摘要:

AbstractNational and state estimates of the severity of occupational injuries and illness (severity + lost work time + missed work days + restricted work days) have come from the annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (Survey) produced by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. However, we show that the Survey practice of collecting injury information soon after the accident year reduces substantially the accuracy of missed work day estimates, which constitute 85.3% of the Survey lost work time estimate. To develop an independent estimate of missed work days, the research team created the Michigan Comprehensive Compensable Occupational Injury Database (Michigan Database) by linking state files with injury characteristics to files with workers' compensation information for injuries occurring in 1986. The measure of missed work time (days, weeks, or years) is the cumulative duration of compensation from the “date disability commenced,” noted on the first payment form, through follow‐up to March 1, 1990. Cumulative missed work time has been calculated or estimated for 72.057 injured workers, more than 97% of the 73,609 Michigan workers with compensable occupational injuries in 1986 identified through the close of the study. Our “best” estimate of missed work days, to follow‐up, attributable to both fatal and nonfatal compensable occupational injuries and illnesses is 7,518,784, a figure four times that reported for Michigan by the Survey. When insurance industry data on disbursements are also considered, the estimate of missed work days increases to 8.919,079, a figure 4.75 times that reported by the Survey. When insurance data on reserves for future payments are also considered, the estimate of missed work days increases to 16,103,398, a figure 8.58‐fold greater than that obtained for Michigan in the Survey. The Michigan data suggest that the national Survey may have failed to identify almost 373 million of 421 million missed work days in the private sector that have resulted, or will result, from 1986 occupational injuries. The present federal/state system for estimating occupational injury severity by measuring lost work days seriously underestimates the magnitude of the problem. The current policy of obtaining incidence and severity data from the same Survey should be reconsidered. We recommend that national estimates of injury severity be obtained from representative states by using state compensation data and that such estimates be used to evaluate current prevention and rehabilitation strategies. The redesigned occupational safety and health Survey (ROSH Survey) should be revised to permit linkage to compensation data. © 1993 W

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe examined 470 fatal occupational accidents in Ontario, 1986–1989, that met eligibility criteria. Homicides and most accidents on public roads were excluded. Information was obtained from coroners' files and records of the provincial Ministry of Labour. Levels of alcohol likely to produce impairment were found in six subjects (2% of the two‐thirds of fatalities tested). Cannabis was detected in 3.9% of cases (17% of those tested), but other illegal drugs were not found. Recommendations of coroner's juries showed that organizational factors were considered relevant on many occasions, although language and literacy were rarely mentioned. The incidence rate rose steadily with age. Other data items were examined, although, because of missing information and/or lack of denominator data for many of them, the conclusions that can be drawn are limited. Among these tentative findings was that more fatal accidents occurred in the first half of the shift than in the second half. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA previous study of mortality among white men hired at Oak Ridge National Laboratory between 1943 and 1972 (n + 8,318) revealed an association between low‐dose external penetrating ionizing radiation and cancer mortality in follow‐up through 1984. The association was not observed in follow‐up through 1977. This report considers the role of possible selection and confounding factors not previously studied. Control for hire during the World War II era and employment duration of less than 1 year had little effect on the radiation risk estimates. Risks associated with length of time spent in 15 job categories were considered as proxies for the effects of other occupational carcinogens. Ajustment for employment duration in each job category one at a time produced only small changes in the radiation risk estimate. Adjustment for potential exposures to beryllium, lead, and mercury also had little effect on the radiation risk estimates. These analyses suggest that selection factors and potential for chemical exposure do not account for the previously noted association of external radiation dose with cancer mortality. However, power to detect effects of chemical exposures is limited by a lack of individual exposure measures. © 1993 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe follow‐up of a cohort of workers employed in an electrochemical plant producing cobalt and sodium, previously studied from 1950–1980, has been extended from 1981–1988. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for all causes of death was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] + 0.76–0.95, 309 observed) for the whole cohort, and 0.95 (95% CI + 0.83–1.08, 247 observed) for the subcohort of workers born in France. With regard to lung cancer mortality among cobalt production workers, which is the main objective of the study, the SMRs were, respectively, 0.85 (95% CI + 0.18–2.50, 3 observed) and 1.16 (95% CI + 0.24–3.40, 3 observed). Neither did any excess of mortality from diseases of the circulatory and of the respiratory systems appear among cobalt production workers. Maintenance workers, however, exhibited high SMRs for lung cancer, reaching statistical significance for duration of exposure and time since first exposure ≥ 30 years. This study does not support the hypothesis of a relationship between lung cancer and cobaltexposure. © 1993

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs part of the “IARC International Register of Persons Exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants,” a cohort of workers who manufacture and prepare chlorophenoxy herbicides was recruited in The Netherlands. The cohort comprised 2,310 workers from two plants, operated by different companies, who were followed during the periods 1955–1985 and 1965–1986, respectively. In 1963, there had been an industrial accident in one factory with concomitant release of dioxin into the environment. Loss to followup was 3%. Mortality data on 963 exposed and 1,111 nonexposed men were evaluated by external and internal comparison. Compared with national rates, total mortality (94 deaths, standardized mortality ratio [SMR] + 101; 95% confidence interval [CI], 82–124) and cancer mortality (31 deaths, SMR + 107; 95% CI, 73–152) for exposed workers were not significantly increased. A statistically insignificant increase was observed for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (2 deaths, SMR + 299; 95% CI, 36–1,078). No cases of soft‐tissue sarcoma were encountered. There was no increase in either total mortality (25 deaths, SMR + 111; 95% CI, 72–163) or cancer mortality (10 deaths, SMR + 137; 95% CI, 66–252) among the 139 workers probably exposed to dioxins during the 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol production accident or the subsequent clean‐up operations. Compared with nonexposed workers, exposed workers did not exhibit a higher total mortality (rate ratio [RR] + 1.28; 95% CI, 0.89–1.82). Mortality due to all cancers (RR + 1.7; 95% CI, 0.9–3.4) and respiratory cancer (RR + 1.7; 95% CI, 0.5–6.3) was insignificantly elevated. These findings suggest that the increases in cancer mortality among workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols may be attributable to chance. Lack of power prevented evaluation with respect to specific

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe etiology of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is not well understood. To develop hypotheses on causes of this tumor, data from a population‐based case‐control interview study of 1,867 white men (622 cases and 1,245 controls) in Iowa and Minnesota conducted during 1980–1983 were examined. Subjects, or their next of kin, were interviewed to obtain information on agricultural exposures, work history, medical conditions, and family history. This analysis focuses on risks of NHL by occupation, by industry, and by selected exposures. Although many comparisons were made, few significant associations were observed. Small numbers and limitations in exposure assessment, however, would tend to reduce opportunities to detect associations. The strongest finding was with various occupations that work in metals and metal products. The analysis by exposure estimates also uncovered a significant association with metals, but risks did not increase with estimated intensity of exposure. Slightly elevated risks were also noted among persons employed as painters and construction workers, agricultural and forestry workers, printers and typesetters, funeral directors and embalmers, and dry cleaners. Although the overall risks for benzene and other solvents were small, they increased slightly with level of assigned exposure. Although some associations may be due to chance, several of these occupations and industries have been linked to lymphoma in other investigations and deserve further attention. © 1993 Wiley

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe mortality pattern and the cancer incidence were investigated among 717 men who had been employed for at least 3 months during 1964–1974 in three Swedish PVC‐processing plants. The mortality was followed 1964–1986 and the cancer incidence 1964–1984. Expected figures were calculated from Swedish national rates.Among Swedish citizens, the observed mortality and cancer incidence was close to the expected in most diagnoses. Among immigrants, mostly from Finland, there was a marked excess of circulatory deaths. This finding was probably due to the higher incidence of coronary mortality in Finland compared to Sweden.In the whole cohort, five cases of malignant melanoma had occurred as compared to 1.5 expected (SMR = 3.4, 95% confidence limit 1.1–7.9). This may be due to chance but merits further investigation since an increased incidence of malignant melanoma has previously been found among Norwegian PVC‐manufacturing workers. © 1993 Wil

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo study their socioeconomic and health status, 1,770 workers in the organized electronics industry in India were surveyed. Mean age of the workers employed in this industry was 32.5 ± 6.01 years. The average per capita income/month was Rupees 333, indicating a higher socioeconomic status, compared with the status of the national population, as well as compared with their counterparts in the unorganized sectors. Respiratory symptoms and impairment rates were significantly higher in workers exposed to soldering fumes. The high prevalence of congested or inflamed throat was also related to chemical exposure specially among solderers and workers exposed to metal oxides. The ocular symptoms and signs were also related to chemical exposure. Musculoskeletal disorders were related to erratic ergonomic postures. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExposure to cotton dust is known to cause both acute and chronic respiratory illness. A specific pattern of symptoms calledbyssinosisis well described to occur among workers in the cotton processing (e.g., yarn preparation) industry. Recent studies have implicated Gram‐negative bacterial endotoxin as one of the agents responsible for acute, and possibly chronic, respiratory illness. Laboratory experiments using a model cardroom have found poor correlations between airborne dust and associated endotoxin. This study reports the results of vertical elutriated dust and endotoxin levels in 11 work areas of 2 cotton textile mills in 1986 in Shanghai, China. The overall correlation between dust and endotoxin was strong, rs+ 0.66 and 0.79 (p<0.0001) for mills 1 and 2, respectively. The dust‐endotoxin correlation was relatively poor in early yarn preparation in the workshops and improved in the later preparation areas. Our findings suggest that in these mill settings, dust and endotoxin levels may be well correlated in most work areas. Therefore, dust may be a useful index for monitoring populations employed in the cotton textile industry throughout the world. Additional field studies need to be performed which consider the various determinants of dust and endotoxin levels. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPaternal occupational data already collected as part of the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers have been reviewed. Information on occupations during or before the relevant pregnancy was sought for 15,279 children dying from cancer in England, Wales, and Scotland in the period 1953–81, and for an equal number of matched controls. Estimates were made for paternal exposure to human‐made external ionizing radiation in the six months before conception of the survey child—as judged from job histories and dates of birth. Assessments were also made for potential exposure to unsealed sources of radionuclides. Of the eight fathers placed in the highest dose group (≥10 mSv, external radiation), four were cases and four were controls. For the second dose group (5–9 mSv), the corresponding numbers were eight and four, and for the lowest exposed group (1–4 mSv), they were 55 and 42. There were 27 case fathers with potential exposure to radionuclides and only 10 control fathers. The independent effects of the two radiation variables were assessed by means of multiple logistic regression. Relative risks for estimated doses of external radiation were close to unity, but for radionuclide exposure the relative risk was 2.87 (95% CI + 1.15–7.13). These preliminary findings suggest that paternal exposure to radionuclides is a more likely risk factor for childhood cancer than exposure to external radiation. © 1993 W

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700230211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY