ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02139.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere is considerable interest in assessing the role of genetic factors in the aetiology of addiction. This paper reviews the possible contribution of a new quantitative technique, termed DF analysis after its originators DeFries&Fulker. DF analysis provides a way of examining whether aetiological factors relating to addiction as a discrete disorder (manifest as extreme scores on a diagnostic instrument) are similar to or different from those that relate to it as a continuum. For example, it is possible to estimate the contribution of familial factors to the development of a clinical condition defined in terms of an extreme score on an instrument by examining the extent of regression towards the unelected population mean of siblings' scores on that instrument. At the same time it is possible to estimate familial influences on the full range of values by examining the correlation between the scores of siblings. Insofar as the two methods produce different estimates, it is possible to infer different levels of involvement of familial factors for extreme cases than for the continuum as a whole. Information provided by such analyses could be critical when constructing models of addictive disorders and help direct more specific studies isolating particular mechanisms.

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02140.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn 1916‐17, prices of alcoholic beverages increased dramatically in Denmark, and alcohol consumption decreased strongly. On the basis of this ‘natural experiment’, the effect of variations in per capita alcohol consumption on suicide rates is estimated, and compared to Norström's analysis of Danish data from the period 1931‐80, as well as similar analyses from other countries. It is concluded that per capita alcohol consumption is probably related to the suicide rate in Denmark, but to a less extent than in some other c

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02141.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractServer intervention is a relatively new approach in the attempt to reduce the incidence of drinking and driving. Although a number of evaluations have suggested that the approach may be effective, there have been few comprehensive evaluations of such programmes. The present study utilized process evaluation techniques to assess reactions to a programme developed by the Addiction Research Foundation, and a quasi‐experimental design to determine the impact of the programme on the serving practices of servers. Actors portrayed behaviors often faced by servers, and observers rated the reactions of the servers, who were unaware of the simulations, to these situations. The programme appears to have been effective in changing behavior, in that trained servers exhibited less inappropriate responses than did untrained servers. In addition the results suggested that the programme increased servers' knowledge about their obligations and potential strategies for dealing with these situations. The implications of these findings for future implementations of such programmes are discusse

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02142.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing direct observations and extensive field interviewing over a 4‐year period, this paper examines practices and beliefs of shop stewards in their effects on drinking patterns and consequences. It also includes response frequencies from a random sample survey questionnaire (n = 984) that are consistent with the qualitative analysis of steward behavior. Several themes are extracted which position steward handling of alcohol‐related cases as intervening between disciplinary measures of supervisors and consequences of work‐related drinking of union empl

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02143.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study was undertaken to describe and obtain better insight into pub‐going in the Norwegian capital applying the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The sample comprised 1053 persons aged between 16 and 71 years who visited public drinking places in Oslo. Two thirds of the sample were men. Data were collected by means of anonymous self‐administered questionnaires. The majority of the respondents reported having visited a public drinking place at least once a week during the past 12 months. In the applied model, intention to visit a public drinking place during the next 14 days is considered to be a joint function of the attitude towards pub‐going (Aact), subjective norms (SN), and perceived control over the behaviour (PBC). The goodness of fit (R2) of the model was 22%. The relative importance of the model's components were in descending order (beta): PBC, Aact and SN. Previous behaviour was included as a predictor in the TPB, and had a stronger effect upon intention than the model's original components. In conclusion, the TPB provided an adequate understanding of why pub and cafe guests frequent public drinking places. However, it is possible that the model over‐simplifies the processes connected to pub‐going and fails to describe the dynamics of the relationship between the individual and the en

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02144.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present study examines how initial and current patterns of drug use are related among a group of drug users in Edinburgh. The study categorised individuals according to the year in which they first used illicit drugs. 1984 has been shown to be the year when patterns of drug use in this group began to change after high levels of heroin use in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Thus 1984 was used as the intercept point to create two groups: the epidemic group, comprising individuals who began using illicit drugs before 1984, and, the post epidemic group, who began using during or after 1984. Data from individuals were gathered from interviews and medical records. Statistical analysis revealed interesting differences between the groups, for example, the groups did not differ significantly in their use of methadone but the epidemic group used more methadone obtained on prescription. The post epidemic group was found to inject more often, but, did not share injecting equipment more than the epidemic drug users. A greater number of the epidemic group began using drugs by injecting and a greater number of the post epidemic group began by caking drugs orally. The issues raised by the results are discussed, and, it is suggested that the characteristics of the drug using community within which an individual begins using drugs may exert influence on patterns of drug use in later years.

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02145.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA controlled trial studied whether cue exposure prevented relapse in opiate addiction. Subjects were randomly allocated to one of two inpatient treatment settings: a drug dependence unit with a special 10 week program and 4 weeks in a behavioural/general treatment unit without such a program. In each setting, following drug‐withdrawal, subjects had either cue exposure for at least six sessions over 3 weeks, or a control condition. Subjects were followed up twice, at about 6 weeks and 6 months post‐treatment. 186 subjects were randomly allocated; 69 were assessed post‐detoxification, and of these 43 completed cue exposure or control treatments. Cue exposure and control subjects did not differ in cue reactivity. This was evaluated post‐treatment for cue exposure subjects and at a comparable time point for controls. All groups showed a significant decrement in cue‐elicited craving, withdrawal responses and negative mood. Cue exposure and control subjects did not differ at either of the two follow up i

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02146.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Due la the limitations of standard epidemiological methods, indirect indicators have often been used to describe the characteristics of drug abusing populations and to assess prevalence trends in illegal drug use. In Barcelona (Spain), a study of emergency room (ER) attendance was carried out to describe the population of opiate/cocaine consumers across the whole city who use this service. Three thousand four hundred and five consumers of opiates and/or cocaine, aged 15‐44 years, who attended ERs during 1989, were identified. They accounted for 6807 episodes in the hospitals surveyed. Their mean age was 26 years, men (73%) being 1 year older than women (25.2 years). The drug of abuse was specified in the clinical records of 60% of individuals, heroin being the most frequently specified (56%). The main reason for attendance was ‘other medical condition’(OMC) (55% of episodes), followed by withdrawal (34%) and overdoses (6%). Seventy‐one percent of individuals were residents of Barcelona city, yielding a rate of 3.2 opiate/cocaine consumers attending ERs per thousand Barcelona residents aged 15‐44. The geographical distribution of the rates in the city showed a very large difference between districts, the most deprived ones having a higher rate of consumers attending ERs. ER data can provide valuable insights into the nature and dimensions of drug abuse

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02147.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe disinhibitory effects of abusable substances on sexual behavior and the increasing HIV prevalence among heterosexuals suggest that alcoholics and non‐injection drug users may be at risk for HIV infection. We examined alcohol and non‐injection drug use as AIDS risk factors, AIDS risk knowledge, and the effect of AIDS education upon voluntary HIV testing among 91 heterosexual male inpatients in a VA alcohol rehabilitation program. Questionnaire data revealed relationships between age, the use of alcohol, marijuana and intranasal cocaine just prior to sex and an increase in the number of female sexual partners. Use of alcohol just prior to sex was also associated with an increased number of unprotected sexual behaviors. AIDS risk knowledge in our sample was comparable to norms from previous studies. Inpatients received education concerning alcohol and sexuality either with or without an AIDS component. AIDS education and offer of HIV testing were associated with increased requests for HIV test

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02148.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY