ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700090202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700090203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700090204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe analyzed chrysotile and chrysotile‐associated amphibole (largely tremolite) asbestos fibers in 21 workers exposed to various types of processed (milled) chrysotile ore, 20 long‐term chrysotile miners, and 20 members of the general population (controls). Significantly greater amounts of both chrysotile and tremolite were found in processedore workers and miners than in controls. On average, the mean fiber lengths and aspect ratios for the mining and processed‐ore‐exposed workers were similar and were significantly greater than the values seen in the controls; within the processed‐ore group, there was a marked variation in these parameters, and some workers appeared to be exposed to fairly long, thin fibers. It was found empirically that the fiber size data, and to a lesser extent the concentration data, could be used to classify workers accurately into those with processed‐ore exposure and controls. We conclude that 1) fiber sizes in the lungs of processed‐ore‐exposed workers are similar to those of chrysotile miners and are considerably longer than those found in the general population; 2) some processed‐ore workers have longer fibers which might be responsible for higher disease incidences in certain working groups; 3) tremolite accompanies chrysotile in a variable proportion of workers exposed to processed chrysotile products and might be important in the genesis of mesothelioma in such workers; and 4) mineralogic analysis will usually detect exposure even when chrysotile has largely disappeared

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700090205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndustries that use fluoride‐containing materials are usually aware of their toxicity and adopt adequate medical measures. It has been found that workers in factories who have not been considered as subjected to fluorine hazard and therefore have not been controlled had significantly elevated urinary fluoride levels. Most workers in a medically controlled fertilizer plant had normal urinary levels. Maintenance workers were found to have higher values, up to 12 mg/lite

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700090206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWomen have become an increasingly important segment of the total work force, yet there are very few published occupational mortality studies of female workers. This paper reports the findings of a retrospective cohort mortality study of 1,371 full‐time female municipal employees of the City of Buffalo, New York, who were employed at least 1 day between January 1, 1950, and October 1, 1979, and who worked a minimum of 5 years. Vital status was ascertained for 88% of the female cohort, resulting in the identification of 214 observed deaths. This predominantly white‐collar, service‐oriented female cohort demonstrated significantly lower mortality than that expected based on U.S. mortality rates for white females. This strong “healthy‐worker effect” was consistent across the time period of the study, across cause‐specific mortality especially for all malignant neoplasms and all diseases of the circulatory system, and across different worker groups. Findings are discussed in light of the methodological issues involved in occupational studies of f

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700090207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe mortality experience of a large refinery cohort (1937–1978) was examined by dividing it into three subcohorts according to hire dates: those hired before 1940, those hired during the period 1940–1945, and those hired after 1945. These three periods are approximately equivalent to before, during, and after World War II and span a total hiring period of more than 75 years.The results showed that a substantial portion of the cohort (3,330 or 27%) had been recruited during 1940–1945, and they contributed 980 or 28% of the total deaths. However, their mortality experience was quite different from the rest. A series of significant increases were seen among the external causes for accidents, suicide, and homicide. In terms of overall mortality and in contrast to the rest of the cohort, no “healthy worker effect” was seen (SMR = 1.00). They also showed increases in several types of cancer including cancers of the pancreas and prostate and leukemia. These unusual experiences cannot be explained either on the basis of their war‐related deaths or on their period of employment (one‐half were terminated within 1 year from date of hire), and data is insufficient to separate the role of hiring practices or their socioeconomic status. However, their life‐styles were probably quite different judged from the fact that alcoholism‐related deaths were increased as much as fivefold.Almost two‐thirds of the total deaths occurred among 4,080 workers in the before 1940 subcohort. Further, the 5,117 workers of the after‐1945 subcohort contributed only 5% of the total deaths. Thus, the results of the original refinery cohort (1937–1978) primarily reflect the experience of those employees hired before 1940.Given the same cohort method (historical prospective), cohort results vary widely according to different study designs, and this has implications for “generalizable” risk assessment or risk projections. A prospective study of new hires with 30 years of follow‐up is rather inefficient because it would yield only a small number of deaths, with a strong healthy worker effect. The same is true for studies based on active workers with a short period of follow‐up. Studies based on time of hire, however, provide a means for controlling time

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700090208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlong with our submission to the National Death Index (NDI) of a cohort of more than 23,000 petrochemical and refinery workers, we included 1,449 known U.S. deaths to determine the completeness of death ascertainment through the NDI. A number of factors that may affect follow‐up were examined including sex, race, age, and reporting area. Overall, NDI detected 97.1% of known deaths. Follow‐up was slightly better for males (97.2%) than for females (92.0%) and was significantly better for whites (97.6%) than for nonwhites (92.0%). Analyses by reporting area showed very complete follow‐up from all locations (93.4%–100%) except for the New York City area (71.4%). These findings indicate that NDI is an extremely useful source for vital status follow‐up, though follow‐up may be somewhat less complete for certain subgroups of an occupational s

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700090209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeveral recent studies (animal and human) have suggested an association between lung cancer and silica exposure. To test the hypothesis, we have studied death benefit records of 1,905 members of the Granite Cutters Union. A proportionate mortality analysis (PMR) was conducted, using U.S. deaths as a comparison population. Statistically significant excesses were observed for death from nonmalignant respiratory disease (largely silicosis) (183 obs, 43.7 exp) and for tuberculosis (largely silicotuberculosis) (262 obs, 19.3 exp). Other significant excesses were observed for bone cancer (6 obs, 1.9 exp) and arthritis (5 obs, 1.5 exp). A significant decrease was observed for leukemia (5 obs, 13.0 exp). For lung cancer a slight but nonsignificant excess was observed (97 obs, 81.1 exp, PMR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.97–1.46). A proportionate cancer mortality analysis (PCMR) showed similar results for lung cancer (PCMR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.89–1.33). Lung cancer mortality also failed to show any trend with either calendar time or duration of exposure. Although no significant excess of lung cancer was observed for the entire silica‐exposed cohort, there was an indication that those who were silicotic had an excess risk of lung cancer, based on a review of contributing causes on the death certif

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700090210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have reported two cases of keratopathy in polyurethane workers that appear to be identical to those described by previous authors. We have been able to produce similar findings in the corneas of cats by exposing the eyes of anesthetized animals to the vapor of two of the amines used as catalysts in polyurethane manufacture. We were unable to reproduce these results with toluene diisocyanate. Therefore we support the previous suggestion that the amine catalysts are responsible for the distinctive keratopathy in polyurethane workers. We are unable to substantiate the claim that toluene diisocyanate is responsible for this phenomenon.

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700090211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY