摘要:

AbstractThe effectiveness of a program of scheduled bright light and dark to alter the circadian pacemakers of rotating shiftworkers was evaluated. Thirteen industrial workers were exposed to scheduled bright light of 6,000‐12,000 lux on at least half of their 12‐hr night shifts for 3 months, as well as ambient light of 1,200‐1,500 lux. All 10 workers evaluated with urinary melatonin levels had morning melatonin suppression on the night shift, and 50% had a statistically significant circadian change. Although a few significant changes were noted concerning reported sleep and alertness, most findings concerning self‐perceived alertness and performance at work, and sleep patterns were mixed and inconsistent. The major complaint was increased difficulty adjusting to being off work after the night shift during the light phase. The alteration in urinary melatonin levels is the first objective demonstration that the bright light technology can alter the circadian pacemakers of workers in an industrial setting. At this worksite, a number of interventions to lessen the effects of rotating shiftwork are being evaluated. Criteria are proposed that should be considered in evaluating a worksite for the use of bright light tec

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700270602

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe report results of two pilot studies of the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and work tasks in sheet metal workers. These two studies were undertaken as pilot investigations to determine if symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome or other work‐related musculoskeletal symptoms are present in sheet metal workers, and to determine if we could begin to identify the factors in sheet metal work that cause them. In the first study, telephone interviews were conducted with 18 disabled sheet metal workers; the second survey entailed self‐administered questionnaires completed by 47 active and retired sheet metal workers. Among the disabled workers, rotator cuff cases reported the greatest percent of time spent hanging duct, an overhead task commonly carried out during field work. Carpal tunnel cases reported more hand tool use than the rotator cuff cases. The questionnaire survey of active and retired workers found the proportion of time spent in a sheet metal shop (contrasted with field work) to be positively associated with hand symptoms; sheet metal workers who spent at least 65% of their time in the shop had an odds ratio of 3.4 for symptomatic hand cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) (p = 0.12). The proportion of time spent hanging duct was positively associated with both neck and shoulder symptoms, with odds ratios of 7.9 (p = 0.08) and 2.7 (p = 0.16), respectively. The results show that symptoms of neck, arm, and hand pain are common in sheet metal workers who are actively working, that carpal tunnel syndrome or hand pain is positively associated with more time spent working in the shop, and that shoulder pain or shoulder injuries is associated with work overhead (hanging duct). Ergonomic risks and cumulative trauma disorders have not been well characterized in the construction industry; these data strongly suggest that a subset of work tasks in construction increase the risk of cumulative trauma disord

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700270603

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTelephone interviews were conducted with 146 14‐ to 16‐year‐olds who incurred an occupational injury treated in an emergency department during the period July through September 1992. Thirty‐two percent of the injuries occurred as the result of using equipment. Over half the workers reported not having received prior training on how to avoid injury. The injury limited normal activities for at least 1 day for 68% of the youth and for more than a week for 25%, corresponding to an estimated 6,208 (95% CI: 4,277, 8,139) and 2,639 (95% CI: 1,580, 3,699) youths nationwide, respectively. Employment in retail trades, equipment use, lack of training, and burn injuries were associated with increased limitation of normal activities. Nineteen percent of the youths appear to have been injured in jobs declared to be hazardous, or typically prohibited for their age (14‐and 15‐year‐olds) under federal child labor laws. The prohibited job directly contributed to the injury in 64% o

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700270604

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe carried out a follow‐up study of employment outcome for 230 workers with a diagnosis of occupational skin disease who were at least 2 years postdiagnosis. Seventy‐eight percent of the workers were working, but 57% of those working had changed jobs, 67% because of their skin problem. Thirty‐one percent had lost no time from work because of their skin disease, while 35% had lost at least 1 month. Forty‐three percent had applied for workers' compensation benefits, and 87% of those who had applied were successful in their claims. Older workers were more likely to be unemployed and to have applied for workers' compensation benefits. Women were less likely to have lost time from work and to have applied for workers' compensation. Those who had changed their jobs tended to have a better outcome with respect to active dermatitis, though they had lost more time from work and had more often applied for workers' compensation b

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700270605

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDeath certificates from 23,890 male and female non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cases and 119,450 noncancer controls from 24 states for the period 1984‐1989 were used to generate hypotheses regarding occupational associations. Cases were frequency matched by age, race, and gender with five controls per case. Odds ratios were calculated for 231 industries and 509 occupations. Significant associations were observed for a variety of white‐collar professionals (i.e., real estate agents, secretaries, bookkeepers, teachers, postal employees, business agents, engineers, chemists, and medical professionals) and blue‐collar occupations (i.e., firefighters, farm managers, aircraft mechanics, electronic repairers, mining machine operators, and crane and tower operators). © 1995 Wiley

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700270606

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTheoretical studies emphasize the importance of makingunbiasedetiological fraction estimates. In empirical works, however, the published estimates are usually conservative. The purpose of the present report is to study, empirically, the numerical magnitude of such conservative biases. Examples from the literature on occupational exposure and lung cancer are reported. It is demonstrated that conservative bias may decrease a numerical estimate by more than a factor 10 and that decreases by a factor 2 or 3 are not unusual. It is concluded that it is important, in future review studies, to pay attention to the magnitude of the conservative biases in the published empirical estimates and to put most emphasis on the least biased estimates in the review process.

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700270607

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOur study investigated a group of 216 wool textile workers (158 women and 58 men). Respiratory symptoms were assessed by questionnaire in wool textile workers and in 130 not exposed (control) workers. Ventilatory capacity was measured in wool workers by recording maximum expiratory flow‐volume (MEFV) curves on Monday before and after the work shift. Forced vital capacity (FVC), 1‐second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and flow rates at 50% and the last 25% of the vital capacity (FEF50, FEF25) were measured on the MEFV curves. Analysis of the data demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of all chronic respiratory symptoms in wool workers than in controls. being the highest in wool workers for nasal catarrh (M: 63.8%; F: 44.9%) and for sinusitis (M: 62.1%; F: 43.0%). A high prevalence of acute symptoms, associated with the work shift, was also noted in wool workers. Exposure to wool dust caused significant across‐shift reductions of ventilatory capacity varying from 1.4% for FEV, to 9.1% for FEF50. Textile workers exposed to wool for>10 years in the workplace had similar across‐shift reductions of ventilatory capacity tests as those with shorter exposures. In a large number of these wool workers, FEF50and FEF25were below 70% of predicted normal values. Smokers had acute and chronic lung function changes similar to those of nonsmokers, indicating that smoking did not account for all the respiratory effects seen in wool processing workers. Our data suggest that dust exposures in wool textile mills may be associated with the development of chronic respiratory symptoms and impaired lung f

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700270608

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOur goal was to assess the relation between dust exposure levels and the respiratory health status of workers in grain and flour mills in eastern France. We studied 118 male workers from 11 mills and 164 unexposed male controls. Dust concentration was measured by personal sampling methods. Outcome variables included respiratory symptoms, routine pulmonary function tests, and indices of airway responsiveness to methacholine. A great within‐ and between‐area variability of inhalable dust concentration was found in all mills. A dose‐response relationship was observed between dust exposure levels and chronic respiratory symptoms, suggesting that exposure to grain and flour dust may lead to chronic bronchitis. A significant relation was found between dust exposure and airway hyper‐responsiveness; this finding is important since it has been hypothesized that the latter abnormality may lead to or be a predisposing factor in subsequent chronic, irreversible airflow obst

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700270609

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the genotoxic risk to medical personnel concurrently exposed to ionizing radiation and antineoplastics, using changes in their lymphocyte cell genome as a bioindicator. The study comprised 12 female nurses employed in the nuclear medicine hospital department and an equal number of matched controls. For each examinee, both conventional structural chromosomal aberration analysis and sister chromatid exchange test (SCE) were carried out. According to Student'st‐test, neither the incidence of structural chromosomal aberrations (p>0.6) nor the mean SCE‐frequency rate (p>0.3) were significantly increased among the exposed subjects. Nevertheless, in those exposed, irreparable chromosomal damages and wide SCE‐ranges were observed. Such findings suggest the possibility of genotoxic implications of concurrent occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and antineoplastic

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700270610

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo investigate the effects of chromates on the human immune system, we measured total T lymphocytes and their two major subpopulations (CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes) in the peripheral blood of 19 retired male workers who had been exposed to chromate at a chemical plant. The results indicated that both CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes were significantly decreased, resulting in decreases in total T lymphocytes and total lymphocytes.

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700270611

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY