ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700130602

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between various occupational exposures and brain cancer was investigated in a case‐control study using mortality data from 202 males who died in East Texas from gliomas in 1969‐1978 and 238 male controls randomly selected from all deaths in East Texas in 1969‐1978. Using the occupational classification scheme of the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the risk for brain cancer was significantly increased for male workers employed in the transportation, communication, and utilities industries [odds ratio (OR) = 2.26, confidence intervals (CI) = 1.18‐4.32]. Further examination of this finding showed that male workers employed in occupations associated with electricity or electromagnetic (EM) fields had an elevated risk for brain cancer (OR = 3.94, CI = 1.52‐10.20). In addition, there was a linear relationship between the probability of exposure to EM fields and brain cancer. Significantly elevated risk for brain cancer was also found among male workers in the trucking

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700130603

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study challenges the assertion of low relative risk of chrysotile in the causation of mesothelioma. Data are provided on the time period use of various types of asbestos in the United States and in insulation materials. The focus of the study is on mesothelioma among railroad machinists employed in the steam locomotive era who were exposed to chrysotile. Within a cohort of machinists alive January 1, 1945, a sub‐cohort method was applied to all successive machinists hired in each of the respective years (1920‐1929) followed through 1986. The total cohort was 181 and the number of deaths 156, with 14 mesotheliomas identified among 41 cancer deaths. The findings demonstrated an extremely high relative risk for machinists exposed to chrysotile for the induction of mesothelioma in the individual year of hire cohorts. A similar observation was noted for other crafts hired in the same time period. One mesothelioma occurred for every 13 machinists hired in the succeeding years (1920‐1929) and constituted 34% of all cancer deaths. It is concluded that chrysotile is far more hazardous in the induction of mesotheliomas and that the asbestos cancer risk in the steam locomotive eras was much higher than had been previously esti

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700130604

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been studied in relation to working conditions encountered in a primary aluminum smelter employing over 6,000 men. During the period 1975‐1983, 306 new cases of IHD were identified which were matched with 575 referents. A logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for differences in smoking habits, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterol‐emia, and obesity. Results from this showed that white collar workers had a significantly lower risk of IHD (odds ratio 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.31‐0.70). Among blue collar workers, a significantly higher risk was observed for workers in the reduction division of the plant (OR 1.72, CI 1.09‐2.97) including, in particular, Soderberg (OR 1.71, CI 1.07‐2.72) and prebake (OR 2.26, CI. 1.27‐4.02) potroom workers. The risk of IHD did not increase with the length of time worked in these occupations. The search for associations (among blue collar workers) of risk with nine specific contaminants (benzene soluble material, fluoride, total dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, thermal stress, noise, physical load, and mental load) proved inconclusive, with no association reaching statistical s

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700130605

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to assess the possible human carcinogenecity of formaldehyde we conducted a retrospective cohort mortality study of workers exposed for at least three months to formaldehyde in three garment facilities which produced permanent press garments. A total of 11,030 workers contributing 188,025 person‐years were included in the study. Vital status was successfully ascertained through 1982 for over 96% of the cohort. The average (TWA) formaldehyde exposure at the three plants monitored in 1981 and 1984 by NIOSH was 0.15 ppm but past exposures may have been substantially higher. In general, mortality from nonmalignant causes was less than expected. A statistically significant excess in mortality from cancers of the buccal cavity (SMR = 343) and connective tissue (SMR = 364) was observed. Statistically nonsignificant excesses in mortality were observed for cancers of the trachea, bronchus and lung (SMR = 114), pharynx (SMR = 112), bladder (SMR = 145), leukemia and aleukemia (SMR = 113), and other lymphopoietic neoplasms (SMR = 170). Mortality from cancers of the trachea, bronchus and lung was inversely related to duration of exposure and latency. In contrast, mortality from cancers of the buccal cavity, leukemias, and other lymphopoietic neoplasms increased with duration of formaldehyde exposure and/or latency. These neoplasms also were found to be highest among workers first exposed during a time period of high potential formaldehyde exposures in this industry (1955‐1962). However, it should be recognized that these findings are based on realtively small numbers and that confounding by other factors may still exist. The results from this investigation, although far from conclusive, do provide evidence of a possible relationship between formaldehyde exposure and the development of upper respiratory cancers (buccal), leukemias, and other lymphopoietic neoplasms in hum

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700130606

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted among men and women employed for four or more years, between 1958 and 1982, at an aircraft manufacturing company in San Diego County. Specific causes of death under investigation included cancer of the brain and nervous system, malignant melanoma, and cancer of the testicle, which previous reports have suggested to be associated with work in aircraft manufacturing. Follow‐up of the cohort of 14,067 subjects for a mean duration of 15.8 yr from the date of first employment resulted in successful tracing of 95% of the cohort and found 1,804 deaths through 1982. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated based on U.S. national mortality rates and separately based on San Diego County mortality rates. Mortality due to all causes was significantly low (SMR = 75), as was mortality due to all cancer (SMR = 84). There was no significant excess of cancer of the brain, malignant melanoma, cancer of the testicle, any other cancer site, or any other category of death. Additional analyses of cancer sites for which at least ten deaths were found and for which the SMR was at least 110 showed no increase in risk with increasing duration of work or in any specific calendar period. Although this study found no significant excesses in cause‐specific mortality, excess risks cannot be ruled out for those diseases that have latency periods in excess of 20 to 30 yr, or for exposures that might be restricted to a small proportion of the coh

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700130607

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUse of visual display terminals (VDTs) was examined in a case‐control study of pregnancy outcome among 1,583 pregnant women who attended three Kaiser Permanente obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Northern California, 1981‐1982. We found a significantly elevated risk of miscarriage for working women who reported using VDTs for more than 20 hr per week during the first trimester of pregnancy compared to other working women who reported not using VDTs (odds ratio 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2‐2.8). This risk could not be explained by age, education, occupation, smoking, alcohol consumption, or other maternal characteristics. No significantly elevated risk for birth defects was found among working women although odds ratios were 1.4 for both moderate and high VDT exposure, compared with no exposure (95% CI: 0.7‐2.7 and 0.7‐2.9, respectively). One possible explanation for these findings is that women who had adverse pregnancy outcomes may have overreported their exposures to VDTs and/or women with normal births may have underreported theirs. The findings may also be due to unmeasured factors confounded with high VDT use such as poor ergonomie conditions or job‐related stress. That VDTs themselves are hazardous to the pregnant operator remains a possibility. Our results underscore the need for large cohort studies of working women that will provide objective measures of VDT exposures, ergonomic factors,

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700130608

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA systematic random sample of 405 workers from metal, asbestos cement pipes, textile, and viscose rayon industries were interviewed using a prepared and tested questionnaire. Personal Protective Devices (PPDs), namely goggles, gloves, respirators, and ear defenders, had been distributed to all workers on the payroll and were used by 31.4%. Usage of PPDs was associated with the educational level, duration of occupation, awareness of the work hazards, and knowledge about the purpose of PPDs. Marked association was found between nonusage of PPDs and discomfort, interference with job performance, and the psychological feeling of lowering the person's prestige by the wearing of PPDs. Nonusage was also associated with lack of maintenance of the device and absence of supervision of its usage. Users were more numerous among married workers and workers with urban residence than among unmarried workers and those with rural residence, respectively. No association could be found between the rate of usage and the worker's age except for ear plugs, for which nonusage was proportional to the worker's age. The most important factors were those related to the role of the safety staff and the discomfort of the devices. Recommendations for occupational health authorities on the basis of the above evaluation are suggested.

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700130609

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Illinois Right to Know (RTK) law included requirements for substance lists to be submitted by companies to the Illinois Department of Labor (IDOL). This provided an opportunity to test the feasibility of identifying workplaces utilizing common chemicals for future epidemiologic investigations.A sample of IDOL files (n = 115) was obtained, and relevant data elements were coded. A second sample of substance names within these files (n = 1,015) was selected, and searches in three standard references were conducted to identify chemical descriptions.Equal proportions of employers and manufacturer/suppliers were in general compliance with RTK law reporting requirements (58%). Forty‐five percent of substances sampled from employers (chemical users) and 71% of substances sampled from manufacturer/suppliers (chemical producers and distributors) could be identified. The ability to identify substances reported using chemical names was approximately equal across companies (90%), while the ability to identify substances with nonchemical names was greater in manufacturer (59%) than in employer (32%) files.This study suggests that the ability to identify potential occupationally exposed groups using this resource may be greater among manufacturers than among employers. Recognition of substances used in the workplace could be improved if companies were required to report chemical name

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700130610

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700130611

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY