ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700150502

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo thousand nine hundred and ninety‐four reports of OSHA‐reportable occupational injury or illness cases in 1984 from member companies of a national trade association of semiconductor manufacturing firms were analyzed. The 37 participating manufacturing facilities represented 16 companies employing over 95,000 persons, or approximately one‐third of the U.S. work force for this industry in 1984. The annual incidence rate for all reportable injuries and illnesses was 2.7 per 100 full‐time employees (FTE) for men and 3.7 per 100 FTE for women. Strains, sprains, or dislocations were the most frequently reported incidents (N = 956 [31.9%]), followed by cuts, lacerations, punctures, scratches, and abrasions (N = 445 [14.9%]), and chemical burns (N = 401 [13.4%]). Increased work‐loss days per case were associated with manufacturing sites that did not have an employee health clinic on the premises, with custodial occupations, and with fema

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700150503

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne hundred forty‐one retired Greek mariners were examined radiologically for asbestos‐related lung disease. Thirty‐eight (27%) had small opacities classified as ILO category 1/0 or more; 37 (26%) had radiologic evidence of pleural lesions; 17 (12%) had both parenchymal and pleural lesions; and a total of 58 (41%) had one or more radiologic findings of asbestos‐related lung disease.In discriminant analysis, duration of maritime employment was predictive of pleural lesions, but the association was not statistically significant (one‐tail, p = 0.16). The prevalence of pleural lesions was also higher among sailors than among officers, and this association was statistically significant (one‐tail, p = 0.05). In this group, none of the occupational variables studied (age, duration of maritime employment, and rank) was related to lung fibrosis.After controlling by multiple regression for mutual confounding effects, suggestive negative associations for the presence of pleural lesions were found with FVC (one‐tail, p = 0.13) as well as with FEF25% (one‐tail, p = 0.09) and FEF50% (one‐tail, p = 0.07). By contrast, no association was found between pulmonary fibrosis and any of the respiratory volumes.The results of this study suggest that mariners may present evidence of asbestos‐related disease after many years from onset o

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700150504

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis retrospective cohort study was designed to investigate the relationship of male occupational exposure to elemental mercury and several reproductive outcomes. All subjects worked at least 4 months between 1953 and 1966 at a plant that used elemental mercury; 247 white male employees who had the highest exposures were compared to 255 matched nonexposed employees. Individual exposure to mercury was estimated from urinary mercury measurement records.Information on reproductive history and potential confounding variables was obtained through personal interview with each of the employees and with a subset of their wives. No associations were demonstrated between mercury exposure and decreased fertility or increased rates of major malformations or serious childhood illnesses. After controlling for previous miscarriage history, mercury exposure was not a significant risk factor for miscarriage. Because of this study's potential problems with long‐term recall, further studies of the effect of mercury on pregnancy outcome are warranted in other population

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700150505

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn 1984, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) began a cohort mortality study of 4,849 workers to follow up concerns with the health and safety of highway maintenance workers (HMWs). A total of 1,530 deaths had occurred, resulting in a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 91 (p<0.01) and an all cancer SMR of 84 (p<0.01). There was a significant elevation in the SMR for chronic renal failure among long‐term rural workers (SMR = 676, p<0.05). The SMR was also elevated for transportation injuries. The latter SMR was highest among short‐term urban workers (SMR = 280, p<0.01). In addition, the SMR for transportation‐related injury deaths tended to increase the later the decade of starting work. The SMRs were 137, 259, 502, and 2,145 for urban workers starting work in the decades 1945–1954, 1955–1964, 1965–1974, and 1975–1984, respectively. This study demonstrates the possible adverse health effects of highway maintenance work and the need to comprehensively evaluate injury mortality among selected occupat

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700150506

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHighway maintenance workers (HMWs) have been exposed to a broad range of potentially toxic substances, including diesel fuels and exhaust, asphalts and tars, herbicides, gasoline, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, and lead. The number of current and former state, county, and municipal HMWs in the United States exceeds 500,000, yet the health risks of this occupation had never been studied. To fill this void and to respond to the public perception that Minnesota HMWs were at high risk of developing leukemia, an occupational cohort mortality study was conducted of Minnesota HMWs employed between 1945 and 1984. Leukemia mortality in HMWs with 30–39 years of work (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 425; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 171–876) and urologic cancer mortality in HMWs with 40–49 year latency (SMR = 292; CI = 117–602) were significantly elevated. The extent to which these and other findings were directly related to work exposures is unknown. Further investigations to resolve the significance of the risks associated with the HMW occupation are currently u

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700150507

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractComputer window adjustments are possible when viewing the pictures obtained on computerized tomography (CT). A mediastinal window setting is used for pleural viewing (soft tissue), whereas a double‐window adjustment allows pleura and lung substance to be viewed concomitantly. The lung can also be viewed on its own by using a corresponding window setting. Relevant cases with pleural changes were investigated by CT. With the window adjustments, it was possible to demonstrate pleural extrusions (tags) penetrating the lung substance and retracting the thickened or calcified overlying pleural areas. The areas of pleural retraction are identified as the pleura covering and encasing the lung itself, i.e., the visceral pleur

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700150508

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA case‐control study of lung cancer was conducted to evaluate the relationship between lung cancer histologic types and occupation, adjusted for smoking. A total of 4,431 white male cases and 11,326 cancer controls, diagnosed between 1980 and 1985, were identified through the Missouri Cancer Registry. For all histologic types combined, excess risk was observed among many a priori suspected high‐risk occupations. Lung cancer was elevated among men employed as insulators (odds ratio [OR] = 6.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.7, 137.8), carpenters (OR = 1.3; 95% CI= 1.0,1.7), painters, plasterers, and wallpaper hangers (OR = 2.0; 95% CI=1.2,3.3), structural metal workers (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 0.6,6.0), mechanics and repairers (OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.0,1.7), motor vehicle drivers (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.2,1.8), police and firefighters (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1,2.3), and food service personnel (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.0,3.5). A deficit of lung cancer was observed among farmers (OR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.7,1.0). Adenocarcinoma of the lung was elevated among carpenters (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.0,2.5) and cabinet and furniture makers (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 0.4,8.1), which is interesting because of the previous reports of excess adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity associated with wood dust exposure. Adenocarcinomas were also elevated among plumbers (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.0,3.8) and printers (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 0.7,4.2). Electricians were at slightly increased risk for adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.7,2.8) and “other” or mixed cell types of lung cancer (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.8,2.9) but at decreased risk for small cell (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.3,2.0) and squamous cell (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.4,1.6) tumors. Among welders, adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 0.7,3.8) and squamous cell (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 0.9,3.3) cancers were elevated, but small cell and “other” lung cancers were not. Despite the limitations of the Cancer Registry data, some interesting associations were observed that merit further study, particularly the association between lung adenocarcinoma and occupational exposure to wood an

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700150509

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA medical survey of 107 high‐altitude miners was conducted in Argentina in 1976–1977. Daily chewing of coca leaves was reported by 70 (65%) respondents. Another 15 (14%) used coca occasionally. Weekly alcohol drinking was reported by 36 (34%) respondents, and 14 (14%) drank occasionally. Thirty‐five of the weekly drinkers were also daily users of coca. Habitual users did not differ from other workers in mean age or total number of years worked. Daily use of coca was significantly higher among miners with a heavy work load as compared with those having a moderate‐to‐light work load (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.24); it was also higher among those who had worked only underground rather than always or ever aboveground (OR 7.25), among those working as drillers or cart pushers as opposed to other tasks (OR 6.56), and among Mestizos and Indians compared with whites (OR 3.33). Weekly alcohol use was significantly higher among miners with a heavy work load (OR 6.49), those always working underground (OR 5.57), and those working as drillers or cart pushers (OR 3.67). Adjusting for possible confounding effects of these parameters on each other, the significant associations with habituation were clearly work site, work load,

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700150510

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo control the adverse effects of substance abuse, urinary drug testing has become common practice in some occupational settings. Although it is virtually impossible to assess accurately the impact of drug abuse at work, increased accidents and absenteeism as well as impaired productivity have been attributed to drug abuse. The major analytical techniques used to screen for illegal drug use are thin‐layer chromatography and enzyme‐ and radioimmunoassays. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry is uniformly recommended to confirm any positive screening test. The major technical problem in interpreting screening tests is that the presence of a substance in the urine indicates merelyexposureto the drug, not necessarily intoxication, habituation, or addiction. Since no certifying criteria are available to insure quality control among laboratories performing urinary drug testing, results may vary widely. In fact, a study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control suggests that poor performance of some laboratories may adversely affect the treatment of drug abuse. The Federal Rehabilitation Act (1973, section 504) prohibits discrimination against the handicapped, which includes both drug abuse and alcoholism. Legal challenges to urinary drug testing have focused on issues related to the right to privacy and freedom from unreasonable searches. Because of the wide‐ranging legal, ethical, and medical ramifications of drug‐screening programs, careful review of these issues is recommended before an organization establishes such

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700150511

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY