ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700240302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700240303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs a society, we share assumptions that exhibit a profound historical ambivalence regarding young people at work. On the one hand, we all acknowledge that there is something socially and morally reprehensible about forcing children to toil. Many of us see child labor as a vestigial remnant of the harshest aspects of the Industrial Revolution. On the other hand, we also continue to see work as a sign of the moral and social health of a community and hence, we see employment among the young as a stabilizing and redemptive activity. Especially when addressing the nation's poor, urban and African‐American populations, youth unemployment is almost universally understood as a root cause of social unrest and community breakdown. This paper outlines some of the historical arguments about children in the work force and raises the question about the national resolve to seriously address this issue. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700240304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChildren comprise a significant portion of the agricultural workforce and are exposed to many workplace hazards, including farm machinery, pesticides, poor field sanitation, unsafe transportation, and fatigue from doing physically demanding work for long periods. Migrant farmworker children face the additional hazard of substandard or nonexistent housing in the fields. Children account for a disproportionate share of agricultural workplace fatalities and disabling injuries, with more than 300 deaths and 27,000 injuries per year. The most common cause of fatal and nonfatal injury among children in agriculture is farm machinery, with tractors accouting for the greatest number. Remedies to the problems of child labor must take into account family economics and the need for child care. Labor law reform and rigorous enforcement of existing laws and of workplace health and safety requirements are vital to better protect the children and adults working in agriculture. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700240305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to examine the persistent, yet underrecognized, problem of adolescent occupational injury. There is little appreciation for the magnitude and scope of this problem, including, particularly, the underlying causes and factors of adolescent occupational injury; this is especially so outside the occupational health field. There are many reasons why the scope of adolescent occupational injury remains unappreciated. For example, injury surveillance systems, including workers' compensation records, do not reveal the level of this problem because many injuries are not properly compensated. This paper examines health hazards to children in the service industries from various perspectives. This scrutiny will include an examination of adolescent occupational injury levels and the reasons why this problem is large and growing. In closing, we consider ways to improve public policies in order to portray this problem accurately, the first step toward meaningful injury prevention strategies. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700240306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInjury is the leading cause of death in adolescence, with the highest rates for 15‐ to 19‐year‐olds, an age span also marked, for many, by entry into the workforce. Occupational injuries affecting youth occur in the context of the larger problem of injury affecting children and adolescents. An understanding of the broader context can help to guide efforts to control occupational injuries.Nonfatal injuries vastly exceed fatal ones, but more is known about the latter. Injuries are the leading cause of death in the U.S. for ages 1 to 44 years. The proportion of child and adolescent deaths due to injury has risen for several decades; injury rates have been stable while deaths from natural causes have declined. Injury patterns vary with age, race, and sex, and also internationally. The two leading causes of injury deaths for U.S. adolescents are motor vehicle occupant injury (related largely to alcohol) and homicide (related largely to firearms).Contemporary injury prevention approaches focus on means to prevent the transfer of damaging amounts of energy to potential victims. The most effective approaches are passive (engineering/environmental) and/or require one‐time‐only behaviors.Prevention of child and adolescent occupational injuries will need to build on approaches that have been successful for other child and adolescent injuries, as well ones that have been successful for adult occupational injuries. A multidisciplinary approach will be needed. © 1993 Wiley

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700240307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMillions of children in the United States work and, despite federal and state laws, face safety hazards. Previous studies have documented large numbers of injuries suffered on the job by working children. This study describes work‐related injuries to children 14–17 years old in 14 Massachusetts communities (representing 5% of the state population) based on data from emergency departments and hospital admissions collected as part of a large population‐based surveillance study of injuries to children and adolescents from 1979 to 1982. An estimated 1,176 work‐related injuries occurred during the three‐year period, accounting for 7–13% of all injury‐related emergency department visits in this age group; the proportion among 17‐year‐olds was 14–26%. Cuts and lacerations were the most frequent type of injury, cutting/piercing was the most common cause, and cutting instruments were the most frequently identified products. Seventeen children were hospitalized for work‐related injuries during the course of the study. The estimated annual rate of occupational injury rose from 3.7/1,000 children for 14‐ to 15‐year‐olds to 44.7/1000 for 17‐year‐olds; these rates count all resident children, regardless of their employment status, in the denominator. Rates based on actual hours worked are much higher, and strongly suggest that working minors should be considered a high‐risk group for occupational injury. This study adds to the mounting evidence that work‐related injuries to children are a significant public health problem and contribute significantly to the overall incidence of injuries among children 14–17 years old. The study also demonstrates the potential of emergency department data as a valuable source of information about work‐related injuries to children. Active surveillance systems combining data from emergency departments, workers' compensation, and other potential sources should be established to fully document the nature and extent of the problem. Efforts to prevent these injuries will require the combined attention of employers, parents, medical providers, educators and regulators, as well as working chil

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700240308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBecause children are an isolated population that generally lacks a collective political voice, it is up to the rest of society to look after their well‐being. The grim economic circumstances that plague impoverished nations around the world have resulted in many young children having to work to help their families survive. Often, these children have no choice but to work in dangerous places and under generally appalling conditions. Even in wealthy countries like the United States, the problems associated with child labor are a legitimate threat to our single most important investment for the future—the safety and health of our children. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of A

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700240309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhen you realize how long the problem of child labor has been around, anyone who ventures into the terrain of remedies obviously needs a long memory and not a little optimism. What have we tried? What has worked? And what has not worked? To answer these questions, we must first look at how we have diagnosed the problem. Some say that the return of child labor is due to the present recession. Hard‐pressed businesses are looking for cheap and cheaper labor. Sweatshops proliferate. When the recession recedes, so will child labor. If it were that simple, we could all congratulate ourselves on having conducted this enlightened symposium and go home without worrying much more about the problem. The magic hand of the market, in due course, will straighten it all out. Let me tell you something about the apparel industry in New York where new laws and strict enforcement make the only difference. Over 80% of OSHA inspections were triggered by the state's Apparel Task Force. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700240310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPresented here are the salient features of the provisions of the child labor law that New York State passed. The article confronts a basic question: “Should we have child labor at all?” © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700240311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY