ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1080/09652149541996

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) was devised to provide a short, easily administered scale which can be used to measure the degree of dependence experienced by users of different types of drugs. The SDS contains five items, all of which are explicitly concerned with psychological components of dependence. These items are specifically concerned with impaired control over drug taking and with preoccupation and anxieties about drug use. The SDS was given to five samples of drug users in London and Sydney. The samples comprised users of heroin and users of cocaine in London, and users of amphetamines and methadone maintenance patients in Sydney. The SDS satisfies a number of criteria which indicate its suitability as a measure of dependence. All SDS items had significantly with a single factor, and the total SDS score was extremely highly correlated with the single factor score. The SDS score is related to behavioural patterns of drug taking that are, in themselves, indicators of dependence, such as dose, frequency of use, duration of use, daily use and degree of contact with other drug users; it also shows criterion validity in that drug users who have sought treatment at specialist and non‐specialist agencies for drug problems have higher SDS scores than non‐treatment samples. The psychometric properties of the scale were good in all five samples, despite being applied to primary users of different classes of drug, using different recruitment procedures in different cities in different countr

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9056072.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present study assesses the stability of the diagnosis of alcoholism among a sample of St Louis, USA Epidemiological Catchment Area Study participants. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule was used at Time 1 and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview—Substance Abuse Module was used at 10‐year follow‐up. Alcohol abuse and dependence were diagnosed using DSM‐III criteria. Kappa values and Yule's statistics for agreement in diagnoses, criterion groups and individual symptoms are reported. Fair to good measurement of agreement was shown for any diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence versus no diagnosis. The criterion group for “impairment in social or occupational functioning” showed the highest agreement of the three criterion groups studied. Agreement was lower for individual symptoms of alcoholism. Incident cases accounted for some of the inconsistency in responses over 10 years. Other types of inconsistency found were changing response from yes to no, changing response from no to yes but not meeting the definition of an incident case, and misstating age of onset of symptoms. Mean per cent inconsistency across all symptoms was 11.4%. Further research regarding reasons for inconsistencie

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9056153.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDue to differences in duration, intensity and topography of alcohol and drug use patterns, the withdrawal and dependency symptoms of adolescent substance abusers may differ from those of adult substance abusers. To explore these potential differences, 166 adolescents recruited from inpatient alcohol and drug treatment programs in the USA were assessed for alcohol and other drug withdrawal and dependency symptoms. Teens were administered the Customary Drinking and Drug Use Record following 2 weeks of abstinence and evaluated for recent (<3 months) DSM‐III‐R psychoactive substance withdrawl and dependency symptoms. Adolescents were all multiple substance users with a life‐time average of 4.27 drugs used in addition to alcohol. Amphetamines were the most frequently used drug (50% of sample) and the most prevalent withdrawal symptoms were those associated with central stimulant use. However, the number of different withdrawal symptoms (M= 11.27) was greater than expected for uncomplicated stimulant withdrawal or withdrawal from any single substance. On average, participants reported dependency symptoms more than DSM‐III‐R criteria for the diagnosis of alcohol dependency (M = 3.30), as well as dependency on their two most frequently used drugs. Heavy alcohol and cigarette use were found to exacerbate withdrawal symptoms of other drugs. These findings highlight the importance of assessing adolescent substance abusers for withdrawal from and dependency on multiple s

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9056274.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe findings presented in this report are of general interest for the development of survey instruments for alcohol use disorders. They show which items represent the same dimension of alcohol problems when presented to respondents in a general population survey setting. The note determines the major dimensions underlying the complete set of 41 symptom items in the 1988 National Health Interview Survey, relates the item sets of the DSM‐ and ICD‐criteria to these dimensions, and studies the measurement characteristics of items not used for DSM‐ or ICD‐c

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9056375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe continuity between early smoking experimentation and smoking at age 16 years was analysed for a birth cohort of New Zealand children. This analysis suggested that when due allowance was made for errors in reports of smoking behaviours, there was evidence of relatively strong continuity (r= 0.60) between early smoking experimentation and cigarette smoking at age 16 years. Further analysis suggested that the continuities between early smoking experimentation and later smoking arose from three pathways that linked early smoking experimentation to later smoking. First there was evidence to suggest that children who engaged in early smoking experimentation tended to affiliate with adolescent peer groups whose members smoked. In turn, these peer group affiliations reinforced pre‐existing tendencies to cigarette smoking. Secondly, a small component of the apparent continuity between early smoking experimentation and later smoking arose because of common social, individual and contextual factors that were associated with both smoking experimentation and later smoking. Finally, there was evidence of moderate direct continuity in cigarette smoking behaviour over time. The implications of these findings for the development of smoking prevention programmes are discussed and it is concluded that effective programmes need to be embedded in a developmental approach which attempts to reduce both early smoking experimentation and the effects of peer pressure in adolescence on the development of cigarette smokin

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9056476.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious studies have found equivocal evidence for expectancy effects on cognitive‐motor performance. The effects of expectancy and alcohol on a dual tracking and reaction‐time task analogous to some driving skills, and on choice reaction‐time, mere studied in a balanced‐placebo design (n = 90). A dose of alcohol achieving 80 mg/100 ml (high dose) had large effects on both tasks, but a low dose (40 mg/100 ml) had no significant effects. Expecting alcohol led to subjects who received the high dose performing significantly better on the primary tracking task than subjects expecting placebo (but also receiving the high alcohol dose). By contrast, on a secondary reaction‐time task, subjects who had received placebo performed worse 100–130 minutes after drinking, if they had expected alcohol. All groups felt more drunk than baseline and expecting alcohol made subjects feel more able to perform, whatever drink they had received. The implications of these findings for the nature of expectancy effects on performance and the relationship between expectations and strategy ar

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9056617.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe dynamics of change in drinking patterns is discussed using the data from the drinking habits surveys conducted in Finland in 1984 and 1992. The results are compared with a respective analysis on the EU countries from 1988 by Hupkens, Knibbe&Drop (1993). The analysis is based on changes in beverage preferences. In the Finnish case, both wine and mild beer appear as new beverages, gaining popularity in the late 1980s. For beer, both the elites and the population at large were involved in that process. For wine, the interest in the new beverage was stronger among the elites. There were notable gender differences in adopting the new beverage. Some of the differences were related to the older cultural patterns of wine as a woman's drink and beer as a male beverage. The results also point to difficulties in analysing the dynamics of change on the basis of cross‐sectional data, as was done in the earlier analysis on the EC countries. The Finnish data shows that even the inter‐group dynamics of drinking patterns may change over a relatively short period of t

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9056738.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSuicide mortality among alcohol abusers and the prevalence of alcohol abusers among suicides were assessed in a 40‐year follow‐up study of 40 000 Norwegian military conscripts. Alcohol abuse was operationalized as either admission to alcohol treatment clinic, alcohol related cause of death, or both. The relative risk of suicide among alcohol abusers was estimated to 6.9. The relative risk of committing suicide among alcohol abusers appeared to be higher in middle age (more than 40 years) than in younger age groups (RR = 12.8 and 4.5, respectively). The life‐time risk of suicide, i.e. before the age of 60 years, was estimated to 0.63% for those not categorized as alcohol abusers and 4.76% for those categorized as alcohol ab

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9056859.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne hundred alcohol‐dependent Brazilian males were investigated in relation to variables dealing with the course of akoholism, family history and behaviour. Seven of the most representative were standardized and then subjected to a factor analysis. The factors thus obtained were afterwards included in a cluster analysis, which identified three groups of alcoholics. Two of these groups agree with those established on recent previous classifications, while the third revealed a characteristic not identified in these typologies: lower levels of stress. Other distinctive features were lower scores of harm avoidance and higher proportion of alcoholic relatives. In relation to other conditions these subjects presented intermediary values, suggesting that they may constitute an intermediate between the two other, polar types. It will be important to verify if these results are confirmed in populations with biological and cultural characteristics different from the Brazilian on

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.90569310.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY