ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110502

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe objective of the study was to identify and compare occupational‐environmental and demographic factors associated with fetal loss using data collected in a large‐scale epidemiologic study among female industrial workers. Information on maternal, demographic, and occupational characteristics and on pregnancy outcome was available for 3,332 women classified by gravidity groups. The data were subjected to step‐wise regression analysis using the following independent variables: age at pregnancy, pregnancy order, educational level, type of industrial work, smoking during pregnancy, and place of birth. The step‐wise procedure showed that two biological characteristics (age and pregnancy order) and two socio‐environmental characteristics (educational level, and to a lesser degree, smoking) were all significantly associated with fetal death. The place of origin and the type of industrial work the women performed were not. Fetal death was more frequent in older age groups, in high parity orders, among women with more education, and amon

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110503

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe measured exposures to total dust, vertically elutriated dust, and endotoxin and studied acute pulmonary responses among 128 workers in the cotton garnetting and mattress assembly industries. Previous studies in this segment of industry have not characterized endotoxin exposures or related them to pulmonary responses. The median 8‐hour time‐weighted average total dust was 0.72 mg/m3, the median vertically elutriated dust was 0.22 mg/m3, and the median endotoxin concentration was 5.2 ng/m3. Ten percent of the subjects reported chest tightness or dyspnea on Mondays. Thirteen percent of the subjects reported symptoms of chronic bronchitis. Although there was no relationship between changes in pulmonary function across the workshift and either total dust, vertically elutriated dust, or endotoxin exposure, 13% of the subjects had greater than 5% decrements in FEV1over the worksh

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110504

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung function impairment was studied in a sample of men from a population screening of asbestos‐related disorders. When the rates were adjusted for age and smoking habits, 83 subjects with lung fibrosis had an increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms, in particular, phlegm when coughing and breathlessness grades 1–3. Among 200 subjects under 70 years of age who had pleural plaques only, a statistically significant increase was observed in the prevalence of breathlessness grade 1 compared to an external reference population. Among 98 asbestos‐exposed subjects who had normal chest X‐rays, there was an increase in the prevalence of breathlessness grade 2, cough during the day, and phlegm when coughing. There was a higher proportion of subjects with lung fibrosis who were below 80% of the predicted values for forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) than in the other groups. There was also a higher proportion of subjects with pleural plaques only who were below 90% of the predicted value for FVC than in a group of 90 subjects without asbestos exposure. In accordance with previous studies, these results indicate that pleural plaques in asbestos workers may be of greater importance as a clinical feature than has been recognized in t

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110505

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndustrial exposure to toluene was studied in a group of 18 subjects working in a printing plant, exposed only to this solvent. Environmental monitoring was carried out using personal samplers for the whole work‐shift. Urine samples were collected for the determination of hippuric acid andortho(o)‐cresol before toluene exposure, at the end of the work‐shift, and 5, 9, and 17 h after the end of the work‐shift. The values of two metabolites in all the urinary samples were corrected for g creatinine and specific gravity (1.024).Toluene time weighted average (TWA) concentrations ranged from 51 to 221 mg/m3(7‐h samples; two samplings lasting 3.5 h each). Urinary hippuric acid ando‐cresol values at the end of the work‐shift were significantly higher than the prework‐shift values.Both hippuricuria ando‐cresoluria end‐of‐work‐shift values, corrected for creatinine and specific gravity, were significantly related to the mean daily environmental concentration of toluene, the correlation being weaker foro‐cresol. Correlation coefficients were 0.88 and 0.84 for hippuric acid and 0.63 and 0.62 foro‐cresol after correction for creatinine and specific gravity, respectively. No significant relationship was observed between environmental exposure and the values of the two urinary metabolites 5, 9, and 17 h after the end of the work‐shift.Extrapolated values from the linear regression analysis at 375 mg/m3were in good agreement with the biological exposure index (BEI) suggested by ACGIH for hippuric acid.We conclude that determination of hippuric acid in urine samples collected at the end of the work‐shift can be used for routine biological monitoring of exposure to toluene, even at low levels.O‐cresol seems to be a less relia

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110506

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChanges in the distribution of smoking status between and within occupations by sex, race, and age are examined for 1970 and 1979/80, 10 years that saw rapid changes in smoking prevalence. The pattern of occupation within smoking categories remains basically unchanged, and, in fact, becomes more pronounced among males. The probability of young people taking up smoking remains tied to eventual occupational choice. The decline in smoking prevalence is larger among the employed than among those who are not employed. There has been a substantial increase in refusals to answer questions about smoking.

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110507

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAnimal studies suggest that mesothelioma is most effectively induced by fibers longer than 8 μ. However, studies of asbestos fibers recovered from human lungs in cases of mesothelioma indicate that, at least in large‐scale samples, relatively few fibers meet this size criterion, perhaps implying that the animal data do not apply to man. Since asbestos concentration in lung is known to be extremely inhomogeneous, it is also possible that long fibers may selectively accumulate in specific sites, such as under the pleura. To examine this possibility, we selected ten cases of mesothelioma that contained relatively large amounts of amosite asbestos and extracted fibers from an 0.5‐cm‐thick strip of subpleural tissue and an area 3‐cm deep to the subpleural sample for upper and lower lobes. Amosite fibers were identified and sized by electron microscopic techniques. Fibers in the peripheral upper lobe were significantly longer, broader, and of higher aspect ratio than those in the central upper lobe. The lower lobe showed a reverse pattern, with longer fibers and broader fibers in the central sample. These data indicate that the two lobes behave differently in regard to fiber size, with selective accumulation of long fibers in the peripheral upper lobe, but not in the peripheral lower lobe. Whether these differences reflect differences in initial deposition of fibers within the lung, or, more likely, specific redistribution of fibers, is unclear, but in either case, accumulation of long fibers immediately under the upper lobe pleura may be important in the genesis of meso

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110508

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFifty‐three hog confinement farmers and 43 control farmers were studied. Pulmonary function, total and respirable personal dust levels, and responses to a health status questionnaire were obtained for all farmers.The hog farmers' total and respirable personal dust exposures were significantly higher than the respective levels of the control farmers. Higher dust levels were associated with the use of floor (scatter) feeding, indoor feed grinding, and the use of high moisture corn feed.Pork producers reported respiratory symptoms significantly more often than controls. Lung function did not differ between the two groups of farmers, nor could dust exposure levels be related to lung functio

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110509

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA symptom prevalence survey was conducted of a neighborhood exposed to airborne hazardous wastes. Residents' responses were compared to those of a nearby control population. The results revealed that the exposed group had more self‐reported complaints referable to the respiratory system (wheezing, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, persistent colds, coughs), constitutional complaints (always fatigued, bowel dysfunction), and irregular heart beat. When the effect of a documented irritant source in a small portion of the control population was removed, the exposed group also complained more often of irritation of the eyes and nose. There was a biological gradient for several of these effects. Efforts to eliminate the influence of confounding and recall bias are discussed. The results suggest either that the general population reacts to chemicals at levels much lower than the available occupational literature would indicate or that the effects are more long lasting than previously though

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110510

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110511

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY