摘要:

AbstractA recent cross‐national study has shown that a much higher proportion of adult New Zealanders have lost all their teeth — that is, are edentulous — in comparison with other countries with much the same levels of dental disease. Social class patterns of tooth loss also show a similar discrepancy.A subsequent nation‐wide survey of adult New Zealanders has shown that dental attitudes and practices are largely consistent with professional opinion, with some exceptions including attitudes to denture‐wearing and to the extraction of teeth. However, variations in such attitudes between those with and those without teeth could not account for the very different dental state of these two groups. This discrepancy between attitude and tooth loss was also apparent for other group comparisons. However, there were marked social group variations in the relationship to the dental care system.In conclusion it is argued that cultural variations in treatment preference, the shaping of professional norms of practice, and the skew in accessibility to services, must account for the pattern of dental care in Ne

ISSN:0314-9021    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00313.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0314-9021    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00314.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0314-9021    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00315.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryEpidemiologic studies and experimental research strongly suggest that dietary factors are causally related to several major types of cancer. Carcinogens may function as initiators or promoters of tumors, and the evidence suggests that various dietary hypotheses should be tested. This review includes selected data from the literature and current epidemiologic studies of the Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, which illustrate the variations of diet and cancer incidence among diverse ethnic populations.

ISSN:0314-9021    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00316.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCancer is a major cause of death in western societies. Overall, there has been no decline in the incidence and little improvement in survival for twenty years. Hundreds of millions of dollars are regularly spent on cancer research. It is argued that much research effort is misdirected as a consequence of a limited view of the nature of the cancer process and the influences on it. Preoccupation with a nineteenth century view of the genesis of cancer and a twentieth‐century high‐technology approach to treatment has prevented the proper exploration of the determinants of cancer, and the development of different therapeutic modes. Several models of the cancer process are examined. A model which considers human populations, human behaviour (including social and economic factors) and the interactive nature of the biologic response of living organisms to the environment is developed. Some of the implications of this model for research and therapy are discus

ISSN:0314-9021    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00317.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn analysis of hospital admissions for diabetes mellitus in various rural areas in New South Wales, with particular regard to racial origin, was undertaken for 1977 and 1978.There were no admissions for diabetes amongst Aboriginals in the age group 5–14. In non‐Aboriginals the admission rate for this age group was 0.4 per 1,000 population. The difference did not reach statistical significance; nevertheless, the trend indicates a lower prevalence of juvenile‐onset diabetes amongst Aboriginals compared with Caucasian Australians.Admission rates for diabetes were 7 to 15 times higher amongst adult Aboriginals compared to other adult rural residents, and the differences between the age‐specific admission rates in Aboriginals compared to non‐Aboriginals were statistically significant. Admissions for diabetes as a proportion of total admissions was also higher for Aboriginals.This higher admission rate for diabetes amongst adult Aboriginals compared to other rural residents is likely to reflect a higher prevalence of diabetes amongst Aboriginals. Previous studies indicate that this is probably due to a genetic predisposition combined with adverse environmental factors.A return to a modified hunter‐gatherer way of life, or the establishment of social, cultural, and economic compensatory mechanisms in urban areas, appear to be the main alternatives to a purely medical/therapeutic approach to the problem of diabetes in

ISSN:0314-9021    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00318.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0314-9021    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00319.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe factors associated with smoking in 80 per cent of an entire adult New Zealand community have been studied on two occasions exactly three years apart and compared with other studies. The smoking habits of a population are dynamic and there is today a very much higher proportion of young adult smokers, particularly women, than there was 15 years ago and this proportion is increasing. Cigarette consumption is associated with the father's smoking habit in the case of men and the mother's habit in the case of women; early school leaving age; being a member of a large family; being of lower socio‐economic level; the taking of oral contraceptives or any minor tranquilliser in the case of women; considerably greater alcohol consumption, especially beer, by either sex; preference for a brand of cigarette with a higher tar and nicotine content; and a tendency to inhale the smoke deeply. However it is shown that most if not all of these factors are interactive and not simple cause‐and‐effect relationships. Light smokers smoke proportionately much more at weekends than do heavy smokers and this is not directly attributable to varying opportunities to smoke during the week. Weight increases markedly when smoking stops and this is not due to a compensatory increase in alcohol intake. It is suggested that obesity, excess beer drinking, heavy smoking and anxiety may all be part of an identifiable tetrad of sym

ISSN:0314-9021    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00320.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0314-9021    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00321.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0314-9021    

DOI:10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00322.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY