ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1080/09652149639817

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis review applies some new experimental findings and theoretical ideas about how reinforcers act on the neural mechanisms of learning and memory to the problem of how addictive drugs affect behaviour. A basic assumption of this analysis is that all changes in behaviour, including those involved in drug addiction and the initiation of drug self‐administration, require the storage of new information in the nervous system. Animal studies suggest that such information is processed in several (this review deals with three) more or less independent learning and memory systems in the mammalian brain. Reinforcers can interact with these systems in three ways: they activate neural substrates of observable approach or escape responses, they produce unobservable internal states that can be perceived as rewarding or aversive, and they modulate or enhance the information stored in each of the memory systems. It is suggested that each addictive drug maintains its own self‐administration by mimicking some subset of these actions. Evidence supporting the notion of multiple memory systems and data on the actions of several drugs (amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and morphine) on these systems are briefly reviewed. The utility of the concept of “reward” for understanding the effects of drugs on behaviour is discussed. Evidence demonstrating actions of drugs on multiple neural substrates of reinforcement suggests that no single factor is likely to explain either addictive behaviour in general or self‐administration in particular. Some of the findings on the development and maintenance of self‐administration by animals of the five exemplar drugs are discussed in the context of

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.9179212.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.9179513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03588.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03589.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03590.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03591.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03592.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996.tb03593.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper reports on an analysis of geographically based data from four communities conducted to evaluate relationships between measures of the physical availability of alcohol and rates of driving after drinking. From a review of the literature, it was expected that rates of driving after dnnking would be directly related to the availability of alcohol at on‐premise establishments. Based on theoretical arguments regarding the hfe activities which underlie drinking and driving it was expected that the effects of availability upon these outcomes would extend significantly beyond the local areas of outlets. Taking into account the geographic variations in environmental characteristics (road network density, traffic flow, population density), and socioeconomic (age, gender, race, marital status, income, employment) and drinking characteristics (rates of abstention, frequency and quantity of use) of resident populations, a spatial analysis of drinking driving and alcohol‐related crashes was conducted. The results of the analysis showed that physical availability was unrelated to self‐reports of driving after drinking and driving while intoxicated and significantly related to rates of single vehicle night‐time crashes. In the latter case, physical availability affected both local and adjacent area rates of c

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.9179674.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY