ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb03131.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb03132.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb03133.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUnlike some countries, Britain may have experienced a rise rather than a fall in alcohol‐related illness during a decade when consumption has not risen. Objections to the “illness concept” may impede our vision and the range of services we develop. It is possible to agree with objectors to the illness concept that a unidimensional view is unhelpful; that explanations are often only attributions; that the construct “illness” is not needed for help to be offered, its use could undermine self‐mastery, and its misuse can breach civil fights. Learning can explain much over‐drinking. However, the concept need not imply bimodality of drinkers; the syndrome of alcohol dependence has uses and does not imply a cause; physical and mental explanations are not incompatible; genetic and biochemical research has promise. Developments in treatment are still limited, but the mysteries of the free‐will dilemma should not prevent us seeing physiological, psychological and social contributants of partners rat

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb03134.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have reviewed 156 papers which provided sufficient information to relate individual alcohol consumption to risk for a variety of physical damage. Overall, there was evidence for a dose‐response relationship between level of alcohol consumption and risk of harm for liver cirrhosis, cancers of the oropharynx, larynx, oesophagus, rectum (beer only), liver and breast, and blood pressure and stroke. An increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy and sudden coronary death was associated with heavy drinking. There was evidence for a protective effect of alcohol consumption against risk of coronary heart disease, which could be achieved at consumption levels of less than 10 g alcohol a day. The mortality of non‐drinkers was higher than that of moderate drinkers in some studies. Level of alcohol consumption and total mortality were dose‐related when non‐drinkers were excluded. The finding of a dose‐relationship between alcohol and harm suggested causality. It was not possible to define individual risk for all harms at a given level of alcohol consumption because of variations in methodology, but some idea of the order of magnitude of the increased risk can be obtained from calculating trends of pooled log‐odds ratios. At levels of alcohol consumption of more than 20–30 g a day, all individuals are likely to accumulate risk of harm. Current guidelines on upper limits of lower risk drinking in different countries (168–280 g of alcohol a week for men and 84–140 g a week for women) reflect levels at which the risk of total mortality is not greatly in

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb03135.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData from a national representative sample of US adults were analyzed to determine the association between the relative frequency of heavy drinking (the proportion of drinking occasions on which 5 + drinks were consumed) and past‐year alcohol dependence, adjusting for the influences of average ethanol intake and sociodemographic factors. Fifty‐seven percent of current drinkers reported never drinking 5 + drinks, and 21% drank 5 + drinks at least once but on less than 10% of all drinking occasions. Nine percent reported drinking 5 + drinks on at least half of all drinking occasions. Average daily intake was positively correlated with the relative frequency of heavy drinking, and both consumption measures were positively associated with the risk of alcohol dependence. Increases in either relative frequency of heavy drinking or average ethanol intake reduced, but did not eliminate, the effect of the other on the risk of dependence. The excess risk of dependence associated with frequent heavy drinking varied among population subgroups and was increased by age, education, and female gen

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb03136.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA household survey of 1160 Western Australian adults was used as a basis for exploring drinkers' reports about the settings in which they drank alcohol and their experiences of alcohol related harm. Of the 873 drinkers identified, 7.9% had experienced some form of acute alcohol related harm over the previous 3 months. Violent incidents were the mat common of these and drink‐driving offences the least. Such harm was significantly more likely among drinkers who variously drank ‘heavily’, mere male, single, under 25 years of age and/or who drank on licensed premises. Regression analyses revealed that even when demographic characteristics of the drinkers were controlled for licensed premises were significantly more likely to be the settings used prior W harm occurring. Barstaff continuing to serve ‘obviously intoxicated’ customers was the most powerful predictor of harm. Premises which offered discounted drinks or permitted crowding also tended to be those where intoxication was permitted but these variables were not directly associated with an increased risk of harm. These findings lend further weight to the view that prevention efforts should focus on licensed drinking environments and, in particular, the practice of continuing to serve obviously intoxicated

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb03137.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPeople's self report of a variety of alcohol‐related problems was collected as part of a national survey carried out in New Zealand in 1988. These problems included self perception of adverse effects of drinking on a number of life areas such as health, friendships and financial position; items covering tangible consequences of alcohol use and items suggestive of alcohol dependence. The experience of these problems was predicted from a number of socio‐demographic variables and respondent's reports of their typical drinking behaviour. Of the socio‐demographic variables only age was found to relate strongly to experience of problems. The overall frequency of drinking relatively large amounts and the typical quantity drunk in certain licensed premises (hotels, taverns and clubs) and the typical quantity drunk in others' homes predicted the experience of problems. These findings are similar to research from other countries using different methodologies and support the likely effectiveness of prevention strategies which reduce the access of young people to alcohol and which aim to influence the amounts consumed in drinking sessions on licensed pre

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb03138.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing items from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, dimensionality of the alcohol dependence syndrome was assessed in clinical samples in the United States and Russia. In both groups, a single‐factor model provided a high degree of goodness of fit thus demonstrating cross‐cultural coherence of the construct. The item dealing with narrowing of the drinking repertoire is most disparate in each sample. Seventy of alcohol consequences was moderately related to alcohol dependence in both samples. Demographic variables, however, correlated less with severity of consequences. After the effects of severity of dependence and demographics were removed, quantity/frequency of recent alcohol consumption did not contribute to severity of consequences. Country, however, remained a significant, but small, predictor of severity of alcohol consequen

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb03139.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effect of food deprivation on alcohol self‐administration was examined in five women with bulimia nervosa and five healthy controls in a semi‐naturalistic experimental design. In this within‐subjects study, each individual underwent two food‐deprived and two non‐deprived sessions. The deprivation condition consisted of no food or caloric beverages for 19 hours prior to the experimental procedure. On each of the 4 days, subjects watched a 2–hour segment of an epic movie and were permitted to drink ad libitum. No differences were observed in the number of grams of alcohol consumed under deprived and non‐deprived conditions for either group. Breath alcohol levels were significantly higher under the non‐deprived condition despite equivalent amounts of alcohol consumed and similar ratings of the subjective sense of tipsiness. Bulimic women, consumed equivalent calories due to alcohol as control women but significantly fewer calories due to non‐alcoholic beverages. These results do not support the hypothesis that food deprivation leads to increased self‐administration

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb03140.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY