摘要:

AbstractIn order to examine the relationship between wood dust and sino‐nasal cancer, data from 12 case‐control studies conducted in seven countries were pooled and reanalyzed. The relative risks associated with wood‐related jobs and with exposure to wood dust, measured using a job exposure matrix based on occupation and industry titles, were examined using logistic regression. The combined data set consisted of 680 male cases, 2,349 male controls, 250 female cases, and 787 female controls. A high risk of adenocarcinoma among men was associated with employment in wood‐related occupations (odds ratio [OR] = 13.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 9.0‐20.0) and the risk was greatest among men who had been employed in jobs with the highest wood dust exposure (OR = 45.5, 95% CI = 28.3‐72.9) and increased with duration of exposure. The risk of adenocarcinoma also appeared elevated among women employed in wood‐related jobs (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 0.5‐12.3), but the small number of exposed cases precluded detailed analysis. Women in wood dust‐exposed jobs appeared to have an excess of squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 0.8‐5.5) which increased with duration of exposure. An increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma in men was seen only among those employed for 30 or more years in jobs with exposure to fresh wood (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.1‐5.0). The results of this analysis provide strong support to the association between exposure to wood dust in a variety of occupations and the risk of sino‐nasal adenocarcinoma and are consistent with the results of individual participating studies, although the magnitude of the excess risk varied. The evidence in regard to squamous cell carcinomas was ambiguous and there was a great deal of heterogeneity observed in individual study results. This may be due to differences in risk associated with exposure to hardwoods and softwoods or with other, as yet to be identifi

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700280202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe quantitative relationship between exposure to respirable coal mine dust and mortality from nonmalignant respiratory diseases was investigated in a study of 8,878 working male coal miners who were medically examined from 1969 to 1971 and followed to 1979. Exposure‐related mortality was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards modeling for underlying or contributing causes of death and modified lifetable methods for underlying causes. For pneumoconiosis mortality, the lifetable analyses showed increasing standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) with increasing cumulative exposure category. Significant exposure‐response relationships for mortality from pneumoconiosis (P<0.001) and from chronic bronchitis or emphysema (P<0.05) were observed in the proportional hazards models after controlling for age and smoking. No exposure‐related increases in lung cancer or stomach cancer were observed. Pneumo coniosis mortality was found to vary significantly by the rank of coal dust to which miners were exposed. Miners exposed at or below the current U.S. coal dust standard of 2 mg/m3over a working lifetime, based on these analyses, have an elevated risk of dying from pneumoconiosis or from chronic bronchitis or emph

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700280203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe use of occupation as a surrogate for workplace exposures when more specific information is unavailable is common yet is particularly challenging in studies involving many diverse occupations. A classification scheme that aggregates workers based on similar job tasks and potential exposures was developed for use in a Canadian study, and its adaptation for a similar U.S. study is described. The 56 occupational categories and 1980 U.S. census occupation and industry codes used to create each are presented. The scheme was developed using the distribution of occupations and industries in two limited study populations, and no exposure measurements were taken in its preparation. However, the aggregation of jobs with similar exposures has practical utility in the analysis of a large number of specific occupations, each with a small number of workers. As a result, the scheme presented can provide a starting point for researchers facing this task in the analysis of case‐control occupational dat

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700280204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractConstruction workers building Denver International Airport (DIA) reported work‐related respiratory and flulike symptoms of several months duration. We performed a cross‐sectional interview study of 495 randomly selected DIA workers from six contractors in comparison with preplacement workers. We defined cases as workers with two work‐attributed lower respiratory symptoms and one work‐attributed systemic symptom. Case rates were significantly higher among DIA workers (34%) compared with those who had never worked at DIA (2%). Risk factors for illness included exposure to fireproofing (OR, 4.21; 95% CI, 1.95–9.08), work in tunnels and adjoining areas (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.84–5.12), length of DIA employment (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.46–0.92), and preexisting bronchitis (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.17–5.05). Our industrial hygiene investigation revealed alkaline dust (pH 11) present at a worksite associated with elevated risk of illness, and we identified airbornePenicilliummold widely distributed indoors at DIA. Clinical evaluation of 26 self‐identified symptomatic DIA employees, including bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsy in 10, revealed work‐related asthma in three workers and histologic evidence of chronic bronehitis in four who had never smoked. We concluded that future investigations of endemic work‐related febrile respiratory illness among construction workers should evaluate its association with indoor exposure to dusts from alkaline fireproofing,Penicilliummold, mycotoxins, and

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700280205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRespiratory and ocular effects from exposure to airborne contaminants in workers employed in the manufacture of wood products using ultraviolet radiation curing (UV) or acid curing (AC) of surface coating were investigated. Surface coating line or finishing workers exclusively employed in one or both processes were compared to a control group. Symptoms of exposure were investigated by questionnaire and medical examination. Nasal, pharyngeal, and ocular symptoms of discomfort, but not lower airway, were common among all exposed groups. These symptoms were most frequent in UV line workers and finishers of UV surface‐coated wood products. Mucociliary clearance was significantly slower in UV line workers. Significantly higher olfaction thresholds were observed in UV line and AC line workers and finishers of UV/AC surface‐coated wood products. Low levels of organic solvents and coating dusts (composed in part of wood dust, chemical composition unknown) were measured in the workers' breathing zones. Although remarkable improvements have been made in both AC and UV surface coating, additional control measures to eliminate airborne contaminants and improved work practices are requi

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700280206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis 2‐year prospective study examined the neurobehavioral effects of acute and chronic exposure to mixed solvents in workers in a screen printing business. A total of 30 subjects participated in the study in two field testings over a 12 month period. Each subject completed a detailed medical and occupational questionnaire, had a neurological examination, and underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests. Industrial hygiene investigation identified the following chemical exposures as present: toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, mineral spirits, β‐ether, methylene chloride, and acetic acid. Different departments and jobs had varying degrees of exposure to these chemicals, the highest exposures being in the ink mix area and the screen washroom area. However, all exposure levels were below recommended threshold limit values. Persons categorized as having higher acute exposure demonstrated significantly impaired test performance on tasks involving manual dexterity, visual memory, and mood. Those with higher chronic exposure demonstrated significantly poorer performance on visual memory tasks and mood. Results suggest that the mixed solvents used in the screen printing industy have an effect on central nervous system functioning in the absence of obvious clinical dis

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700280207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo clarify the effects of lead on autonomic and central nervous system functions, electrocardiographic R‐R interval variability (CVRR) as well as visual and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (VEP and BAEP) were measured in 36 female workers exposed to lead (exposed group) and in 15 female textile workers (unexposed group). The C‐CVLF, C‐CVHF(two component CVs of the CVRRreflecting sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, respectively), and LF/HF ratio (indicator of sympatho‐vagal balance) were also computed from component spectral powers by means of autoregressive spectral and component analyses. The exposed group had engaged in glass work for 2‐17 (mean 7.8) years. Blood lead (BPb) concentrations were 25.8–79.3 (mean 55.6) μg/dl in the exposed group and 4.7‐8.6 (mean 6.3) μg/dl in the unexposed group. The CVRR, C‐CVLF,C‐CVHF, and LF/HF ratio in the exposed group were significantly lower than those in the unexposed group. Also, the exposed group had more complaints of subjective symptoms and signs than did the unexposed group. On the other hand, no significant differences in either VEP or BAEP latencies were found between the two groups. It is suggested that autonomic nervous function is more susceptible to lead than visual and auditory nervous functions; lead affects sympathetic activity more strongly than paras

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700280208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relation between dermal and respiratory exposure and uptake into the body of captan, measured as 24 hr cumulative tetrahydrophtalimide (THPI) dose, was studied among 14 male fruit growers applying pesticides in orchards in the Netherlands. No contribution of respiratory exposure was observed on THPI in the urine. Dermal exposure, measured with skin pads, showed a clear relation with THPI in urine when exposure was estimated from exposure on skin pads of ankles and neck. No relation was found for total dermal exposure, calculated from measured exposure on skin pads of representative skin areas according to models described in the literature. Determinants of exposure such as use of a cabin on the tractor, use of gloves during mixing and loading, and use of rubber boots also explained THPI in urine very well. This finding corroborated the findings on measured dermal exposure. Results indicate that more attention should be paid to skin areas which are suspected to be most permeable for a chemical under study. It was concluded that dermal exposure data can be linked better to biological monitoring based on empirical findings as gathered in a pilot study on exposure of specific body areas than on estimations of total skin dose.

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700280209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOrganophosphate (OP)‐related illness data reported to the Worker Health and Safety Branch (WH&S) at the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA, now Cal‐EPA) in the years 1984–1988 were examined. Eight hundred and seventy‐eight cases with systemic illness and 199 cases of skin disease or eye injury were identified. Systemic cases were divided into two outcome groups: (1) “severe,” disability and/or hospitalization days (n = 361), and (2) “mild,” no disability or hospitalization days (n = 372). For the remainder (n = 145) or 16.5% of the cases, illness severity could not be determined. Using multiple logistic regression, independent predictors of “severe” illness were identified among the systemic cases. Workers coming in contact with OP residue on commodities or in the field (“exposed to residue” or ER) (OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 3.03–7.07) and mixer/loaders/applicators (MLA) (OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.72–6.07) were at significantly increased risk of severe illness when compared with cases exposed to OP application drift. Cases with a Spanish surname were also at increased risk of severe illness (OR = 1.8,95% CI = 1.25–2.73). Increased numbers of OPs per exposure were also associated with severe illness (p<0.001).Among cases who were exposed to only one OP, severe systemic cases were more likely than mild systemic cases to be associated with exposure to diethyl than dimethyl compounds (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.09–2.38). Severe systemic cases were also more likely than severe skin/eye cases to be associated with exposure to OPs with high toxicity (OR = 5.5, 95% CI = 2.42–12.60) and with exposure to diethyl groups (OR = 4.8, 95% CI = 1.90–12.00). These findings suggest that reducing exposure to OP residues, to OPs with diethyl groups, and to multiple OPs, and exposure during mixer/loader/ applicator activities would re

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700280210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe prospective decline of hearing sensitivity was evaluated in an occupational cohort of university blue collar workers in relation to age, gender, occupational and nonoccu‐pational noise exposure, smoking, blood pressure, and cholesterol. Each of these were associated with loss of hearing sensitivity univariately. When controlling for age and historical noise exposure in a multiple regression model, systolic blood pressure and cholesterol level were independently associated with decline in auditory sensitivit

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700280211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY