ISSN:0901-9928    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01903.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0901-9928    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01690.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0901-9928    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01691.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Cancer is a multifactorial and multistage process, the exact mechanisms of which are still only partially known. However, even in the absence of a complete understanding of the process of carcinogenesis, we have been able to identify several factors which modify the risk of tumour development in humans. These include both endogenous and environmental factors, ranging from exposure to a single identified chemical to the occupations we follow in order to make our living. Cancer prevention strategies may differ in different parts of the world. In Europe, lung cancer is responsible for about one fourth of all cancer deaths and most of it could be prevented by eliminating tobacco smoking. Other exposures that can be controlled include occupational exposures to agents known to cause cancer at sites such as lung, bladder, paranasal sinuses, leukaemia, lymphoma and liver, as well as exposure to sunlight, known to be associated with both non‐melanocytic and melanocytic skin cancer. Liver cancer is a common cancer in other regions of the world where hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic; in these areas, fungal contamination of food is also common. While immunization against HBV may be the method of choice in the long run, reduction of exposure to aflatoxins might be a more useful intermediate goal in primary prevention because of the strong interaction between hepatitis B and aflatoxin exposure on liver cancer risk. To date, few chemical agents have been proved to be of etiological relevance to cancer in humans at sites such as the breast (with the exception of oestrogenic hormones), ovary, colon‐rectum and prostate. Therefore, imaginative new approaches are needed to study the etiology of and prevention for these common canc

ISSN:0901-9928    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01663.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0901-9928    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01692.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Certain chemicals, mixtures of chemicals, exposure circumstances, life‐styles and personal or cultural habits, occupations, viruses, living conditions, and physical agents have been causally associated with cancers in humans. Most however are not considered potentially carcinogenic, and the proportion of ‘agents’eventually identified to cause cancer is projected to be relatively low. Current methods to identify carcinogenic potential of chemicals rely largely on short‐term in vitro and in vivo tests, mid‐&long‐term in vivo assays, molecular mechanisms, epidemiological investigations, and structural‐activity‐effect‐relationships. Thus, the scientific and public health communities must continue to utilize available means and concomitantly strive to develop newer methods and tools to more easily, quickly, cheaply, and reliably identify carcinogens in the human milieu. Since adequate human studies are typically absent, the most useful method for identifying potential human carcinogens continues to be long‐term carcinogenesis experiments. Agents identified as causing cancers in humans have been shown to cause cancer in animals, and this knowledge, together with similarities in mechanisms of carcinogenesis across species, led to the scientific logic and public health strategy that chemicals shown clearly to be carcinogenic in animals should be considered as being likely and anticipated to present cancer risks to humans. The quest of hazard identification efforts is cancer prevention, largely by reducing or eliminating exposures to chemicals that cause cancer

ISSN:0901-9928    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01664.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:The oxime HI 6 is considered to be effective in soman poisoning and less effective in tabun poisoning. Recently, HLö 7 was shown to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by soman and tabun. Therefore, the efficacy of HLö 7 and HI 6 was compared in soman poisoned guinea‐pigs. Female Pirbright‐white guinea‐pigs were anaesthetized with urethane (1.8 g/kg) and the a. carotis, v. jugularis and trachea were cannulated. After base line measurements soman 0.08 mg/kg (= 5 x LD50) or 0.16 mg/kg (= 10 x LD50) was injected intravenously, 2 min. later the antidotes were applied intravenously: HLö 7 0.03 or 0.1 mmol/kg, HI 6 0.03 or 0.1 mmol/kg, atropine 10 mg/kg, or a combination of atropine and an oxime. Respiratory and circulatory parameters were recorded for 60 min. or until the death of the animal. The injection of 5 x LD50 soman resulted in a rapid respiratory arrest followed by circulatory failure in the soman and soman plus oxime groups (survival time about 7 min). Atropine restored the circulatory parameters to base line but was unable to provide a sufficient respiratory function (survival time 26 min.). The combination therapy with atropine plus HLö 7 or HI 6 improved the respiration sufficiently, restored the circulation completely, and prolonged the survival time to about 50 min. Atropine treatment was insufficient in animals poisoned with 10 x LD50 soman. The combination of atropine and HLö 7 or HI 6 improved respiration, circulation, and survival time to various extent. Despite of the striking therapeutic effect no reactivation of erythrocyte AChE by the antidotes was observed. These results indicate, that the therapy with oximes or atropine alone is insufficient. The treatment with atropine plus HLö 7 or HI 6 proved to be efficient. HLö 7 is considered to be at least as effective as HI 6 in soman poisoning in this guin

ISSN:0901-9928    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01332.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0901-9928    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01693.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0901-9928    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01694.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0901-9928    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01695.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY