摘要:

AbstractThis study was initiated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Bureau of Mines (BOM) to determine the prevalence and pathological features of silicosis in coal miners. The population base was 3,365 autopsied underground miners whose records were submitted to the U.S. National Coal Workers' Autopsy Study between 1971 and 1980. This program is voluntary and covers an estimated 10% of all coal workers who die. The mean age at death of the population was 62 years, of whom 75% were current or ex‐smokers at the time of death. The average work tenure was 26 years. Lung sections from all cases were reviewed and the type and severity of pneumoconiosis documented. These findings were correlated with years of mining, job history, and geographic location of mine. Classical silicotic nodules were found in 12.5% of the population. There was a significant relationship between length of underground mining and prevalence and severity of silicosis consistent with a dose‐response effect. The study also showed that job category and geographic location of the mine were important determinants of silicosis prevalence and that silicosis was strongly associated with higher categories of coal workers' pneumoconio

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700160601

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExposure information was evaluated for two large chemical manufacturing facilities and a research and development center in support of occupational health studies of employees assigned to these facilities. Methodology and rationale underlying the exposure categorization are provided, and descriptive exposure statistics are presented for a sample of 774 employees. Analysis of work patterns and exposure profiles revealed that 1) employee transfers among various production work areas did not follow a predictable pattern, 2) over 41% of the chemicals identified were present in multiple work areas, and 3) individuals exposed to one chemical of toxicologic interest were also likely to be exposed to other similarly toxic materials. The use of both work area and chemical‐specific exposure measures is recommended, as each may be helpful in addressing etiologic questions regarding complex work environment

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700160602

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNested case‐control studies of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (52 cases), multiple myeloma (20 cases), nonlymphocytic leukemia (39 cases), and lymphocytic leukemia (18 cases) were conducted within a cohort of employed men from two chemical manufacturing facilities and a research and development center. Exposure odds ratios were examined in relation to 111 work areas, 21 specific chemicals, and 52 chemical activity groups. Associations were observed for a maintenance and construction subgroup (non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma) and a chlorohydrin production unit (nonlymphocytic leukemia). The odds ratio for the association of “foremen and others” with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma was 3.2 (CI95= 1.47–7.2) based on 11 cases. A duration‐response trend was observed for the chlorohydrin unit with three of four cases assigned 5 + years to that unit. An association between non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and assignment to strong acid alcohol production units (OR = 8.3; CI95= 2.3–30.7) was not supported by a duration‐response trend. Two highly correlated chemical groups, antioxidants (five cases) and nitriles (four cases), were over‐represented among multiple myeloma cases. A duration effect was observed. However, examination of work histories did not reveal common jobs or depart

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700160603

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHearing threshold was reexamined in a group of forge hammering workers investigated 8 years ago with consideration of the age effect and of auditory symptoms. Workers were exposed to impact noise that ranged from 112 to 139 dB(A)—at an irregular rate of 20 to 50 drop/minute—and a continuous background noise that ranged from 90 to 94 dB(A). Similar to what was observed 8 years ago, the present permanent threshold shift (PTS) showed a maximum notch at the frequency of 6 kHz and considerable elevations at the frequencies of 0.25–1 kHz. The age‐corrected PTS and the postexposure hearing threshold were significantly higher than the corresponding previous values at the frequencies 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 8 kHz only. The rise was more evident at the low than at the high frequencies. Temporary threshold shift (TTS) values were significantly less than those 8 years ago. Contrary to the previous TTS, the present TTS were higher at low than at high frequencies. Although progression of PTS at the frequencies 0.25 and 0.5 kHz was continuous throughout the observed durations of exposure, progression at higher frequencies occurred essentially in the first 10 to 15 years of exposure. Thereafter, it followed a much slower rate. Tinnitus was significantly associated with difficulty in hearing the human voice and with elevation of PTS at all the tested frequencies, while acoustic after‐image was significantly associated with increment of PTS at the frequencies 0.25–2 kHz. No relation between PTS and smoking was found. PTS at low frequencies may provide an indication of progression of hearing damage when the sensitivity at 6 and 4 kHz diminishes after prolonged years of exposure. Tinnitus and acoustic after‐image are related to the auditory effect of forge ha

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700160604

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo determine the influence of ventilation control and work practices on the health of workers potentially exposed to organophosphate and carbamate compounds, we examined a total of 989 employees from pesticide factories in Taiwan during 1986–1987. Each employee was examined by a physician, and a blood sample was drawn for plasma cholinesterase, complete blood count, and liver and renal function tests. Forty‐one employees with medical conditions that might alter the plasma cholinesterase were excluded. Results showed that 43 of 515 production employees had decreased plasma cholinesterase as compared with four of 340 non‐production employees. Production employees working under adequate ventilation control seemed to have a lower prevalence of decreased plasma cholinesterase than those under inadequate ventilation control, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.242). There was a significant association between the level of housekeeping and work practices and the prevalence of decreased plasma cholinesterase (p = 0.022). We conclude that inadequate ventilation control and poor work practices may create a potential danger of pesticide poisoning among production employees in Taiwan and should be corrected immedi

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700160605

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn an attempt to examine the neurochemical changes of lead exposure, a study was conducted on 106 lead workers and a control group of 25 nonexposed workers. The urinary excretion of major catecholamine metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA), and vanillylmandellic acid (VMA) were measured. Workers exposed to lead had a mean blood lead concentration of 43.2 μg/100 ml, whereas the concentration for workers not exposed to lead was 12.7 μg/100 ml. Urinary HVA was significantly elevated in the exposed group when compared with controls (p<0.01). HVA was also found to be associated with an increase of lead in blood. Although not statistically significant, the VMA excretion was also noted to be moderately elevated; however, it is recognized that the present study was unable to establish a highly significant dose‐response relationship between lead exposure and HVA excretion, as has been reported earlier in lead‐poisoned chi

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700160606

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPersonal monitoring of 8‐hour time‐weighted average intensity of exposure with diffuse samplers and analysis of shift‐end urine for total trichloro‐compounds (TTC) and other metabolites were conducted in two groups of workers in China, one (121 subjects) exposed to tetrachloroethylene (TETRA) alone, and the other (38 subjects) exposed to a mixture of TETRA and trichloroethylene (TRI). Urinalysis was also performed on samples from 103 non‐exposed controls. A linear exposure‐excretion relationship could be observed in both groups of workers. Comparison of these results with those of Japanese TETRA‐workers suggested the presence of ethnic difference in TETRA metabolism. Urinary metabolite levels were markedly lower in the mixed (TETRA + TRI) exposure group as compared to previous findings in a group exposed to TRI alone. The observation indicates that metabolism of TRI is suppressed by the co‐exposure to

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700160607

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe association between employment in motor exhaust‐related occupations and the risk for lung cancer was examined in 2,291 male cases of lung cancer and 2,570 controls in data pooled from three U.S. case control studies carried out by the National Cancer Institute between 1976 and 1983. Most analyses were limited to subjects providing direct, in‐person interviews, including 1,444 cases and 1,893 controls. For those providing direct interviews and employed 10 years or more in motor exhaust‐related (MER) occupations, the age, smoking, and study area adjusted odds ratio (OR) for lung cancer was 1.5 (95% CI = 1.2–1.9). Risk was elevated for truck drivers (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1–1.9) and for other MER occupations (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.1–2.0). The odds ratios associated with MER employment of 10+ years were 1.6 (95% CI = 1.2–2.1) for whites and 1.4 (95% CI = 0.9–2.1) for nonwhites; 0.9 (95% CI = 0.6–1.2) for those with possible exposure to other recognized or reported lung carcinogens; and 1.6 (95% CI 1.2–2.1) for those without such exposure. The 50% excess risk for lung cancer associated with employment in motor exhaust‐related occupations could not be explained by greater use of cigarettes or by other occupational exposure

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700160608

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEpidemiological and experimental studies suggest that manmade mineral fibers (MMMFs) have DNA‐damaging and carcinogenic properties. To investigate the hypothesis that cigarette smoke can potentiate MMMF‐induced DNA damage, we exposed isolated calf thymus DNA to cigarette smoke condensate and/or three different types of MMMFs: rockwool, glasswool, and ceramic fibers. As an index of DNA damage, the hydroxyl radical‐generated formation of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG) from deoxyguanosine (dG) was used. All the three fiber types, as well as cigarette smoke condensate alone, caused hydroxylation of dG residues in DNA, and, when smoke was combined with each of the different fibers, rockwool caused a synergistically increased formation of 8OHdG. We suggest that 1) iron‐containing MMMFs such as rockwool are able to enhance synergistically cigarette smoke‐induced DNA‐damage and 2) this damage is caused by hydr

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700160609

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this article the material collected for a case‐control study is analyzed in order to evaluate the existence of relationships between organic solvent exposure and the entitlement to disability benefits due to neuropsychiatric disorders. Questionnaires were used to collect information on 252 cases receiving compensation due to neuropsychiatric disorders and 822 controls about their occupational history and work practices related to organic solvent exposure. In order to estimate the exposure to organic solvents, three exposure indices were used: duration of exposure, painters' index, and general exposure index. Analysis showed some tendencies indicating positive exposure‐outcome relationships. Furthermore, some work activities and working conditions associated with high exposure to organic solvents (e.g., poor ventilation, using paint removers) resulted in a marked increase of the likelihood for receiving disability benefits due to neuropsychiatric disord

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700160610

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY