ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00909.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHIV infection among injecting drug users has become a world‐wide public health problem. This raises fundamental questions about the modifiability of drug‐using behavior and of the influence of different national settings upon the modification of drug use behavior. Data from the World Health Organization Multi‐site Study of HIV and Injecting Drug Use and studies of HIV among drug injectors in New York City (the US component of the WHO study) are used to address these questions. There is no clear relationship between HIV seroprevalence and current levels of risk behavior in the WHO cities, and the range in seroprevalence is much greater than the range in current risk behavior. Nonetheless, historical trend data enable us to discern at least two broad patterns in different cities. HIV epidemics appear to have been successfully prevented among IDUs in some cities, in that seroprevalence has remained low and stable over several years. These cities are characterized by community outreach programs and good access to sterile injection equipment. On the other hand, high‐servoprevalence epidemics have also occurred in many different cities. Stabilization of seroprevalence has eventually also occurred in these cities, but this still includes moderate rates of new HIV infections. How to reverse high‐seroprevalence situations remains one of the more difficult questions in HIV epidemiology. The epidemiology of HIV infection among injecting drug users also needs to include analyses of the impacts of decisions by political and public health leaders. A three‐category scheme for classifying political decisions is offered: data‐free decisions, data‐based decisions, and data

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00910.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00911.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBased on the results of the 1989 National Alcohol and Drug Survey in Canada, this paper compares alternative measures of alcohol consumption. Utilizing questions developed by Walter Clark, the volume of drinking in a variety of social situations is described. The results are presented in terms of aggregate consumption and the proportion of total consumption which occurs in different situations. It is found that anchoring self‐reported alcohol use in specific social contexts results in higher estimated consumption than the more commonly used quantity/frequency question

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00912.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe randomized response technique is applied on a voluntary basis for estimating the purchase of smuggled liquor in Norway. Of a total sample of 2330 respondents, aged 15 and over, about one half chose the protective option of the RR‐technique. The other half responded directly to the supposed sensitive questions. The estimates from the two groups were weighted together to give population estimates for the percentage of buyers, and the quantities bought, of smuggled liquor. The resulting estimates were found to be considerably higher than estimates from a contemporary survey based on direct response onl

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00913.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData were used from the 1990 US national alcohol survey to compare two volume measures of alcohol consumption: usual quantity/frequency (QF) and graduated frequency (GF). The QF measure obtained global estimates of average alcohol intake per day; the GF measure is a series of questions on the frequency of consuming specific numbers of drinks which ranges from the most ever consumed in the last year to 1–2 drinks per occasion. The GF measure provided higher estimates of alcohol use. Respondents whose reports were inconsistent between the measures were more likely to be male, never married, and report getting drunk at least monthly and drinking five or more drinks on one occasion at least monthly during the last yea

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00914.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines differences in quantity–frequency (QF) measures of alcohol consumption from the 1988 US National Health Interview Survey. Three methods—global QF, beverage‐specific QF, and beverage‐specific QF with drink size (QFS)—were used to estimate the average daily ethanol consumption (ADC) of current drinkers. These ADC estimates then were used to categorize drinkers into light, moderate or heavier drinking levels. Total prevalence estimates of heavier drinking were not significantly different among men, but were significantly higher with the QFS measure among women. All mean ADC scores were significantly different for both sexes. The global QF showed the lowest mean consumption, followed by the higher beverage‐specific QF and QFS measures. Adding beverage type and drink size to the QF measures increased mean ADC scores for both men and women. However, moderately high correlations (0.84 for men and 0.88 for women) were found with ADC scores from the beverage‐specific QF and

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00915.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis research note draws upon the US National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience among youths aged 17–24 to report the effects of variation in the ordering of alcohol questions upon the prevalence of heavier drinking. A secondary analysis of the NLS indicated a substantial decrease in the prevalence of heavier drinking between 1984 and 1985 which is attributed to the order of presentation of two differently styled questions regarding heavier drinkin

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00916.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractData were collected from a national sample of 1680 New Zealanders that allowed comparison of six different alcohol consumption measures. A measure based on reports of typical frequency and the amount typically consumed in 15 specified drinking locations produced the highest estimate of consumption. This measure and three others showed a particularly high degree of correlation, these being: a measure based on typical frequency and typical occasion amount; a variation of the Finnish period estimate; and a New Zealand variation of the period estimate that incorporated a typical frequency measure. The four measures just described, together with a last 7 days measure, showed generally consistent results when data were examined at the level of the total population and age, gender and socio‐economic sub‐groups. A measure based on the last two drinking occasions showed the hast consistency with the other measures. The high degree of consistency found in the present study is similar to that found in a previous Finnish study and gives confidence that different ways of obtaining information about alcohol consumption, including relatively quick methods, can lead to similar conclusions about the comparative drinking of population sub‐g

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00917.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0965-2140    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00918.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY