ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700080302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBoatbuilding is a complex, chemically intensive industry which employs approximately 43,000 workers in the United States, 77% of them in shops with fewer than 20 workers. Boatbuilders and repairers are at high risk of occupational injury from falls, lacerations, low back trauma, repetitive motion, noise, burns, fires, and explosions. Also they are at risk of acute and chronic illness, including dermatitis, toxic hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy, and chronic encephalopathy as a result of their occupational exposures to such materials as styrene, resins, solvents, paints, welding fumes, and coating systems. Boatbuilders also are exposed to toxic woods and to lead. Hazard recognition is the first step toward reduction of injury and disease in boat building. Control of recognized hazards is achieved through engineering controls, ventilation in particular, and through medical surveillance. Strong programs for injury preventiuon and for health and safety education will produce significant health and economic benefit in the boatbuilding industry.

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700080303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo evaluate patterns of occupational exposure to styrene monomer in the boat‐building industry, we conducted industrial hygiene surveys in seven fiberglass‐reinforced plastic boat‐fabrication plants. A total of 397 personal breathing zone air samples were collected on workers in four key job categories: gel coating and hull, deck, and small‐parts lamination. We found that exposure to styrene in 234 (59%) of the personal samples exceeded the NIOSH‐recommended time‐weighted average (TWA) standard of 50 parts per million (ppm), and 96 (24%) of these samples exceeded the OSHA eight‐hour TWA permissible exposure limit of 100 ppm. From highest to lowest average exposure potential, the job categories ranked in the following order: hull lamination (range 2–183 ppm, mean 78 ppm), deck lamination (range 12–160 ppm, mean 73 ppm), gel coating (range 5–94 ppm, mean 48 ppm), and small‐parts lamination (range 9–130 ppm, mean 45 ppm). The former two categories composed a higher‐exposure group, and the latter two tended to form a lower‐exposure group. Exposures in these jobs appear to be proportional to resin consumption. Statistical analyses indicated that the parameter that most affects exposure potential is job category. Within a job category, part size, configuration, and surface area are important determinants of exposure. The principal reason for high exposures was the absence of control technologies and, in particular, the abse

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700080304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to test the hypothesis that leukemia and lymphoma may be associated with exposure to styrene, cause‐of‐death patterns were studied at two reinforced plastic boatbuilding facilities. There were 5,021 workers who met the criterion of having worked at the two plants between 1959 and 1978. Based on industrial hygiene surveys conducted at the two plants, 2,060 individuals were determined to have worked in departments classified as having high exposure to styrene. There were 176 deaths observed among the total cohort, in comparison to 195.3 deaths expected (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 90). Among the high styrene exposure group, 47 deaths were observed in comparison to 41.5 deaths expected (SMR = 113). No leukemia or lymphoma deaths were observed in either the high exposure group or the total cohort. An excess of accidental deaths among the high exposure group (18 observed vs 12.4 expected) did not appear to be due to styrene's acute central nervous system effects, since none of the individuals were employed at the facilities at the time of their death. However, the possibility of a chronic effect could not be dismissed. While leukemia and lymphoma did not appear to be related to styrene exposure, the study had little statistical power to detect excesses of these diseases, due to the short length of observation and the young age of most cohort members. It was concluded that the cohort should provide increasingly useful information on chronic styrene toxicity as the population ages and the observation period increa

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700080305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOrganic solvents, particularly stryrene, are used widely in boatbuilding. They may be absorbed by workers either through the respiratory tract or the skin. Uptake is influenced by level and duration of exposure, work load, and specific physicochemical features of each solvent, as well as by work practices and use of protective equipment. Kinetics of metabolism and excretion kinetics are highly variable among compounds. Metabolites can be measured in blood, urine, or exhaled breath and may serve as indirect indices of absorption.Acute high‐dose exposure to organic solvents can produce a transient narcotic effect on the central nervous system. This effect occurs in proportion to brain dose, which in turn is determined by intensity and duration of exposure. Additionally, chronic exposures to organic solvents have been reported to produce an increased frequency of neurologic signs and symptoms. These findings include peripheral neuropathies and toxic encephalopathies. The latter are characterized by alterations in affect, memory loss, and impaired cognition. Concern exists that prolonged excessive exposure to organic solvents may lead to premature and persistent dementia in certain worker

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700080306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe production of large (greater than 25‐ft) fiber‐reinforced plastic (FRP) yachts has presented problems of styrene exposure in excess of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure level (OSHA PEL) of 100 ppm. Also, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is currently recommending a 10‐hour workshift, 40‐hour workweek time weighted average (TWA) of 50 ppm for styrene. Meeting this challenge will require a system of engineering, work practice, personal protective equipment, and monitoring control measures.NIOSH has performed a study of the engineering controls in three FRP yacht plants. Work practices and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) were also considered in the evaluation. The three systems evaluated included a dilution system, a local ventilation system, and a push‐pull ventilation system. The cost of constructing and operating these systems was not evaluated in this study. Study results indicated that each type of ventilation system can meet the present PEL of 100 ppm styrene; however, it is not certain that these systems can meet a lower PEL of 50 pp

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700080307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo evaluate occupational exposures to lead in shipfitters cutting and riveting lead‐painted iron plates aboard an iron‐hulled sailing vessel, we conducted an environmental and medical survey. Lead exposures in seven personal (breathing zone) air samples ranged from 108 to 500 μg/m3(mean 257 μg/m3); all were above the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard of 50 μg/m3. In two short‐term air samples obtained while exhaust ventilation was temporarily disconnected, mean lead exposure rose to 547 μg/m3. Blood lead levels in ten shipfitters ranged from 25 to 53 μg/dl (mean, 37.8 μg/dl); levels in three of these workers exceeded the upper normal limit of 40 μg/dl. Blood lead levels in shipfitters were significantly higher than in other shipyard workers (mean 10.0 μg/dl; p<0.001). Smoking shipfitters (mean, 47 μg/dl) had significantly higher lead levels than nonsmokers (mean, 32 μg/dl; p = 0.03). Lead levels in shipfitters who wore respirators were not lower than in those who wore no protective gear (p = 0.68). Four shipfitters had erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) concentrations above the adult upper normal limit of 50 μg/dl. A close correlation was found between blood lead and EP levels (r = 0.70). Prevalence of lead‐related symptoms was no higher in shipfitters than in other workers. No cases of symptomatic lead poisoning were noted. These data indicate that serious occupational exposure to lead can occur in a relativ

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700080308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe major components of untreated wood—cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin—have not been implicated as toxicants, but extractive substances, especially in heartwood, can be toxic. Decay‐resistant woods are more likely to contain irritants or sensitizers than nondurable woods. Short‐term exposures to certain wood dusts may result in asthma, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, or allergic dermatitis, but long‐term effects may include nasal cancer and Hodgkin's disease. Some thermophilic microorganisms found in wood are human pathogens, and septic splinters (chromomycosis) and inhalation of ascomycete spores from stored wood chips have been implicated in human illnesses. Reconstituted wood can contain formaldehyde resins, which pose health risks in enclosed humid areas. Pentachlorophenol (PCP)‐treated wood is particularly toxic—short‐term exposures to PCP‐treating solutions can lead to aplastic anemia and mortality, while diseases such as Hodgkin's disease are associated with long‐term exposures. Since much commercial lumber is dipped in PCP, the separation of the chronic effects of wood dust from PCP exposure is difficult. Chromated copper arsenate (CCA)‐ and ammoniacal copper arsenite (ACA)‐treated wood may leach arsenic. CCA‐treated wood is potentially safer, since it contains the pentavalent arsenic, which is a common constituent in the environment. ACA contains the trivalent ars

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700080309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700080301

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY