Study characteristics, including dimensions of methodological quality were coded using scales and protocols developed by expert panels. Better methodological quality (as indicated by group equivalence) was associated with smaller effect size and less variation in effect size. Among studies with adequate methods (as determined empirically through examination of effect size variation with quality), the average effect of remediation on drinking/driving recidivism was an 8–9% reduction over no remediation. A similar effect size was found for alcohol involved crashes. However, licensing actions tended to be associated with reduction in occurrence of non‐alcohol events (e.g. non‐alcohol crashes). Exploratory regression analysis and confirmatory within study analysis suggested that combinations of modalities–in particular those including education, psychotherapy/counseling and follow‐up contact/probation–were more effective than other evaluated modes for reducing drinkling/driving recidivism. Treatment effects are probably underestimated in the literature due to overemphasis on education as a treatment for all offenders and drinking/driving recidivism as the most frequent measure of outcome. Limitations of the primary literature and future research needs

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9079074.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe product licences for triazolam in Britain were suspended in October 1991. We aimed to determine whether the sudden withdrawal of a benzodiazepine from the market constitutes a major impetus for patients to reduce or stop their benzodiazepine consumption. Patients in 10 London general practices who were prescribed triazolam in the 12 months prior to the withdrawal of its licence were interviewed. Data from written and computerized general practice records were also studied. One hundred and forty‐seven patients were identified, of whom 107 (73%) were interviewed; 38 were chronic users; 68 patients had a history of serious physical illness while 33 had a history of psychiatric problems; 45% of chronic and 66% of intermittent triazolam users had stopped receiving prescriptions for benzodiazepines from 6 months after the withdrawal of triazolam's licence up to 18 months later. Only 12 (11%) recalled suffering significant withdrawal effects. We conclude that official action to curb prescribing of a benzodiazepine acts as an important stimulus for patients to reduce or stop their use of all psychotropic medication without increasing psychological morbidity or leading to unacceptable side effect

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9079275.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines the prevalence of abusive or hazardous alcohol consumption at age 16 years and the risk factors associated with such behaviour using data from a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 953 children. Drinking behaviour was assessed on the basis of self‐report measures of the frequency of alcohol consumption, reports of the typical and largest amounts of alcohol consumed and the frequency of alcohol‐related problems. These measures were combined using latent class analysis methods to identify a group of adolescents (9.3% of the sample) who were characterized by high levels of abusive or hazardous drinking behaviour. Analysis of the risk factors associated with abusive/hazardous drinking identified three factors which were predictive of this behaviour at age 16 years: gender (p<0.001); the largest amount of alcohol consumed at age 14 years (p<0.05); and the extent of affiliation with substance using peers (p<0.001). Further analysis suggested that the effects of other social, familial and individual risk factors on alcohol abuse were mediated via their effect on early drinking behaviour or via their influences on peer affiliations in adolescence. A tentative model of the pathways to adolescent alcohol abuse is discus

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9079356.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study explores factors that are related to cessation of cocaine use versus continued use in a non‐clinical sample of American adolescents and young adults interviewed at three points in time. At time 3, cocaine stoppers (n= 104) and current users (n= 267) are compared in terms of age and sex, patterns of contemporary and prior drug use, life‐style characteristics and a selected group of social learning variables. The data indicate that cocaine stoppers and users have similar patterns of alcohol, marijuana, cigarette, cocaine and other drug use at time 1 and time 2, but that users have higher time 3 frequencies of alcohol, marijuana and other drug use. In addition, those youth who stop are more likely to be married and have children, although the groups do not differ in terms of career/school, status. The data lend partial support to a social learning perspective and indicate that differential associations (friends' use) and punishments (negative consequences) are most strongly related to cessation. In addition, users report more dependency symptoms than do stopp

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9079477.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBetween 1991 and 1992 there was a four‐fold increase in drug‐related deaths in Glasgow. Comparing records of the drug‐related deaths for November 1990‐October 1991 and November 1991‐October 1992 in Edinburgh and Glasgow, it was found that the increase in Glasgow was statistically significant and that heroin, often mixed with other drugs, which most often included temazepam, diazepam and alcohol, was implicated in the increase in deaths in Glasgow. A number of the deceased had been prescribed temazepam or diazepam. Discussed are the hazards of drug mixing and the possibility that the use of buprenorphine by drug injectors previously had kept the number of overdoses relat

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9079598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent American and Swedish studies have shown an increase in “false” negative results when analysing dilute urine specimens for drugs of abuse. In the light of these studies, it was decided to perform a pilot study to determine the extent of possible specimen adulteration and dilution in a random batch of 50 urine specimens presented to this laboratory, using creatinine, osmolality, pH and relative density. It was found that 20% of the specimens were outside the pH range associated with the optimum working of Syva EMIT Drugs of Abuse in Urine (DAU) immunoassay screening techniques, and that if the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recognized dilution cut‐off of 1.8 mmol/L for urine creatinine concentration is applied, 84% of the specimens surveyed here would need to be repeated to ensure accurate results. Because of these findings, it is recommended that routine creatinine and pH estimations should be performed on all specimens submitted for urinary drugs of abuse screening, or at least when unexpectedly negative results are obt

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9079679.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBulimia nervosa (bulimia) is often concomitant with alcohol and other substance abuse. To investigate the coprevalence of bulimia with alcohol abuse and smoking, we surveyed 2597 male and female Japanese high school students and obtained a group of bulimic students who fulfilled four of five DSM‐III‐R bulimia nervosa criteria and a control group who reported no binge‐eating experience. Comparison of the groups showed significantly more alcohol abuse for both male and female bulimic students than for the non‐bulimic control group. The male and female adolescents with symptoms of bulimia were similar in showing a high prevalence of alcohol abuse. The incidence of smoking was significantly higher among the bulimic females than among the female controls, but there was no significant difference between the male groups' smoking expe

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.90797110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY