ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700020302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPostgraduate medical education in the United Kingdom has changed. Now, five years of undergraduate training merely prepare a doctor for postgraduate training, whatever his specialty will be. After undergraduate training (and a year in hospital) all doctors do three years General Professional Training followed by some four years Higher Specialist Training.Occupational physicians do the same General Professional Training as physicians or primary care general practitioners. Their Higher Specialist Training lasts four years and is based on supervised practical experience in the factory or other place of work. After the first two years of this they take an examination covering the broad field of occupational medicine (AFOM). After the next two years of supervised practical experience the doctor has to present evidence of special study and can then become a specialist (MFOM).In the U.K. about 70% of occupational physicians work part time. Their supervised practical experience is therefore spread over a longer period. Many stop at the AFOM. If, later in their career, they change to full time in occupational medicine, they can proceed to the specialist qualification (MFOM).Most part‐timers do other work and therefore cannot go away to one of the few universities that provide courses for the AFOM. Those who live near one of the few universities can go on day release. A “distance teaching” project has been started to take teaching material on occupational medicine such as audio tapes, tape slides, and video tapes to these doctors. It will be supplemented by local seminars and short courses at univers

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700020303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA retrospective follow‐up study was conducted to evaluate mortality and cancer incidence between 1954 and 1976 among 1,792 white male production workers employed for at least 2 years at a tire manufacturing plant. There were no marked excesses in overall or site‐specific cancer deaths or incident cases. Compared to U.S. white males, men employed for at least 10 years experienced small increases in deaths from cancers of the large intestine, pancreas, and lung. Results obtained by comparing observed incident cancer cases to the numbers expected based on age‐ and calendar time‐specific incidence rates of Connecticut males also suggested excesses of these three malignancies. These findings were based on small numbers and therefore do not necessarily indicate causal associations between cancer excesses and employment in the rubber tire industry. However, because the workers studied comprised a relatively young population that may not have experienced the full impact of carcinogenic occupational exposures, further follow‐up is

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700020304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo evaluate the possible association between occupational exposure to benzene and subsequent death from leukemia, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a retrospective cohort mortality study of workers who had been exposed to benzene in the manufacture of rubber hydrochloride at two locations in Ohio. Ascertainment of vital status was accomplished for 98% of the cohort. Among 748 workers who had at least one day of exposure to benzene between 1940 and 1950, seven deaths from leukemia occurred; from United States death rates standardized for sex, age, and calendar time period, only 1.25 leukemia deaths would have been expected (standardized mortality ratio = 560; p<0.001). Mean duration of exposure to benzene was brief, and 437 (58%) of the cohort were exposed for less than 1 year. Evaluation of leukemia mortality for those workers exposed five or more years showed an SMR of 2100. All leukemia deaths were myelocytic or monocytic in cell type. Four additional cases of leukemia have been recognized in workers at the study locations, but occurred in persons not encompassed by the strict definition of the cohort. Reconstruction of past exposures to benzene at the two locations indicates that in some areas of the plant airborne benzene concentrations rose occasionally to several hundred parts per million (ppm), but that for the most part, employee eight‐hour time‐weighted averages (TWA) fell within the limits considered permissible at the time of exposure. These data corroborate an initial analysis of the same cohort by Infante et al, and indicate that benzene is a human carcinogen at a range of exposures not greatly above the current legal stand

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700020305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe American oil shale industry is on the threshold of commercial industrial development. Potential occupational hazards include shalosis or oil shale pneumoconiosis, dermatoses, cancer of the skin, lung, and possibly other sites, and accidents. Air, water, and solid waste pollution problems are complicated by the aridity of the Green River oil shale formation located in Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. The region currently lacks the schools, health facilities, community services, and skilled labor required for large‐scale development. The oil shale industry faces an opportunity and a challenge of prudently assessing and controlling exposures and contributing to the social development of the regio

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700020306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBiological indicators of lead effects on the central nervous system (as measured by performance tests), hematogenous bone marrow (hemoglobin levels), and kidney function (BUN levels) can be combined in an integrative index (INDEX). This integrative index can be in turn related to indicators of lead exposure and absorption. Such an index was calculated by removing age effects in measures of performance and kidney function and then transforming all the variables to Z (standard) units. Secondary lead smelter workers and a control group were studied. In secondary lead smelter workers this INDEX was found to be significantly correlated with ZPP, blood lead levels, and duration of lead exposure. In this population the magnitude of the correlation coefficients with ZPP levels was much higher than that for blood lead levels. INDEX had a higher correlation with ZPP than with each of its components: performance test scores, hemoglobin, and BUN levels. Although performance test scores, hemoglobin, and BUN levels were shown to discriminate between the control, non‐lead‐exposed population, and the lead‐exposed group, INDEX (and particularly one pair of its components, CNS and hemoglobin levels) achieved the best discrimination between groups. The concept of an integrative index of biological effects of lead may be especially useful in defining populations at high risk for developing chronic, potentially irreversible neurologic and kidney dysfunction, and in assessing the severity of lead effects in individual

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700020307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMany lawyers, scientists, lawmakers, and industrial and labor leaders have expressed concern about the escalating problems in dealing with occupational safety and health. This paper discusses problems, explores the ways in which the current administration may deal with the issues, and suggests a course of action.

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700020308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe case of a 61 ‐year‐old male with repeated episodes of overt clinical lead poisoning and courses of chelation therapy during his 34 years of employment in a secondary lead smelter is presented. Renal function impairment with elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and with markedly reduced glomerular filtration rate was detected several years before the discovery of a clear cell adenocarcinoma of the right kidney. After successful surgical removal of the tumor, the patient's renal function continued its previous trend of slow deteriorat

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700020309

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700020310

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-3586    

DOI:10.1002/ajim.4700020311

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY