摘要:

AbstractComputerized mortality listings for Wisconsin for 1968‐1976 were used in proportional mortality ratio (PMR) and proportional cancer mortality ratio (PCMR) analyses to evaluate mortality patterns among Wisconsin farmers. Examination of PCMR trends by per capita county level of agricultural production was limited to the youngest birth cohort (1905‐1958) and cancer sites associated with farming exposures in either the present or previous analyses. Among all Wisconsin farmers, significantly decreased PMRs were seen for tobacco‐ and alcohol‐related causes of death, while excesses occurred for accidential causes, asthma, and cancer of the stomach, prostate, eye, and lymphatic and hematopoietic systems. Elevated PCMR's for leukemia and all lymphopoietic cancer and cancers of the stomach, rectum, eye occurred in farmers born 1905‐1958, while deficits were observed for cancer of the pancreas and the category, “all other cancers.” Increases in PCMR's with level of various agricultural activities were largely associated with cancers of other lymphatic tissue (2/3 of which were multiple myeloma) and the rectum. Certain agricultural exposures were also positively associated with deaths due to cancers of the prostate, brain, lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma, and all lymphopoietic cancers. No positive PCMR gradients were observed for leukemia and malignancies of the stomach and eye. Modern chemical practices in farming may account for some of the p

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe reproductive toxicology of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) has been studied in animal models and in human populations. In animals, TCDD has a range of toxic effects on organs of the reproductive system in males and females, on hormone biochemistry, and on embryo‐fetal development. These effects may involve in part an identified intracellular TCDD receptor and its association with the induction of microsomal cytochrome P‐450‐dependent monooxygenases in many organs. TCDD treatment increases activity of monooxygenase enzyme in liver and gonads of treated animals, but unlike other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that are monooxygenase inducers, TCDD is not cytotoxic to any population of oocytes in the mature female mouse. Epidemiological studies of TCDD reproductive toxicity have been limited in design. There are some reports of adverse effects in the Seveso population and in children born to American veterans presumed to have been exposed to TCDD in Agent Orange during the Vietnam war. Occupational cohorts have not been found to show such paternally mediated effects of TC

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA group of workers, occupationally exposed to lead and cadmium compounds (n = 53), was compared to a group of workers not exposed to these metals (n = 52). The average values of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure were found to be higher in the exposed group (p<0.05). In contrast with the correlation between CdU and blood pressure, the correlation between PbB and systolic and mean blood pressure remained statistically significant after controlling for age and pulse rate (r = 0.22, p<0.05). The prevalence of potential hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 95 mm Hg and/or under treatment for hypertension) was higher in the exposed group, but the observed relative risk was not statistically significant: relative risk = 1.91 (95% confidence limits, 0.90‐4.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation between PbB and Hgb (r = ‐0.28, p=0.004) was observed. Differences in kidney function, as assessed in this study, were not d

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA cohort of 1,083 male employees who had potential for exposure to acrylonitrile between 1944 and 1970 at a Du Pont textile fibers plant were followed through 1981 for mortality and through 1983 for cancer incidence. In total, the 21 cancer deaths were fewer than expected based on either Du Pont or U.S. rates. No significant excesses were seen by primary site. In all, 37 cancer cases occurred as compared with 36.5 expected based on company rates. Five lung cancer cases were observed and 6.9 expected. There were 5 prostate cancer cases as compared with 1.9 expected. Of these, 4 occurred among wage employees during the 1975‐1983 period, compared to 0.9 expected. This excess was statistically significan

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExperimental studies have demonstrated that certain types of commercially produced polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are carcinogenic. Data in humans are still controversial. This study was undertaken in order to determine possible long‐term effects, particularly cancer, in workers engaged in the manufacture of capacitors impregnated with PCBs in a plant operating since 1946. All workers employed for at least 1 week between 1946 and 1978 were admitted to the study (544 males and 1,556 females), and their mortality was examined for the period 1946‐1982. Data on environmental contamination, workers' PCBs intake, and health effects (chloracne) were available, which documented the general exposure conditions in the plant. Vital status was ascertained for over 99% of the subjects, and death certificates were obtained for all deceased persons. Expected deaths were calculated using two sets of mortality rates, national and local. Among male workers, cancer deaths (14 obs.) were significantly increased as were deaths owing to cancer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (6 obs.). Also, mortality from hematologic neoplasms (3 obs.) and lung cancer (3 obs.) was higher than expected; however, the excess was statistically not significant. Female workers exhibited an overall mortality that was significantly increased above expectations. Cancer deaths (12 obs.) and hematologic neoplasms (4 obs.) were significantly higher than expected when compared with the local population. Interpretation of the results is limited by the small number of deaths; however, the point of interest is the consistency of these results with previous experimental and epidemiologic studies, which indicated the GI tract and lymphatic and hemopoietic tissue as the most probable target sites of the PCBs carcinogenic activ

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe examined sensitive biochemical and immunological markers of kidney function and damage in 53 male oil refinery workers exposed to hydrocarbons and compared their results with those of a control group of 61 age‐matched nonexposed males. The mean duration of employment of exposed males was 11 years. The current levels of exposure to a variety of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, as determined by personal monitoring, were well below the current threshold limit values. No difference was found in the urinary tubular parameters β‐N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosaminidase, β2‐microglobulin (β2‐m) and retinol‐binding protein. Similar serum β2‐m levels indicated no impairment of the glomerular filtration rate in the exposed workers. The levels of circulating immune complexes were also identical in both groups. The mean albuminuria was slightly higher (p<.005) in the exposed group in a quantitative assay but was not dipstick‐detectable. The mean urinary excretion of a renal antigen was also higher (p<.05) in the exposed group and correlated with the excretion of albumin. Finally, slightly higher titers of anti‐laminin antibodies were found in five exposed employees, but this was not accompanied by an increased albuminuria. We conclude that chronic low‐level hydrocarbon exposure in these refinery workers does not lead to clinically significant renal abnormalities. Nevertheless, some findings are consistent with the possible role of hydrocarbon exposure in the indu

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhile there have been numerous epidemiology studies of refinery workers, no studies have been done on producing and pipeline workers. This is a retrospective follow‐up study of all persons who were employed for at least 6 months at a Texaco producing or pipeline location and who worked at some time during the period 1946–1980. Of the 11,098 white men in the cohort, 8,964 were alive, 1,886 were known to be dead, and the vital status of the remaining 248 as of December 31, 1980 was unknown. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 63 for all causes was significantly low, on the basis of 2,976 expected deaths. Statistically significant deficits also were seen for all major causes of death. Mortality patterns were also examined for the major job categories in these departments. Similar patterns of mortality were seen, although there was a significant excess of thyroid cancer in those employed as pumper‐gaugers. However, it was based on only four

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110208

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent studies suggest that semiconductor workers have an increased incidence of work‐related illness. Semiconductor manufacturing is a chemically intensive industry involving many potentially hazardous operations. As this industry moves into new geographic areas, health care professionals will be asked to evaluate medical or workplace conditions associated with unfamiliar and complex production processes. This paper provides an overview of semiconductor manufacturing processes for these health practitioners. Each step of device fabrication is detailed with its attendant chemical and physical hazards. Broader concepts of industrial control technology, clean room ventilation, and ergonomics are explained. The hazards are tabulated to allow rapid assessment of the risks inherent to each processing step. References have been chosen to guide the reader to more indepth informatio

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110209

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe report the results of an exposure chamber study in which volunteers were exposed to 0, 950 mg.m−3(175 ppm) and 1,900 mg.m−3(350 ppm) of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane for 3.5 hours. The time‐course of the behavioral changes and the relationship to blood concentrations of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane were investigated.A pattern of performance deficits consistent with earlier work was found for some of the tests of psychomotor performance. The time‐course of these appeared to be rapid, occurring in some cases within 20 minutes of exposure. For those tasks shown to be sensitive to 1,1,1‐trichloroethane exposure, the development of performance changes followed the time‐course of blood solvent levels. Two behavioral tests not previously used in this type of work were also employed. One was concerned with the distractability of attention and concentration (the Stroop test), and the other was concerned with analysing grammatical statements (the syntactic reasoning test). Different effects were found. In the Stroop test, enhanced performance was observed following exposure; however, the syntactic reasoning test was found to be resistant to solvent effects. Measures of short‐term subjective well‐being were not affected by exposure.It is suggested that the observations of time‐course effects in performance and their relationship to change in blood solvent levels have implications for psychological test selection and for study designs for exa

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110210

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700110211

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY